Decade
From top left, clockwise: A famousgunfight erupts at theO.K. Corral inTombstone, Arizona in 1881; a long-distance passenger train called theOrient Express begins running betweenParis andConstantinople in 1883;U.S. Congress bansChinese immigrants from entering the U.S. for ten years, starting in 1882;South Fork Dam fails after heavy rainfall and floods the town ofJohnstown, Pennsylvania , killing over two thousand people;George Eastman introduces theKodak No 1 and the camera becomes an enormous success;Chicago's Haymarket Square is the scene of abombing that kills at least seven police officers and four civilians during a massive protest from a labor rally and is generally considered the origin of modernMay Day protests; settlers try to claim land during theOklahoma Land Rush of 1889; combined groups ofBritish andSudanese forces on opposing sides fight during a nationalistuprising against the KhediveTewfik Pasha . The1880s (pronounced "eighteen-eighties") was thedecade that began on January 1, 1880, and ended on December 31, 1889.
The period was characterized in general byeconomic growth andprosperity in many parts of the world, especially Europe and the Americas, with the emergence of modern cities signified by the foundation of many long-lived corporations, franchises, and brands and the introduction of theskyscraper . The decade was a part of theGilded Age (1874–1907) in theUnited States , theVictorian Era in theBritish Empire and theBelle Époque in France. It also occurred at the height of theSecond Industrial Revolution and saw numerous developments in science and a sudden proliferation of electrical technologies, particularly inmass transit andtelecommunications .
The last living person from this decade,María Capovilla , died in 2006.
France colonizesIndochina (1883)German colonization (1887)Increasing colonial interest and conquest in Africa leads representatives from Britain, France, Portugal, Germany, Belgium, Italy and Spain to divide Africa into regions of colonial influence at theBerlin Conference . This would be followed over the next few decades by conquest of almost the entirety of the remaining uncolonised parts of the continent, broadly along the lines determined. (1889) Prominent political events [ edit ] 3 August 1881: ThePretoria Convention peace treaty is signed, officially ending the war between theBoers andBritain . 3 May 1882: TheChinese Exclusion Act was signed into law by PresidentChester A. Arthur . 20 May 1882:Germany ,Austria-Hungary , andItaly form The Triple Alliance as a defensive military alliance[ 1] 1884:International Meridian Conference in Washington D.C., held to determine the Prime Meridian of the world. 1884–1885:Berlin Conference , when the western powers divided Africa. The United States had five Presidents during the decade, the most since the 1840s. They wereRutherford B. Hayes ,James A. Garfield ,Chester A. Arthur ,Grover Cleveland andBenjamin Harrison . 20-22 June 1887: TheGolden Jubilee of Queen Victoria was celebrated markingQueen Victoria 's 50 year reign. 13 May 1888:Brazil abolishes slavery , the last country in thewestern hemisphere to do so.[ 2] Assassinations and attempts [ edit ] This section
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Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include:
Science and technology [ edit ] 1880:Oliver Heaviside ofCamden Town ,London , England receives a patent for thecoaxial cable .[ 7] loading coils . In the 1890s,Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin would both create the loading coils and receive a patent of them, failing to credit Heaviside's work.[ 8] 1880–1882: Development and commercial production ofelectric lighting was underway.Thomas Edison ofMilan, Ohio , establishedEdison Illuminating Company on December 17, 1880. Based atNew York City , it was the pioneer company of theelectrical power industry . Edison's system was based on creating a central power plant equipped withelectrical generators .Copper electrical wires would then connect the station with other buildings, allowing forelectric power distribution .[ 9] Pearl Street Station was the first central power plant in the United States. It was located at 255–257Pearl Street inManhattan on a site measuring 50 by 100 feet,[ 10] Fulton Street . It began with onedirect current generator , and it startedgenerating electricity on September 4, 1882, serving an initial load of 400 lamps at 85 customers. By 1884, Pearl Street Station was serving 508 customers with 10,164 lamps.