From left, clockwise: TheFord Model T is introduced and becomes widespread; Thesinking of the RMSTitanic causes the deaths of nearly 1,500 people and attracts global and historical attention;CONTEXT: All the events below are part ofWorld War I(1914–1918); French Army lookout at his observation post in 1917; Russian troops awaiting a German attack; A ration party of theRoyal Irish Rifles in a communication trench during theBattle of the Somme;Vladimir Lenin addresses a crowd in the midst of theRussian Revolution, beginning in 1917; TheSpanish flu pandemic in 1918 kills tens of millions worldwide.
The1910s (pronounced "nineteen-tens" often shortened to the "'10s" or the "Tens") was thedecade that began on January 1, 1910, and ended on December 31, 1919.
The 1910s represented the culmination of Europeanmilitarism which had its beginnings during the second half of the 19th century. The conservative lifestyles during the first half of the decade, as well as the legacy ofmilitary alliances, were forever changed by the June 28, 1914assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, theheir presumptive to theAustro-Hungarian throne. The archduke's murder triggered a chain of events in which, within 33 days,World War I broke out in Europe on August 1, 1914. The conflict dragged on until atruce was declared on November 11, 1918, leading to the controversial and one-sidedTreaty of Versailles, signed on June 28, 1919.
The war's end triggered theabdication of variousmonarchies and the collapse of four of the last modern empires ofRussia,Germany,Ottoman Turkey, andAustria-Hungary, with the latter splintered into Austria, Hungary, southern Poland (who acquired most of their land in a war with Soviet Russia), Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, as well as the unification of Romania with Transylvania and Bessarabia.[a] However, each of these states (with the possible exception of Yugoslavia) had large German and Hungarian minorities, creating some unexpected problems that would be brought to light in the next two decades.
TheArmenian genocide during and just after World War I. It was characterized by the use ofmassacres anddeportations involvingforced marches under conditions designed to lead to the death of the deportees, with the total number of Armenian deaths generally held to have been between one and one-and-a-half million.[1][2][3]
TheOctober Revolution inRussia results in the overthrow ofcapitalism and the establishment of the world's first self-proclaimedsocialist state; political upheaval in Russia culminating in the establishment of theRussian SFSR and the assassination of EmperorNicholas II and the royal family.
TheMexican Revolution (1910–1920)Francsico Madero proclaims the elections of 1910 null and void and calls for an armed revolution at 6 p.m. against the illegitimate presidency/dictatorship ofPorfirio Díaz. The revolution led to the ousting of Díaz (who ruled from 1876 to 1880 and since 1884) six months later. The revolution progressively became a civil war with multiple factions and phases, culminating with theMexican Constitution of 1917, but combat would persist for three more years.
TheBalfour Declaration was a declaration by the British Government that announced the British desire to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. This declaration has often been characterized as a betrayal of the Arabs and the agreement between the British andSharif Hussein of Mecca in theMcMahon-Hussein Correspondence which promised freedom to all Arab lands from theOttoman Empire.[4][5][6]
The RMSTitanic, a Britishocean liner which was the largest and most luxurious ship at that time, struck an iceberg and sank two hours and 40 minutes later in theNorth Atlantic during its maiden voyage on April 15, 1912. 1,517 people perished in the disaster.
On May 7, 1915, the British ocean linerRMSLusitania was torpedoed byU-20, a GermanU-boat, off theOld Head of Kinsale in Ireland, sinking in 18 minutes. 1,199 people died.
On November 21, 1916,HMHSBritannic was holed in an explosion while passing through a channel that had been seeded with enemy mines and sank in 55 minutes.
From 1918 through 1920, theSpanish flu killed from 17.4 to 100 million people worldwide.
In 1916, theNetherlands was hit by aNorth Sea storm that flooded the lowlands and killed 19 people.
From July 1 to July 12, 1916, a series of shark attacks, known as theJersey Shore shark attacks of 1916, occurred along the Jersey Shore, killing four and injuring one.
