The1918 Romanian typographers' strike was alabor strike inBucharest,Romania.[1][2][3] The strike began on December 6, 1918, when the city's typographers went on strike for higher salaries, an8-hour work day, and recognition of their union.[1][2][3] The striking workers declared a second protest the following week, and on December 13, they were joined by variousleft-wing groups, who demanded the abolition of theRomanian monarchy.[1][3] It is estimated that over 15,000 participated in the December 13th demonstrations.[2] The strike was violently put down by the Romanian military, resulting in the deaths and injuries of dozens of workers, although the death toll has been disputed.[1][3]
Following the end ofWorld War I and theBolshevik Revolution in theSoviet Union, much of Europe saw various communist uprisings.[1] Over 700,000 Romanian soldiers and civilians were killed during the war.[2]
Compounding this, working conditions amongst the urban population were poor at the time, with children as young as six working, and workdays lasting from 12 to 16 hours per day.[2] Previous protests during World War I were violently suppressed via emergency powers granted to the government.[2] Increasingly,left-wing groups began making themselves more visible, with typographers printing large amounts of left-wing material.[2]
When Ferdinand I returned from exile on December 1, 1918, 6,000 railway workers went on strike in Bucharest.[2] On December 3, 5,000 civil servants went on strike.[2]
On December 6, 1918, typographers in the city onBucharest had gone onstrike, demanding higher salaries, an8-hour work day, and recognition of their union.[1][2] During this strike, the protestors announced a second protest the following Friday.[1] On the 13th, protestors marched down Calea Victoriei, near the royal palace.[1] The protestors then approached a military general, asking for permission to protest, which the military did not approve.[1] The military then began shooting the protestors with four machine guns.[1] One military official at the time noted that such shootings went against regulations placed upon the military, which required a military prosecutor to be present to approve such shooting, and that the guidance stated that warning shots should have been fired instead.[1]
Initially, the government reported a low death tolls, with figures ranging from 6 to 16 strikers that had been killed,[1][2][3] although subsequent figures suggest that perhaps 87 or 102 strikes may have been killed.[1][3]
Socialist organizerIon Frimu was among those wounded by the military officers, and died from his wounds weeks later.[2] Other prominent figures who were arrested at the march includedAlecu Constantinescu andAlexandru Bogdan.[3]Constantin Titel Petrescu andN. D. Cocea were some of the lawyers who defended those arrested.[3]
Under theSocialist Republic of Romania, December 13 became a national holiday, known as "Typographers' Day".[2]
A large mausoleum forIon Frimu was erected inTineretului Park, and a commemorative statue and plaque was built at the site of the protest.[2] One of the streets the protestors marched down, Ion Câmpineanu Street (Romanian:Strada Ion Câmpineanu) was renamed to December 13, 1918 Street (Romanian:Strada 13 Decembrie 1918), but reverted to Ion Câmpineanu Street following the fall of the Socialist Republic of Romania.[2]