[ 10] 1880–1886:Charles F. Brush ofEuclid, Ohio , andBrush Electric Light Company installed carbonarc lights alongBroadway , New York City. A small generating station was established at Manhattan's25th Street . The electric arc lights went into regular service on December 20, 1880. The newBrooklyn Bridge of 1883 had seventy arc lamps installed in it. By 1886, there was a reported number of 1,500 arc lights installed in Manhattan.[ 9] 1880–1883:James Wimshurst ofPoplar ,London , England invents theWimshurst Machine . 1881–1885:Stefan Drzewiecki ofPodolia ,Russian Empire finishes his submarine-building project (which had begun in 1879). The crafts were constructed at Nevskiy Shipbuilding and Machinery works atSaint Petersburg . Altogether, 50 units were delivered to theMinistry of War . They were reportedly deployed as part of the defense ofKronstadt andSevastopol . In 1885, the submarines were transferred to theImperial Russian Navy . They were soon declared "ineffective" and discarded. By 1887, Drzewiecki was designing submarines for theFrench Third Republic .[ 11] 1881–1883:John Philip Holland ofLiscannor ,County Clare ,Ireland [ 12] Fenian Ram submarine for theFenian Brotherhood . During extensive trials, Holland made numerous dives and test-fired the gun using dummy projectiles. However, due to funding disputes within theIrish Republican Brotherhood and disagreement over payments from the IRB to Holland, the IRB stole Fenian Ram and theHolland III [ 13] 1882:William Edward Ayrton ofLondon , England andJohn Perry ofGarvagh ,County Londonderry ,Ireland build an electrictricycle . It reportedly had a range of 10 to 25 miles, powered by a lead acid battery. A significant innovation of the vehicle was its use ofelectric lights , here playing the role ofheadlamps .[ 8] [ 14] 1882:James Atkinson ofHampstead ,London , England invented theAtkinson cycle engine . By use of variable engine strokes from a complexcrankshaft , Atkinson was able to increase the efficiency of his engine, at the cost of some power, over traditionalOtto-cycle engines .[ 15] 1882:Schuyler Wheeler ofMassachusetts invented the two-bladeelectric fan .Henry W. Seely ofNew York invented the electric safetyiron . Both were arguably among the earliestsmall domestic electrical appliances to appear.[ 8] 1882–1883:John Hopkinson ofManchester , England patents thethree-phase electric power system in 1882. In 1883 Hopkinson showed mathematically that it was possible to connect two alternating current dynamos in parallel — a problem that had long bedeviled electrical engineers.[ 16] [ 17] 1883:Charles Fritts , an American inventor, creates the first workingsolar cell . The energy conversion efficiency of these early devices was less than 1%. Denounced as a fraud in the US for "generating power without consuming matter, thus violating thelaws of physics ".[ 8] [ 18] 1883–1885:Josiah H. L. Tuck , an American inventor, works in his own submarine designs. His 1883 model was created in Delameter Iron Works. It was 30-feet long, "all-electric and had vertical and horizontal propellers clutched to the same shaft, with a 20-feet breathing pipe and an airlock for a diver." His 1885 model, called the "Peacemaker", was larger. It used "acaustic soda patentboiler to power a 14-HP Westinghouse steam engine". She managed a number of short trips within theNew York Harbor area.[ 19] [ 20] insane asylum by the end of the decade.[ 21] 1883–1886:John Joseph Montgomery ofYuba City, California , starts his attempts atearly flight . In 1884, using a glider designed and built in 1883, Montgomery made the "first heavier-than-air human-carrying aircraft to achieve controlled piloted flight" in the Western Hemisphere. This glider had a curved parabolic wing surface. He reportedly made a glide of "considerable length" fromOtay Mesa, San Diego, California , his first successful flight and arguably the first successful one in the United States. In 1884–1885, Montgomery tested a second monoplane glider with flat wings. The innovation in design was "hinged surfaces at the rear of the wings to maintainlateral balance ". These were early forms ofAileron . After experimentation with a water tank and smoke chamber to understand the nature of flow over surfaces, in 1886, Montgomery designed a third glider with fully rotating wings as pitcherons. He then turned to theoretic research towards the development of a manuscript "Soaring Flight" in 1896.