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401 members of theElectoral College 201 electoral votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Presidential election results map.Red denotes those won by Harrison/Morton,blue denotes states won by Cleveland/Thurman. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential elections were held in theUnited States on November 6, 1888.Republican nomineeBenjamin Harrison, a former U.S. senator fromIndiana, defeated incumbentDemocratic PresidentGrover Cleveland ofNew York. It was the third of five U.S. presidential elections (and second within 12 years)in which the winner did not win the national popular vote, which would not occur again until2000.
Cleveland, only the second Democratic president since theAmerican Civil War (the first beingAndrew Johnson) and the first elected as president (Johnson assumed office after Lincoln's assassination, and left at the end of the term), was unanimously renominated at the1888 Democratic National Convention. Harrison, the grandson of former PresidentWilliam Henry Harrison, emerged as the Republican nominee on the eighth ballot of the1888 Republican National Convention. He defeated other prominent party leaders such as Ohio SenatorJohn Sherman and formerMichigan GovernorRussell Alger.
Tariff policy was the principal issue in the election, as Cleveland had proposed a dramatic reduction in tariffs, arguing that high tariffs were unfair to consumers. Harrison took the side of industrialists and factory workers who wanted to keep tariffs high. Cleveland's opposition toAmerican Civil Warpensions and inflated currency also made enemies among veterans and farmers. On the other hand, he held a strong hand in theSouthern United States and theborder states, and appealed to former RepublicanMugwumps.
Cleveland won a narrow plurality of the popular vote, in large part due to thedisenfranchisement of Black citizens (who mostly favored Harrison) in the South,[a] but Harrison won the election with a majority in theElectoral College, marking the only time (as of 2024) that an incumbent president lost a reelection bid despite winning the popular vote. Harrison swept almost the entire North and Midwest, including narrowly carrying the swing states of New York and Indiana. This was the first time since 1856 that Democrats won the popular vote in consecutive elections. This was the first election since1840 in which an incumbent president lost reelection. Cleveland was the last incumbent Democratic president to lose reelection untilJimmy Carter in1980.
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| Benjamin Harrison | Levi P. Morton | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| U.S. Senator fromIndiana (1881–1887) | United States Ambassador to France (1881–1885) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Republican candidates were former Senator Benjamin Harrison from Indiana; SenatorJohn Sherman from Ohio;Russell A. Alger, the formergovernor of Michigan;Walter Q. Gresham from Indiana, the formerSecretary of the Treasury; SenatorWilliam B. Allison from Iowa; andChauncey Depew from New York, the president of theNew York Central Railroad.
By the time Republicans met inChicago on June 19–25, 1888, frontrunnerJames G. Blaine had withdrawn from the race because he believed that only a harmonious convention would produce a Republican candidate strong enough to upset incumbent President Cleveland. Blaine realized that the party was unlikely to choose him without a bitter struggle. After he withdrew, Blaine expressed confidence in both Benjamin Harrison and John Sherman. Harrison was nominated on the eighth ballot.
The Republicans chose Harrison because of his war record, his popularity with veterans, his ability to express the Republican Party's views, and the fact that he lived in the swing state of Indiana. The Republicans hoped to win Indiana's 15 electoral votes, which had gone to Cleveland in the previous presidential election.Levi P. Morton, a former New York City congressman and ambassador, was nominated for vice-president overWilliam Walter Phelps, his nearest rival.
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| Grover Cleveland | Allen G. Thurman | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 22nd President of the United States (1885–1889) | U.S. Senator fromOhio (1869–1881) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Democratic candidates:
The Democratic National Convention held inSt. Louis, Missouri, on June 5–7, 1888, was harmonious. Incumbent President Cleveland was re-nominated unanimously without a formal ballot. This was the first time an incumbent Democratic president had been re-nominated sinceMartin Van Buren in1840.