On January 11, 1914,Sakurajima erupted which resulted in the death of 35 people. In addition, the surrounding islands were consumed, and anisthmus was created between Sakurajima and the mainland.
In the years 1910 and 1911, there was a minor economic depression known as thePanic of 1910–1911, which was followed by the enforcement of theSherman Anti-Trust Act.
The outbreak ofWorld War I caused theFinancial Crisis of 1914, leading to the closure of theNew York Stock Exchange for four months. U.S. Treasury Secretary William McAdoo implemented measures to stabilize the economy, marking the United States' transition from a debtor to a creditor nation.[22]
Following theBolshevik Revolution in 1917, Russia experienced severe hyperinflation due to economic disarray and war. By 1924, three currency redenominations occurred, culminating in the introduction of the "gold ruble," stabilizing the economy.[23]
The United States emerged as a global economic power during World War I, benefiting from industrial expansion and increased consumerism. Wartime loans to Allied nations further strengthened its financial position.[24]
The British government implemented extensive controls during World War I under theDefense of the Realm Act, nationalizing key industries and introducing food rationing. Postwar economic challenges included high debt and unemployment.[25]
Germany's wartime mobilization strained its economy, leading to shortages and inflation. TheTreaty of Versailles in 1919 imposed reparations that further destabilized its postwar economy.[26]
Italy faced significant economic challenges during World War I, including a 40% devaluation of its currency relative to the British pound. Allied intervention stabilized its currency in 1918.[27]
Japan experienced rapid industrialization during World War I, driven by increased demand for exports such as textiles and machinery. This period saw significant growth in heavy industries like steel and shipbuilding, concentrated in urban centers along theTōkaidō industrial belt.[28]
The firstjazz music is recorded by the Original Dixieland Jass Band for Victor (#18255) in late February 1917.
The Salvation Army has a new international leader, GeneralBramwell Booth who served from 1912 to 1929. He replaces his father and co-founder of the Christian Mission (the forerunner of the Salvation Army),William Booth.
Below are the best-selling books in the United States of each year, as determined byThe Bookman, a New York-based literary journal (1910–1912) andPublishers Weekly (1913 and beyond).[29]
The 1913Armory Show inNew York City was a seminal event in the history ofModern Art. Innovative contemporaneous artists from Europe and the United States exhibited together in a massive group exhibition in New York City, andChicago.
^Dictionary of Genocide, by Samuel Totten, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008,ISBN0-313-34642-9, p. 19
^Intolerance: a general survey, by Lise Noël, Arnold Bennett, 1994,ISBN0773511873, p. 101
^Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, by Richard T. Schaefer, 2008, p. 90
^"The Mcmahon Correspondence of 1915–16."Bulletin of International News, vol. 16, no. 5, 1939, pp. 6–13.JSTOR,JSTOR25642429. Accessed 8 Nov. 2023.
^Sole, Kent M. "THE ARABS, A PEOPLE BETRAYED."Journal of Third World Studies, vol. 2, no. 2, 1985, pp. 59–62.JSTOR,JSTOR45197139. Accessed 8 Nov. 2023.
^Brinkley, Douglas (2004).Wheels for the world : Henry Ford, his company, and a Century of progress, 1903–2003. Penguin Books.ISBN9780142004395.OCLC796971541.
^O'Conner, J.J.; Robertson, E.F. (May 1996)."General relativity".st-andrews.ac.uk. University of St. Andrews. Archived fromthe original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved2017-05-11.
^Silber, William L. (2007).When Washington Shut Down Wall Street: The Great Financial Crisis of 1914 and the Origins of America's Monetary Supremacy. Princeton University Press.ISBN978-0-691-13876-3.
Cornelissen, Christoph, and Arndt Weinrich, eds.Writing the Great War – The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present (2020)free download; advanced coverage of major countries.
Sharman, Margaret.1910s (1991) European history for middle schools.online
Uschan, Michael V.The 1910s (1999) a cultural history of USA, for secondary schools.online
Whalan, Mark.American Culture in the 1910s (Edinburgh University Press, 2010).
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