[ 22] [ 23] [ 24] 1884–1885: On August 9, 1884,La France French Army airship , makes its maiden flight. Launched byCharles Renard andArthur Constantin Krebs . Krebs pilotedthe first fully controlled free-flight with theLa France . The 170-foot (52 m) long, 66,000 cubic feet (1,900 m3 ) airship, electric-powered with a 435 kg battery[ 25] [ 26] [ 27] La France dirigible returned five times to its starting point. "La France was the first airship that could return to its starting point in a light wind. It was 165 feet (50 meters) long, its maximum diameter was 27 feet (8.2 meters), and it had a capacity of 66,000 cubic feet (1,869 cubic meters)." Its battery-powered motor "produced 7.5 horsepower (5.6 kilowatts). This motor was later replaced with one that produced 8.5 horsepower (6.3 kilowatts)."[ 28] 1884:Paul Gottlieb Nipkow ofLębork ,Kingdom of Prussia ,German Empire invents theNipkow disk , animage scanning device. It was the basis of his patent method of translating visual images to electronic impulses, transmit said impulses to another device and successfully reassemble the impulses to visual images. Nipkow used aselenium photoelectric cell .[ 29] electromechanical television system in 1884. Although he never built a working model of the system, Nipkow's spinning disk design became a common television imagerasterizer used up to 1939.[ 30] 1884:Alexander Mozhaysky ofKotka ,Grand Duchy of Finland ,Russian Empire makes the second known "powered, assisted take off of a heavier-than-air craft carrying an operator". Hissteam-powered monoplane took off atKrasnoye Selo , nearSaint Petersburg , making a hop and "covering between 65 and 100 feet". The monoplane had a failedlanding , with one of its wings destroyed and serious damages. It was never rebuilt. LaterSoviet propaganda would overstate Mozhaysky's accomplishment while downplaying the failed landing. The Grand Soviet Encyclopedia called this "the first true flight of a heavier-than-air machine in history".[ 31] [ 32] 1884–1885:Ganz Company engineersKároly Zipernowsky ,Ottó Bláthy andMiksa Déri had determined that open-core devices were impracticable, as they were incapable of reliably regulating voltage. In their joint patent application for the "Z.B.D."transformers , they described the design of two with no poles: the "closed-core" and the "shell-core" transformers. In the closed-core type, the primary and secondary windings were wound around a closed iron ring; in the shell type, the windings were passedthrough the iron core. In both designs, the magnetic flux linking the primary and secondary windings traveled almost entirely within the iron core, with no intentional path through air. When employed inelectric distribution systems , this revolutionary design concept would finally make it technically and economically feasible to provide electric power for lighting in homes, businesses and public spaces.[ 33] [ 34] shunt connections , and Déri had performed the experiments.[ 35] [ 33] [ 36] [ 37] [ 38] 1884–1885:John Philip Holland andEdmund Zalinski , having formed the "Nautilus Submarine Boat Company ", start working on a new submarine. The so-called "Zalinsky boat " was constructed in Hendrick's Reef (formerFort Lafayette ),Bay Ridge in (ray) or (rayacus the 3rd)New York City borough ofBrooklyn . "The new, cigar-shaped submarine was 50 feet long with a maximum beam of eight feet. To save money, the hull was largely of wood, framed with iron hoops, and again, aBrayton-cycle engine provided motive power." The project was plagued by a "shoestring budget" and Zalinski mostly rejecting Holland's ideas on improvements. The submarine was ready for launching in September, 1885. "During the launching itself, a section of the ways collapsed under the weight of the boat, dashing the hull against some pilings and staving in the bottom. Although the submarine was repaired and eventually carried out several trial runs in lower New York Harbor, by the end of 1886 the Nautilus Submarine Boat Company was no more, and the salvageable remnants of the Zalinski Boat were sold to reimburse the disappointed investors." Holland would not create another submarine to 1893.[ 39] 1885:Galileo Ferraris ofLivorno Piemonte ,Kingdom of Italy reaches the concept of arotating magnetic field . He applied it to a new motor. "Ferraris devised a motor using electromagnets at right angles and powered by alternating currents that were 90° out of phase, thus producing a revolving magnetic field. The motor, the direction of which could be reversed by reversing its polarity, proved the solution to the last remaining problem in alternating-current motors. The principle made possible the development of the asynchronous, self-startingelectric motor that is still used today. Believing that the scientific and intellectual values of new developments far outstripped material values, Ferraris deliberately did not patent his invention; on the contrary, he demonstrated it freely in his own laboratory to all comers." He published his findings in 1888. By then,Nikola Tesla had independently reached the same concept and was seeking a patent.