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 County results Lenroot: 30–40% 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% Davies: 30–40% 40–50% 50–60% Berger: 30–40% 40–50% 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||||||
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The1918 United States Senate special election in Wisconsin was held on April 2, 1918. IncumbentDemocrat SenatorPaul O. Husting was killed in a hunting accident the previous year.
Republican U.S. RepresentativeIrvine Lenroot defeated DemocraticFederal Trade Commission ChairmanJoseph E. Davies and Socialist former CongressmanVictor L. Berger.
Primary elections were held on March 19.[1] Davies easily defeated progressive reformerCharles McCarthy for the Democratic nomination, while Lenroot narrowly defeated James Thompson, a progressive district attorney and ally of SenatorRobert M. La Follette, for the Republican nomination by a margin of less than three thousand votes.
Incumbent SenatorPaul O. Husting was shot and killed by his brother Gustav in a hunting accident on October 21, 1917.[2] Husting had been elected in 1914 and his term in office was set to expire in 1921.
A special election to complete Husting's unexpired term was scheduled for April 2, 1918. Although GovernorEmanuel L. Philipp had the power under Wisconsin law to appoint a temporary successor until one could be duly elected,[2] the seat remained vacant until the election.
The election held national importance because following Husting's death, the United States Senate was composed of 48 Republicans and 47 Democrats. Thus, whichever party won the Wisconsin special election would control the Senate for the remainder of the65th United States Congress.[a] The election was also held during wartime, as the United States had formallyentered intoWorld War I on April 6, 1917, and major U.S. operations in Europe were set to begin in the summer of 1918. Wisconsin, a state long defined by its progressive politics and home to a large ethnically German population, had been branded a "hotbed of sedition."[3]
Joseph E. Davies ran at the personal request of PresidentWoodrow Wilson, who hoped to win the seat and thus control of the Senate for his party. Davies, who had run Wilson's campaign in theMidwest in 1916, resigned from the newFederal Trade Commission to join the race.[4]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Joseph E. Davies | 57,282 | 80.60% | |
| Democratic | Charles McCarthy | 13,784 | 19.40% | |
| Total votes | 71,066 | 100.00% | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Irvine Lenroot | 73,186 | 50.84% | |
| Republican | James Thompson [no] | 70,772 | 49.16% | |
| Total votes | 143,958 | 100.00% | ||
Berger, a leader of the Socialist Party in Milwaukee and of its national pragmatic wing, faced no opposition from within his party for the nomination for Senator. For him, most of the primary campaign was focused on opposition from federal law enforcement. Berger dismissed the war as "a capitalist war caused chiefly by the struggle between Great Britain and Germany for the world market"[3] and published several editorials opposing American entry in his newspaper, theMilwaukee Leader. In the fall of 1917, federal authorities revoked theLeader's second-class mailing privileges.[3]
Shortly before the primary in February, Berger and three other Socialists were indicted for alleged violations of theEspionage Act. Nevertheless, he remained in the race and advanced to the general election.[3]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socialist | Victor Berger | 38,564 | 100.00% | |
| Total votes | 38,564 | 100.00% | ||
Berger ran on the Socialist platform with his calls for protection of "freedom of speech, freedom of press and freedom of assemblage," which received increased attention in light of his indictment.[3] His Socialist platform also called for "an early, general, lasting and democratic peace," "compelling the profiteers of the war to pay the cost of the war," and "national ownership of trusts and ... public ownership of public utilities."[3]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Irvine Lenroot | 163,983 | 38.73 | |
| Democratic | Joseph E. Davies | 148,923 | 35.12 | |
| Socialist | Victor L. Berger | 110,487 | 26.09 | |
| Prohibition | Anthony J. Benjamin | 233 | 0.06 | |
| Write-in | Scattering | 371 | 0.06 | |
| Majority | 15,060 | 3.61 | ||
| Total votes | 423,997 | 100.00 | ||
| Republicangain fromDemocratic | ||||
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