After Cleveland was re-nominated, Democrats had to choose a replacement forThomas A. Hendricks. Hendricks ran unsuccessfully as the Democratic nominee for vice-president in1876, but won the office when he ran again with Cleveland in1884. Hendricks served as vice-president for only eight months before he died in office on November 25, 1885. Former SenatorAllen G. Thurman from Ohio was nominated for vice-president overIsaac P. Gray, his nearest rival, andJohn C. Black, who trailed behind. Gray lost the nomination to Thurman primarily because his opponents brought up his actions while a Republican.[5]
The Democratic platform largely confined itself to a defense of the Cleveland administration, supporting reduction in the tariff and taxes generally as well as statehood for the western territories.
| Presidential Ballot | ||
| Unanimous | ||
|---|---|---|
| Grover Cleveland | 822 | |
| Vice Presidential Ballot | ||
| 1st | Acclamation | |
|---|---|---|
| Allen G. Thurman | 684 | 822 |
| Isaac P. Gray | 101 | |
| John C. Black | 36 | |
| Blank | 1 | |
| 1888 Prohibition Party ticket | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Clinton B. Fisk | John A. Brooks | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Brigadier General fromNew Jersey | Pastor fromMissouri | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The 5th Prohibition Party National Convention assembled inTomlinson Hall in Indianapolis, Indiana. There were 1,029 delegates from all but three states.[6]
Clinton B. Fisk was nominated for president unanimously.John A. Brooks was nominated for vice-president.[7]
| 1888 Union Labor Party ticket | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alson Streeter | Charles E. Cunningham | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| for President | for Vice President | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| State Senator fromIllinois | Activist fromArkansas | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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300 to 600 delegates attended the Industrial Labor Conference in Cincinnati in February 1887, and formed theUnion Labor Party. The delegates were generally made up of rural Greenbackers and urban trade unionists. Richard Trevellick, the chair of the conference, was a member of theKnights of Labor and a former member of theGreenback Party.[8]
The convention nominatedAlson Streeter for president unanimously. He was so widely popular that no ballot was necessary, instead, he was nominated by acclamation.[9] Samuel Evans was nominated for vice president but declined the nomination.Charles E. Cunningham was later selected as the vice-presidential candidate.
The Union Labor Party garnered nearly 150,000 popular votes, but failed to gain widespread national support. The party did, however, win two counties.
The United Labor Party convention nominated Robert H. Cowdrey for president on the first ballot. W.H.T. Wakefield of Kansas was nominated for vice-president over Victor H. Wilder from New York by a margin of 50–12.[10]
TheGreenback Party was in decline throughout the entire Cleveland administration. In theelection of 1884, the party failed to win anyHouse seats outright, although they did win one seat in conjunction with Plains States Democrats (James B. Weaver) and a handful of other seats by endorsing the Democratic nominee. In theelection of 1886, only two dozen Greenback candidates ran for the House, apart from another six who ran on fusion tickets. Again, Weaver was the party's only victor. Much of the Greenback news in early 1888 took place in Michigan, where the party remained active.
In early 1888, it was not clear if the Greenback Party would hold another national convention. The fourth Greenback Party National Convention assembled in Cincinnati on May 16, 1888. So few delegates attended that no actions were taken. On August 16, 1888, George O. Jones, chairman of the national committee, called a second session of the national convention.[11] The second session of the national convention met in Cincinnati on September 12, 1888. Only seven delegates attended. Chairman Jones issued an address criticizing the two major parties, and the delegates made no nominations.[12]
With the failure of the convention, the Greenback Party ceased to exist.
The American Party held its third and last National Convention in Grand Army Hall in Washington, DC. This was anAnti-Masonic party that ran under various party labels in the northern states.
When the convention assembled, there were 126 delegates; among them were 65 from New York and 15 from California. Delegates from the other states bolted the convention when it appeared that New York and California intended to vote together on all matters and control the convention. By the time the presidential balloting began, there were only 64 delegates present.