[ 40] 1885:Nikolay Bernardos andKarol Olszewski ofBroniszów were granted a patent for their Electrogefest, an "electric arc welder with a carbon electrode". Introducing a method ofcarbon arc welding , they also became the "inventors of modern welding apparatus".[ 8] [ 41] TheLinotype machine (introduced in 1886) revolutionized printing, newspapers, and communication. 1884–1886:Ottmar Mergenthaler invents and refines theLinotype composing machine which mechanizes the process oftypesetting for printing newspapers and books. This speeds up the composition of text forprinting and revolutionizes communication of news and information. The Linotype allows for a daily newspaper, even in small towns.[ 42] New York Tribune on July 3, 1886 and was used at night to compose the “Tribune Book of Open-Air Sports” which was the first book created with Linotype type.[ 43] Benz Patent Motorwagen which is widely regarded as the firstautomobile was first introduced in 1885. 1885–1888:Karl Benz ofKarlsruhe ,Baden ,German Empire introduces theBenz Patent Motorwagen , widely regarded as the firstautomobile .[ 44] [ 45] [ 46] [ 46] Motorwagen was patented on January 29, 1886, asDRP-37435: "automobile fueled by gas" .[ 47] Motorwagen Model 2 which had several modifications, and in 1887, the definitiveModel 3 withwooden wheels was introduced, showing at the Paris Expo the same year.[ 46] Benz Patent Motorwagen ) in the late summer of 1888, making it the first commercially available automobile in history.[ 46] 1885–1887:William Stanley, Jr. ofBrooklyn ,New York , an employee ofGeorge Westinghouse , creates an improvedtransformer . Westinghouse had bought the patents ofLucien Gaulard andJohn Dixon Gibbs on the subject, and had purchased an option on the designs ofKároly Zipernowsky ,Ottó Bláthy andMiksa Déri . He entrusted engineer Stanley with the building of a device for commercial use.[ 48] induction coils with single cores of soft iron and adjustable gaps to regulate the EMF present in the secondary winding. This design was first used commercially in 1886.[ 49] [ 50] [ 51] 1885–1889:Claude Goubet , a French inventor, builds two small electric submarines.[ 52] accumulators (storage batteries which operated an Edison-type dynamo." While among the earliest submarines to successfully make use of electric power, she proved to have a severe flaw. She could not stay at a stable depth, set by the operator. The improved Goubet II was introduced in 1889. This version could transport a 2-man crew and had "an attractive interior". More stable than her predecessor, though still unable to stay at a set depth.[ 53] 1885–1887:Thorsten Nordenfelt ofÖrby ,Uppsala Municipality ,Sweden produces a series of steam poweredsubmarines . The first was theNordenfelt I , a 56 tonne, 19.5 metre long vessel similar toGeorge Garrett 's ill-fatedResurgam machine gun . It was manufactured byBolinders inStockholm in 1884–1885. Like the Resurgam, it operated on the surface using a 100 HP steam engine with a maximum speed of 9 kn, then it shut down its engine to dive. She was purchased by theHellenic Navy and was delivered toSalamis Naval Base in 1886. Following the acceptance tests, she was never used again by the Hellenic Navy and was scrapped in 1901.[ 54] Nordenfelt II (Abdülhamid ) in 1886 andNordenfelt III (Abdülmecid ) in 1887, a pair of 30 metre long submarines with twin torpedo tubes, for theOttoman Navy .Abdülhamid became the first submarine in history to fire a torpedo while submerged under water.[ 55] [ 52] 1886–1887:Carl Gassner ofMainz ,German Empire receives a patent for azinc–carbon battery , among the earliest examples ofdry cell batteries. Originally patented in the German Empire, Gassner also received patents fromAustria-Hungary ,Belgium , theFrench Third Republic , theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (all in 1886) and the United States (in 1887). Consumer dry cells would first appear in the 1890s.[ 56] Wilhelm Hellesen ofKalundborg ,Denmark patented his own zinc–carbon battery. Within the year, Hellesen and V. Ludvigsen founded a factory inFrederiksberg , producing their batteries.[ 57] 1886:Charles Martin Hall ofThompson Township, Geauga County, Ohio , andPaul Héroult ofThury-Harcourt ,Normandy independently discover the same inexpensive method for producingaluminium , which became the first metal to attain widespread use since the prehistoric discovery ofiron . The basic invention involves passing an electric current through a bath ofalumina dissolved incryolite , which results in a puddle of aluminum forming in the bottom of the retort. It has come to be known as theHall-Héroult process .