Thegeneral election in the Republic of Central Lithuania was an election to theVilnius Sejm (parliament) of thePolish-dominatedRepublic of Central Lithuania on 8 January 1922. The new parliament was intended to formally legalize incorporation of Central Lithuania into Poland. Such measure was fiercely opposed byLithuania, which claimed the territory for itself. The election was boycotted by non-Polish population and its results were unrecognized by either theLithuanian government inKaunas or theLeague of Nations.[1] The elected parliament convened in February and, as expected, voted on 20 February 1922 to have the Republic incorporated into Poland. At the end of March 1922, Central Lithuania becameWilno Land of theSecond Polish Republic.
In the aftermath of theŻeligowski's Mutiny aimed against Lithuania, a new state was created by generalLucjan Żeligowski inVilnius Region in October 1920. The new Republic of Central Lithuania depended on Poland's economic and military support and was governed by Polish military.[2] The territory was fiercely contested by Lithuania and Poland. In demographic terms the city ofVilnius was the least Lithuanian of Lithuanian cities,[3] divided nearly evenly between Poles andJews, with ethnic Lithuanians constituting a mere fraction of the total population (about 2–3% of the population, according to Russian 1897[4][5] and German 1916 censuses[6]). The Lithuanians nonetheless believed that their historical claim to the city (former capital of theGrand Duchy of Lithuania) had precedence and refused to recognize any Polish claims to the city and the surrounding area.[3]
The League of Nations mediated the dispute and strongly advocated aplebiscite where the local population would vote to be incorporated either into Poland or Lithuania. However, neither Poland nor Lithuania wanted the vote. Poland had control of the territory and saw no reason to jeopardize thestatus quo,[7] especially since it had already lost two plebiscites against Germany (inEast Prussia andUpper Silesia).[8] Lithuania did not want to recognize that Poland had a legitimate claim to the region and was afraid to lose the vote, especially if Polish military remained in the region.[8] As both sides stalled, the plebiscite idea was abandoned in March 1921. Poland and Lithuania entered direct negotiations under mediation ofPaul Hymans.[7] He prepared two projects that envisioned a Polish–Lithuanian union, but both of them were rejected by Poland and Lithuania by December 1921. In October 1921, after the failure of the negotiations, the Republic of Central Lithuania scheduled elections for 8 January 1922.
The territory, where elections were to take place, was carved out to maximize the number of Polish residents;[9] for example, Polish-inhabited regions ofLida andBraslaw were included while Lithuanian-inhabited areas aroundDruskininkai were excluded.[10] According to official Polish election reports, 735,089 people lived in the designated election territory. Of them 11.5% were Jews, 8.8% were Belarusians, and 7.2% were Lithuanians.[9] Requirements for the candidates to the parliament included age (at least 25 years of age), education (at least primary school), and language (good knowledge of Polish).[10] Polish authorities formally allowed freedoms of press and of assembly, but provided up to one year in prison for campaigning against the election.[9] This provision was aimed at the Lithuanians, who decided to boycott the elections. The Lithuanian government protested the election and even attempted to revive the idea of the plebiscite under supervision of the League of Nations, but the League was done mediating the Polish–Lithuanian dispute.[11]
Only Polish parties and groups proposed candidates for the election. The right-wing parties advocated for unconditional incorporation into Poland while left-wing sought a special autonomous status with Poland.[10] There was a significantpropaganda campaign before the elections. The Lithuanians attempted to win support from the Jewish and Belarusian communities. The Jews generally leaned towards Lithuania, which was seen as more tolerant and more willing to make concessions for the support.[9] However, at the same time, Jews were afraid that support of the Lithuanian cause would be interpreted to be a hostile act against Poland and could worsen their position.[9]
63.9% of the entire population took part in the voting, but among differentethnic groups the attendance was lower (41% of Belarusians, 15.3% of Jews and 8.2% of Lithuanians).[9] Jewish turnout varied greatly from rural (37.8%) to urban areas (6.3%).[12] In Vilnius, the Jewish turnout was only 1.4%.[9] The two largest political groups in the new parliament were theAssociation of National Parties and Organizations with 43 seats and thePopular Councils with 34 seats. All the other groups gained 28 seats altogether.[13]
These results were disputed by Col. Chardigny, the Chief of theMilitary Inter-Allied Commission of Control sent by League of Nations, who officially declared that results are not valid, as most of the Lithuanians, Jews and Belarusians boycotted the elections, and there was use of military force. As a result of electoral malpractice such as not asking for valid voter identification, noted by delegates from the League of Nations, the elections were not recognized.[15][full citation needed] On 13 January 1922 the Council of the League of Nations issued a statement that the elected parliament was not a legal representative of the local population.
The parliament gathered on 1 February 1922. On 20 February it voted for formal incorporation into Poland and dispatched a delegation to Poland.[1] The PolishSejm passed the law proposed by the Central Lithuanian parliament on 22 March 1922 and two days later the Republic of Central Lithuania ceased to exist. All of its territory was incorporated into the newly formedWilno Voivodeship. The border changes were accepted by theConference of Ambassadors of theEntente[16] and theLeague of Nations.[17] Lithuania declined to accept the Polish authority over the area[18] and continued to treat the region as part of its own territory and Vilnius as its legitimate capital, withKaunas designated only as atemporary seat of government. ThePolish–Lithuanian diplomatic relations were not restored until thePolish ultimatum to Lithuania in 1938.[1]