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1894 in literature

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Overview of the events of 1894 in literature

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This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1894.

Events

February –Oscar Wilde's playSalome is first published in English, with illustrations byAubrey Beardsley.
February 15 – French anarchistMartial Bourdin accidentally kills himself while attempting to plant a bomb at theRoyal Observatory, Greenwich, a fictionalised version of which appears inJoseph Conrad's novelThe Secret Agent (1907).
Early Spring –Mary Antin emigrates from White Russia (Belarus) to the United States with her mother.
April –The Yellow Book imprint, edited byHenry Harland, begins publication byJohn Lane andElkin Mathews –The Bodley Head – in London.
April 21 –George Bernard Shaw's playArms and the Man is premièred at theAvenue Theatre in London.^[1]
May – The Scottish writerWilliam Sharp publishesPharais, his first novel under thepseudonym Fiona MacLeod.
June – The German novelistHermann Hesse begins an apprenticeship in mechanical engineering at a factory inCalw.
August 15 –A. E. Waite starts to publish and edit an occult periodical,The Unknown World.
October –Lafcadio Hearn begins work as a journalist for the English-languageKobe Chronicle in Japan.
November 8 –Robert Frost's first poem, "My Butterfly" appears inThe New York Independent, which pays him $15.
December
- An abridgement ofStephen Crane's American Civil War novelThe Red Badge of Courage is first published as a serial inThe Philadelphia Press.
- Arthur Conan Doyle publishes "An Alpine Pass on "Ski"" inThe Strand Magazine (London), popularizingskiing as a sport inSwitzerland.^[2]
December 22 –Claude Debussy'ssymphonic poemPrélude à l'après-midi d'un faune, a free interpretation ofStéphane Mallarmé's 1876 poem, "L'Après-midi d'un faune", is premièred in Paris.
unknown dates
- The U.K.circulating libraries ofMudie's andWHSmith cease to purchasethree-volume novels, killing off the format.^[3]
- J. M. Dent begins in London to publish Temple Shakespeare pocket editions, edited byIsrael Gollancz.
- The Century Romantypeface, first of theCentury type family, is cut byAmerican Type Founders' designerLinn Boyd Benton, originally forTheodore Low De Vinne'sThe Century Magazine.

New books

Fiction

Gabriele D'Annunzio –Il trionfo della morte (The Triumph of Death)
Clementina Black –The Agitator
Léon Bloy –Disagreeable Tales
Mary Elizabeth Braddon –The Christmas Hirelings
Walter Browne –2894
Hall Caine
- The Madhi: or Love and Race, A Drama in Story
- The Manxman
Anton Chekhov – "The Student" («Студент», published inRusskiye Vedomosti, April)
Kate Chopin
- Bayou Folk
- "The Story of an Hour"
Ella Hepworth Dixon –The Story of a Modern Woman
Arthur Conan Doyle –The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (collection)
George du Maurier –Trilby (serialization inHarper's Monthly Magazine)
Marcellus Emants –Een Nagelaten Bekentenis (A Posthumous Confession)
Theodor Fontane –Effi Briest (begins serialization inDeutsche Rundschau)
Mary E. Wilkins Freeman –Pembroke
George Gissing –In the Year of Jubilee
Katharine Glasier (as Katharine Conway) –Husband & Brother, a few chapters in a woman's life of to-day
H. Rider Haggard –The People of the Mist
Knut Hamsun –Pan
Robert Hichens –The Green Carnation^[4]
William Dean Howells –A Traveler from Altruria
Jerome K. Jerome –John Ingerfield: And Other Stories
Sheridan Le Fanu –The Watcher and Other Weird Stories
Juhan Liiv – "Vari" ("The Shadow")
Arthur Machen –The Great God Pan (in book form, with "The Innermost Light")
Ian Maclaren –Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush^[5]
George A. Moore –Esther Waters
William Morris –The Wood Beyond the World
Arthur Morrison –Martin Hewitt: Investigator
John Muir –The Mountains of California
Gustavus W. Pope –Journey to Mars
Bolesław Prus –The New Woman (Emancypantki; book publication)
Jules Renard –Poil de carotte (Carrot Head)
Solomon Schindler –Young West
Flora Annie Steel
- The Flower of Forgiveness
- The Potter's Thumb
- Tales of the Punjab (short stories)
Stendhal –Lucien Leuwen
Hermann Sudermann –The Undying Past (Es war)
Robert Louis Stevenson andLloyd Osbourne –The Ebb-Tide
Mark Twain
- Pudd'nhead Wilson
- Tom Sawyer Abroad
Jules Verne –Captain Antifer
Mary Augusta Ward –Marcella
H. G. Wells – "The Red Room"
Emma Wolf –A Prodigal in Love
Israel Zangwill –The Bachelors' Club
Émile Zola –Lourdes

Children and young people

Harold Avery
- The Orderly Officer
- The School's Honour
R. D. Blackmore –Perlycross
Anthony Hope
- The Dolly Dialogues
- The Prisoner of Zenda
Rudyard Kipling –The Jungle Book
Skelton Kuppord –Hammond's Hard Lines
E. Nesbit –Miss Mischief
Talbot Baines Reed –Tom, Dick and Harry
Margaret Marshall Saunders –Beautiful Joe
Ethel Turner –Seven Little Australians