The convention nominated James L. Curtis from New York for president and James R. Greer from Tennessee for vice-president. Greer declined to run, soPeter D. Wigginton of California was chosen as his replacement.[13]
| Presidential Ballot | |
| Candidate | 1st |
|---|---|
| James L. Curtis | 45 |
| Abram S. Hewitt | 15 |
| James S. Negley | 4 |
The second Equal Rights Party National Convention assembled in Des Moines, Iowa. At the convention, mail-in ballots were counted. The delegates cast 310 of their 350 ballots for the following ticket:Belva A. Lockwood for president andAlfred H. Love for vice-president.[14] Love declined the nomination, and was replaced with Charles S. Welles of New York.[15]
The Industrial Reform Party National Convention assembled in Grand Army Hall, Washington, DC. There were 49 delegates present. Albert Redstone won the endorsement of some leaders of the disintegrating Greenback Party.[16] He told theMontgomery Advertiser that he hoped to carry several states, including Alabama, New York, North Carolina, Arkansas, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri.[17]
Cleveland set the main issue of the campaign when he proposed a dramatic reduction in tariffs in hisannual message to Congress in December 1887. Cleveland contended that the tariff was unnecessarily high and that unnecessary taxation was unjust taxation.[18] The Republicans responded that the high tariff would protect American industry from foreign competition and guarantee high wages, high profits, and high economic growth.[19]
The argument betweenprotectionists and free traders over the size of the tariff was an old one, stretching back to theTariff of 1816. In practice, the tariff was practically meaningless on industrial products, since the United States was the low-cost producer in most areas (except woolens), and could not be undersold by the less efficient Europeans. Nevertheless, the tariff issue motivated both sides to a remarkable extent.[20][21]
Besides the obvious economic dimensions, the tariff argument also possessed an ethnic dimension. At the time, the policy offree trade was most strongly promoted by the British Empire, and so any political candidate who ran on free trade instantly was under threat of being labelled pro-British and antagonistic to theIrish-American voting bloc. Cleveland neatly neutralized this threat by pursuing punitive action against Canada (which, although autonomous, was still part of the British Empire) in a fishing rights dispute.[22][23]
Harrison was well-funded by party activists and mounted an energetic campaign by the standards of the day, giving many speeches from his front porch in Indianapolis that were covered by the newspapers. Cleveland adhered to the tradition of presidential candidates not campaigning, and forbade his cabinet from campaigning as well, leaving his 75-year-old vice-presidential candidate Thurman as the spearhead of his campaign.[24]
William Wade Dudley (1842–1909), an Indianapolis lawyer, was a tireless campaigner and prosecutor of Democratic election frauds. In 1888, Benjamin Harrison made Dudley Treasurer of the Republican National Committee. The campaign was the most intense in decades, with Indiana dead even. Although the National Committee had no business meddling in state politics, Dudley wrote a circular letter to Indiana's county chairmen, telling them to "divide the floaters into Blocks of Five, and put a trusted man with the necessary funds in charge of these five, and make them responsible that none get away and that all vote our ticket." Dudley promised adequate funding. His pre-emptive strike backfired when Democrats obtained the letter and distributed hundreds of thousands of copies nationwide in the last days of the campaign. Given Dudley's unsavory reputation, few people believed his denials. A few thousand "floaters" did exist in Indiana—men who would sell their vote for $2. They always divided 50–50 (or perhaps, $5,000–$5,000) and had no visible impact on the vote. The attack on "blocks of five" with the suggestion that pious General Harrison was trying to buy the election did enliven the Democratic campaign, and it stimulated the nationwide movement to replace ballots printed and distributed by the parties withsecret ballots.[25][26]
A California Republican named George Osgoodby wrote a letter to SirLionel Sackville-West, theBritish ambassador to the United States, under the assumed name of "Charles F. Murchison," describing himself as a former Englishman who was now a California citizen and asked how he should vote in the upcoming presidential election. Sir Lionel wrote back and in the "Murchison letter" indiscreetly suggested that Cleveland was probably the best man from the British point of view.[27]
The Republicans published this letter just two weeks before the election, where it had an effect on Irish-American voters exactly comparable to the "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion" blunder of theprevious election: Cleveland lost New York and Indiana (and as a result, the presidency). Sackville-West was removed as British ambassador.[28]
36.3% of the voting age population and 80.5% of eligible voters participated in the election.[29]
The election focused on the swing states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Harrison's home state of Indiana.[30] Harrison and Cleveland split these four states, with Harrison winning by means of notoriously fraudulent balloting in New York and Indiana.[31][failed verification][32] Meanwhile, Cleveland won every state in thesouth via the disenfranchisement of much of the Southern black voter base. The Republicans won in twenty-six of the forty-four largest cities outside of the Southern United States.[33]
Had Cleveland won his home state, he would have won the electoral vote by an electoral count of 204–197 (201 electoral votes were needed for victory in 1888). Instead, Cleveland became the third of only five candidates—all Democrats—to obtain aplurality or majority of the popular vote but lose their respective presidential elections (Andrew Jackson in1824,Samuel J. Tilden in1876,Al Gore in2000, andHillary Clinton in2016).
Cleveland bested Harrison in thepopular vote by slightly more than ninety thousand votes (0.8%), though that margin was only made possible by massivedisenfranchisement andvoter suppression of hundreds of thousands of Republican blacks in the South,[2] as was noted by Republican politicians at the time.[4]
Harrison won theElectoral College by a 233–168 margin, largely by virtue of his 1.09% win in Cleveland's home state of New York.
14.18% of Harrison's votes came from the eleven states of the former Confederacy, with him taking 36.67% of the vote in that region.[34]
Four states returned results where the winner won by less than 1 percent of the popular vote. Cleveland earned 24 of his electoral votes from states he won by less than one percent: Connecticut, Virginia, and West Virginia. Harrison earned fifteen of his electoral votes from a state he won by less than 1 percent: Indiana. Harrison won New York (36 electoral votes) by a margin of 1.09%. Despite the narrow margins in several states, only two states switched sides in comparison to Cleveland'sfirst presidential election (New York and Indiana).
Of the 2,450 counties/independent cities making returns, Cleveland led in 1,290 (52.65%) while Harrison led in 1,157 (47.22%). Two counties (0.08%) recorded a plurality for Union Labor candidate Alson Streeter, whileone county (0.04%) in California split evenly between Cleveland and Harrison.
Upon leaving the White House at the end of her husband's first term,First LadyFrances Cleveland is reported to have told theWhite House staff to take care of the building since the Clevelands would be returning in four years. She proved correct, becoming the first First Lady to preside at two nonconsecutive administrations.
This was the last election in which the Republicans won Colorado and Nevada until 1904. It was also the last election until 1968 when bellwetherCoös County, New Hampshire, did not support the winning candidate.[35] This was the first time since1800 that a candidate lost re-election after their party had served a single four-year term; this would not occur again until 1980, then once more in2020.
| Presidential candidate | Party | Home state | Popular vote | Electoral vote | Running mate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count | Percentage | Vice-presidential candidate | Home state | Electoral vote | ||||
| Benjamin Harrison | Republican | Indiana | 5,443,892 | 47.80% | 233 | Levi P. Morton | New York | 233 |
| Grover Cleveland (incumbent) | Democratic | New York | 5,534,488 | 48.63% | 168 | Allen G. Thurman | Ohio | 168 |
| Clinton B. Fisk | Prohibition | New Jersey | 249,819 | 2.20% | 0 | John A. Brooks | Missouri | 0 |
| Alson Streeter | Union Labor | Illinois | 146,602 | 1.31% | 0 | Charles E. Cunningham | Arkansas | 0 |
| Other | 8,519 | 0.07% | — | Other | — | |||
| Total | 11,383,320 | 100% | 401 | 401 | ||||
| Needed to win | 201 | 201 | ||||||
Source (Popular Vote):Leip, David."1888 Presidential Election Results".Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. RetrievedJuly 27, 2005.Source (Electoral Vote):"Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996".National Archives and Records Administration. RetrievedJuly 31, 2005.