Drama

Wilson Barrett –The Manxman (adapted fromHall Caine's novel)
William Gillette –Too Much Johnson (adapted fromMaurice Ordonneau'sLa Plantation Thomassin)
Martin Greif –Agnes Bernauer, der Engel von Augsburg
Sydney Grundy
- A Bunch of Violets
- An Old Jew
Henry Arthur Jones –The Case of Rebellious Susan
Josef Lauff –Ignez de Castro
Maurice Maeterlinck –The Death of Tintagiles (La Mort de Tintagiles, formarionette performance)
Marc-André Raffalovich andJohn Gray –The Blackmailers
Victorien Sardou –Gismonda
George Bernard Shaw –Arms and the Man

Poetry

Bliss Carman –Low Tide on Grande Pre: A Book Of Lyrics
Pierre Louÿs –Songs of Bilitis
Rainer Maria Rilke –Leben und Lieder

Non-fiction

John Bartlett (comp.) –A Complete Concordance or verbal index to words, phrases and passages in the dramatic Works of Shakespeare
Edward Carpenter –Homogenic Love and Its Place in a Free Society
Christabel Rose Coleridge –The Daughters Who Have not Revolted (essays)
Francis Darwin (with E. H. Acton) –The Practical Physiology of Plants
King Gillette –The Human Drift
Karl Marx –Das Kapital
Leo Tolstoy –The Kingdom of God Is Within You («Царство Божіе внутри васъ»,Tsárstvo Bózhiye vnutrí vas)

Births

January 1 –Aurora Nilsson, Swedish writer (died1972)
January 22 –Charles Langbridge Morgan, English novelist and dramatist (died1958)^[6]
February 6 –Eric Partridge, New Zealand/British lexicographer (died1979)^[7]
February 28 –Ben Hecht, American playwright and screen writer (died1964)^[8]
March 14 –Nichita Smochină, Transnistrian Romanian ethnographer and journalist (died1980)
March 17 –Paul Green, American novelist andPulitzer Prize winning playwright (died1981)^[9]
March 23 –Mark Slonim, Russian literary historian and critic (died1976)^[10]
April 6 –Elinor M. Brent-Dyer, English children's writer (died1969)^[11]
April 7 –A. A. Thomson, English cricket and travel writer (died1968)
May 1 –Elizabeth Johanna Bosman, South African author who wrote under the pen name Marie Linde (d.1963)^[12]
May 27
- Louis-Ferdinand Céline, French novelist and pamphleteer (died1961)^[13]
- Dashiell Hammett, American detective fiction writer (died1961)^[14]
June 14 –W. W. E. Ross, Canadian geophysicist andImagist poet (died1966)
June 15 –Trygve Gulbranssen, Norwegian novelist, businessman and journalist (died1962)
June 28 –Allardyce Nicoll, British literary scholar (died1976)
July 8 –Claude-Henri Grignon, Canadian novelist, journalist and politician (died1976)
July 9 –Phelps Putnam, American poet (died1948)
July 18 –Isaac Babel, Ukrainian writer (died1940)
July 26 –Aldous Huxley, English novelist and poet (died1963)^[15]
July 30 –Păstorel Teodoreanu, Romanian poet and satirist (died1964)
August 31 –Albert Facey, Australian autobiographer (died1982)
September 2 –Joseph Roth, Austrian novelist
September 6 –Howard Pease, American maritime adventure novelist (died1974)
September 19 –Rachel Field, American author and poet (died1942)^[16]
September 23 –Momčilo Nastasijević, Serbian poet, novelist and dramatist (died1938)
October 4 –Frans G. Bengtsson, Swedish novelist, essayist, poet and biographer (died1954)
October 9 –Agnes von Krusenstjerna, Swedish writer (died1940)
October 14 –E. E. Cummings, American poet (died1962)^[17]
October 18 –H. L. Davis, American fiction writer, Pulitzer Prize winning novelist and poet (died1960)
October 26 –Eugene Jolas, American writer, literary translator and critic (died1952)
December 8 –James Thurber, American cartoonist and humorous writer (died1961)
December 26
- Håkon Evjenth, Norwegian children's writer (died1951)
- Jean Toomer (Nathan Eugene Pinchback Toomer), African American writer (died1967)
December 31 –Hong Shen (洪深), Chinese dramatist (died1955)