| Cleveland | 48.63% | |||
| Harrison | 47.80% | |||
| Fisk | 2.20% | |||
| Streeter | 1.31% | |||
| Others | 0.07% | |||
| Harrison | 58.10% | |||
| Cleveland | 41.90% | |||
Source: Data fromWalter Dean Burnham,Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.[36]
| States/districts won byCleveland/Thurman |
| States/districts won byHarrison/Morton |
| Grover Cleveland Democratic | Benjamin Harrison Republican | Clinton Fisk Prohibition | Alson Streeter Union Labor | Margin | State Total | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State | electoral votes | # | % | electoral votes | # | % | electoral votes | # | % | electoral votes | # | % | electoral votes | # | % | # | |
| Alabama | 10 | 117,314 | 67.00 | 10 | 57,177 | 32.66 | - | 594 | 0.34 | - | - | - | - | -60,137 | -34.35 | 175,085 | AL |
| Arkansas | 7 | 86,062 | 54.80 | 7 | 59,752 | 38.04 | - | 614 | 0.39 | - | 10,630 | 6.77 | - | -26,310 | -16.75 | 157,058 | AR |
| California | 8 | 117,729 | 46.84 | - | 124,816 | 49.66 | 8 | 5,761 | 2.29 | - | - | - | - | 7,087 | 2.82 | 251,339 | CA |
| Colorado | 3 | 37,549 | 40.84 | - | 50,772 | 55.22 | 3 | 2,182 | 2.37 | - | 1,266 | 1.38 | - | 13,223 | 14.38 | 91,946 | CO |
| Connecticut | 6 | 74,920 | 48.66 | 6 | 74,584 | 48.44 | - | 4,234 | 2.75 | - | 240 | 0.16 | - | -336 | -0.22 | 153,978 | CT |
| Delaware | 3 | 16,414 | 55.15 | 3 | 12,950 | 43.51 | - | 399 | 1.34 | - | - | - | - | -3,464 | -11.64 | 29,764 | DE |
| Florida | 4 | 39,557 | 59.48 | 4 | 26,529 | 39.89 | - | 414 | 0.62 | - | - | - | - | -13,028 | -19.59 | 66,500 | FL |
| Georgia | 12 | 100,493 | 70.31 | 12 | 40,499 | 28.33 | - | 1,808 | 1.26 | - | 136 | 0.10 | - | -59,994 | -41.97 | 142,936 | GA |
| Illinois | 22 | 348,351 | 46.58 | - | 370,475 | 49.54 | 22 | 21,703 | 2.90 | - | 7,134 | 0.95 | - | 22,124 | 2.96 | 747,813 | IL |
| Indiana | 15 | 261,013 | 48.61 | - | 263,361 | 49.05 | 15 | 9,881 | 1.84 | - | 2,694 | 0.50 | - | 2,348 | 0.44 | 536,949 | IN |
| Iowa | 13 | 179,877 | 44.51 | - | 211,603 | 52.36 | 13 | 3,550 | 0.88 | - | 9,105 | 2.25 | - | 31,726 | 7.85 | 404,135 | IA |
| Kansas | 9 | 102,745 | 31.03 | - | 182,904 | 55.23 | 9 | 6,779 | 2.05 | - | 37,788 | 11.41 | - | 80,159 | 24.21 | 331,149 | KS |
| Kentucky | 13 | 183,830 | 53.30 | 13 | 155,138 | 44.98 | - | 5,223 | 1.51 | - | 677 | 0.20 | - | -28,692 | -8.32 | 344,868 | KY |
| Louisiana | 8 | 85,032 | 73.37 | 8 | 30,660 | 26.46 | - | 160 | 0.14 | - | 39 | 0.03 | - | -54,372 | -46.92 | 115,891 | LA |
| Maine | 6 | 50,472 | 39.35 | - | 73,730 | 57.49 | 6 | 2,691 | 2.10 | - | 1,344 | 1.05 | - | 23,258 | 18.13 | 128,253 | ME |
| Maryland | 8 | 106,188 | 50.34 | 8 | 99,986 | 47.40 | - | 4,767 | 2.26 | - | - | - | - | -6,202 | -2.94 | 210,941 | MD |
| Massachusetts | 14 | 151,590 | 44.04 | - | 183,892 | 53.42 | 14 | 8,701 | 2.53 | - | - | - | - | 32,302 | 9.38 | 344,243 | MA |
| Michigan | 13 | 213,469 | 44.91 | - | 236,387 | 49.73 | 13 | 20,945 | 4.41 | - | 4,555 | 0.96 | - | 22,918 | 4.82 | 475,356 | MI |
| Minnesota | 7 | 104,385 | 39.65 | - | 142,492 | 54.12 | 7 | 15,311 | 5.82 | - | 1,097 | 0.42 | - | 38,107 | 14.47 | 263,285 | MN |