Deaths

January 7 –Sophia Alice Callahan, American Muscogee novelist and teacher (born1868)
February 8 –R. M. Ballantyne, Scottish novelist for youth (born1825)^[18]
April 8
- Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Bengali writer and poet (born1838)^[19]
- Harriet Anne Scott, Scottish novelist (born1819)^[20]
April 12 –Ludwig Pfau, German poet, journalist, and revolutionary (born1821)
April 14 –Adolf Friedrich von Schack, German poet, literary historian and art collector (born1815)^[21]
April 29 –Augusta Theodosia Drane, English religious writer and biographer (born1823)^[22]
May 6 –Fanny Murdaugh Downing, American author and poet (born1831)
May 7
- Frances Elizabeth Barrow, American juvenile literature author (born1822)
- Marie Sophie Schwartz, Swedish novelist (born1819)
May 19 –Caroline M. Sawyer, American poet, writer, and editor (born1812)
May 20 –Edmund Yates, Scottish novelist and dramatist (born1831)^[23]
June 5 –Edward Capern, English poet (born1819)^[24]
July 30 –Walter Pater, English essayist, critic and novelist (born1839)^[25]
August 6 –Otto Müller, German novelist (born1816)^[26]
August 10 –Cynthia Roberts Gorton, American poet and author (born1826)^[27]
August 25 –Celia Laighton Thaxter, American author (born1835)
October 8 –Oliver Wendell Holmes, American poet and physician (born1809)^[28]
October 20 –James Anthony Froude, English historian, novelist and biographer (born1818)^[29]
December 3 –Robert Louis Stevenson, Scottish novelist, poet and travel writer (born1850)^[30]
December 9 –Mary Bell Smith, American writer, educator, social reformer (born1818)^[31]
December 29 –Christina Rossetti, English poet (born1830)^[32]
Unknown dates
- Giuseppe Borrello, Sicilian poet (born1820)
- Nabagopal Mitra, Indian playwright, poet and essayist (born c. 1840)

Awards

Newdigate Prize – Frank Taylor^[33]

References

^Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006.ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
^"An Alpine Pass on "Ski"".The Strand Magazine.8. London:657–661. 1894.
^Draznin, Yaffa Claire (2001).Victorian London's Middle-Class Housewife: What She Did All Day. Contributions in Women's Studies. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 151.ISBN 0-313-31399-7.
^Leavis, Q. D. (1965).Fiction and the Reading Public (rev. ed.). London: Chatto & Windus.
^Sutherland, John (2007).Bestsellers: a very short introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 85.ISBN 978-0-19-921489-1.
^The Encyclopedia Americana. Americana Corp. 1980. p. 451.ISBN 9780717201112.
^Serle, Geoffrey (1988) 'Partridge, Eric Honeywood (1894–1979)',Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 11, Melbourne University Press
^1894 in literature at theEncyclopædia Britannica
^Roper, John HerbertPaul Green, Playwright of the Real South, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2003. p. 83.
^(in Italian) Giuseppina Giuliano,"Mark L'vovič Slonim",Russi in Italia database entry
^"Elinor Brent-Dyer (1894-1969)".Literary Heritage West Midlands.Shropshire County Council. 28 October 2002. Archived fromthe original on 24 November 2005. Retrieved31 January 2018.
^De Kock, Sita (1968).Die Bosmans van Suid-Afrika, 1707-1965 (in Afrikaans). Pretoria: Van Schaik. p. 33.OCLC 814141210.
^Merlin Thomas (1979).Louis-Ferdinand Céline. Faber & Faber. p. 13.ISBN 9780811217880.
^Julian Symons (1985).Dashiell Hammett. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. IX.ISBN 9780805773989.
^Sion, Ronald T. (2010).Aldous Huxley and the Search for Meaning: A Study of the Eleven Novels. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 2.ISBN 978-0-7864-4746-6.
^Fordyce, Rachel (1978). "Field, Rachel (Lyman)". In Kirkpatrick, D.L. (ed.).Twentieth-century Children's Writers. London: Macmillan. p. 445.ISBN 978-0-33323-414-3.
^Maynard Mack (1961).Modern poetry. Prentice-Hall. pp. 364–5.
^Rennie, Neil (2004). "Ballantyne, Robert Michael (1825–1894)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1232. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
^Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Merriam-Webster. 1995. p. 231.ISBN 978-0-87779-042-6.
^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: "Scott, Harriet Anne".Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Schack, Adolf Friedrich, Graf von".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 309–310.
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Drane, Augusta Theodosia".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 546.
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Yates, Edmund Hodgson".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 907–908.
^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Seccombe, Thomas (1901). "Capern, Edward". InLee, Sidney (ed.).Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co.
^"Walter Pater",Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
^Franz Brümmer (1906). "Müller, Otto".Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 52. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 527–529.
^Greasley, Philip A. (8 August 2016).Dictionary of Midwestern Literature, Volume 2: Dimensions of the Midwestern Literary Imagination. Indiana University Press. p. 483.ISBN 978-0-253-02116-8.
^"Walter Pater",Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
^Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002(PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006.ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2013-01-24. Retrieved2022-10-04.
^Gosse, Edmund William (1911)."Stevenson, Robert Lewis Balfour" . InChisholm, Hugh (ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 907–910.
^Goodwin, Jennie J. B.; Smith, Mary Perkins Blair-Bell (1899).In Memoriam of Mary Perkins Blair Bell and Smith, 1818-1894. Minneapolis. pp. 1–.OCLC 11047204.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Gosse, Edmund William (1911)."Rossetti, Christina Georgina" .Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). pp. 746–747.
^The Age of Leo the Tenth in Italy. The Newdigate prize poem, 1894 (British Library, Historical Print Editions (March 24, 2011))

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