| Mississippi | 9 | 85,451 | 73.80 | 9 | 30,095 | 25.99 | - | 240 | 0.21 | - | - | - | - | -55,356 | -47.81 | 115,786 | MS |
| Missouri | 16 | 261,943 | 50.24 | 16 | 236,252 | 45.31 | - | 4,539 | 0.87 | - | 18,626 | 3.57 | - | -25,691 | -4.93 | 521,360 | MO |
| Nebraska | 5 | 80,552 | 39.75 | - | 108,425 | 53.51 | 5 | 9,429 | 4.65 | - | 4,226 | 2.09 | - | 27,873 | 13.76 | 202,632 | NE |
| Nevada | 3 | 5,149 | 41.94 | - | 7,088 | 57.73 | 3 | 41 | 0.33 | - | - | - | - | 1,939 | 15.79 | 12,278 | NV |
| New Hampshire | 4 | 43,456 | 47.84 | - | 45,728 | 50.34 | 4 | 1,593 | 1.75 | - | - | - | - | 2,272 | 2.50 | 90,835 | NH |
| New Jersey | 9 | 151,508 | 49.87 | 9 | 144,360 | 47.52 | - | 7,933 | 2.61 | - | - | - | - | -7,148 | -2.35 | 303,801 | NJ |
| New York | 36 | 635,965 | 48.19 | - | 650,338 | 49.28 | 36 | 30,231 | 2.29 | - | 627 | 0.05 | - | 14,373 | 1.09 | 1,319,748 | NY |
| North Carolina | 11 | 147,902 | 51.79 | 11 | 134,784 | 47.20 | - | 2,840 | 0.99 | - | - | - | - | -13,118 | -4.59 | 285,563 | NC |
| Ohio | 23 | 396,455 | 47.18 | - | 416,054 | 49.51 | 23 | 24,356 | 2.90 | - | 3,496 | 0.42 | - | 19,599 | 2.33 | 840,361 | OH |
| Oregon | 3 | 26,522 | 42.88 | - | 33,291 | 53.82 | 3 | 1,677 | 2.71 | - | - | - | - | 6,769 | 10.94 | 61,853 | OR |
| Pennsylvania | 30 | 446,633 | 44.77 | - | 526,091 | 52.74 | 30 | 20,947 | 2.10 | - | 3,873 | 0.39 | - | 79,458 | 7.97 | 997,568 | PA |
| Rhode Island | 4 | 17,530 | 42.99 | - | 21,969 | 53.88 | 4 | 1,251 | 3.07 | - | 18 | 0.04 | - | 4,439 | 10.89 | 40,775 | RI |
| South Carolina | 9 | 65,824 | 82.28 | 9 | 13,736 | 17.17 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -52,088 | -65.11 | 79,997 | SC |
| Tennessee | 12 | 158,699 | 52.26 | 12 | 138,978 | 45.76 | - | 5,969 | 1.97 | - | 48 | 0.02 | - | -19,721 | -6.49 | 303,694 | TN |
| Texas | 13 | 234,883 | 65.70 | 13 | 88,422 | 24.73 | - | 4,749 | 1.33 | - | 29,459 | 8.24 | - | -146,461 | -40.97 | 357,513 | TX |
| Vermont | 4 | 16,788 | 25.65 | - | 45,192 | 69.05 | 4 | 1,460 | 2.23 | - | 1,977 | 3.02 | - | 28,404 | 43.40 | 65,452 | VT |
| Virginia | 12 | 152,004 | 49.99 | 12 | 150,399 | 49.46 | - | 1,684 | 0.55 | - | - | - | - | -1,605 | -0.53 | 304,087 | VA |
| West Virginia | 6 | 78,677 | 49.35 | 6 | 78,171 | 49.03 | - | 1,084 | 0.68 | - | 1,508 | 0.95 | - | -506 | -0.32 | 159,440 | WV |
| Wisconsin | 11 | 155,232 | 43.77 | - | 176,553 | 49.79 | 11 | 14,277 | 4.03 | - | 8,552 | 2.41 | - | 21,321 | 6.01 | 354,614 | WI |
| TOTALS: | 401 | 5,538,163 | 48.63 | 168 | 5,443,633 | 47.80 | 233 | 250,017 | 2.20 | - | 149,115 | 1.31 | - | -94,530 | -0.83 | 11,388,846 | US |
Margin of victory less than 1% (39 electoral votes):
Margin of victory between 1% and 5% (150 electoral votes):
Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (93 electoral votes):
In 1968 the Michael P. Antoine Company produced theWalt Disney Companymusical filmThe One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band which centers on the election of 1888 and the annexing and subdividing of theDakota Territory into states (which was a major issue of the election).
Democratic campaign text Book.
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