[ 58] Julia Brainerd Hall , an older sister. She had studied chemistry atOberlin College , helped with the experiments, took laboratory notes and gave business advice to Charles.[ 59] 1886–1890:Herbert Akroyd Stuart ofHalifax Yorkshire ,England receives his first patent on a prototype of thehot bulb engine . His research culminated in an 1890 patent for acompression ignition engine . Production started in 1891 byRichard Hornsby & Sons ofGrantham ,Lincolnshire , England under the titleHornsby Akroyd Patent Oil Engine under licence.[ 60] [ 61] [ 62] 1887:William Thomson (later Baron Kelvin) ofBelfast ,Ireland introduces the multicellularvoltmeter . The electrical supply industry needed instruments capable of measuring high voltages. Thomson's voltmeter could measure up to 20,000 volts. It could measure bothdirect current (DC) andalternating current (AC) flows.[ 63] electrostatic voltmeters .[ 64] 1887:Charles Vernon Boys ofWing, Rutland ,England [ 65] fused quartz fibers to measure "delicate forces". Boys was a physics demonstrator at theRoyal College of Science inSouth Kensington , but was contacting private experiments on the effects of delicate forces on objects. It was already known that hanging an object from a thread could demonstrate the effects of such weak influences. Said thread had to be "thin, strong and elastic". Finding the best fibers available at the time insufficient for his experiments, Boys set out to create a better fiber. He tried making glass from a variety of minerals. The best results came from naturalquartz . He created fibers both extremely thin and highly durable. He used them to create the "radiomicrometer", a device sensitive enough to detect the heat of a single candle from a distance of almost 2 miles. By March 26, 1887, Boys was reporting his results to thePhysical Society of London .[ 66] 1887–1888:Augustus Desiré Waller ofParis recorded the humanelectrocardiogram with surfaceelectrodes . He was employed at the time as a lecturer in physiology atSt Mary's Hospital inPaddington ,London , England.[ 67] contraction of theheart started at theapex of the heart and ended at thebase of the heart .Willem Einthoven was among those who took interest in the new method. He would end up improving it in the 1900s.[ 68] 1887–1889: The Serbian-American engineerNikola Tesla files patents on arotating magnetic field basedalternating current induction motor and related polyphase AC transmission systems. The patents are licensed byWestinghouse Electric although technical problems and a shortage of cash at the company meant a complete system would not be rolled out until 1893.[ 69] 1887–1890:Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti ofLiverpool , England is hired by the London Electric Supply Corporation to design theDeptford Power Station . Ferranti designed the building, as well as the electrical systems for both generating and distributingalternating current (AC). Among the innovations included in the Station was "the use of 10,000-volt high-tension cable", successfully tested for safety. On its completion in October 1890 it was the first truly modern power station, supplying high-voltage AC power.[ 70] alternator , high-tension cables, insulation, circuit breakers, transformers and turbines."[ 8] 1888:Heinrich Hertz ofHamburg , acity-state of theGerman Empire , successfully transmits and receivesradio waves . He was employed at the time by theKarlsruhe Institute of Technology . Attempting to experimentally proveJames Clerk Maxwell ' "A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field " (1864), Hertz "generated electric waves using an electric circuit". Then he detected said waves "with another similar circuit some distance away". Hertz succeeded in proving the existence ofelectromagnetic waves . But in doing so, he had built basictransmitter andreceiver devices. Hertz took this work no further, did not exploit it commercially, and famously did not consider it useful. But it was an important step in theinvention of radio .[ 8] [ 71] 1888–1890:Isaac Peral ofCartagena, Spain launches hispioneering submarine on September 8, 1888. Created for theSpanish Navy , el Peral was "roughly 71 feet long, with a 9-foot beam and a height of almost 9 feet amidships, with one horizontal and two small vertical propellers, Peral's "cigar," as the workers called it, ... had a periscope, a chemical system to oxygenate the air for a crew of six, a speedometer, spotlights, and a launcher at the bow capable of firing three torpedoes. Its two 30-horsepower electrical motors, powered by 613 batteries, gave it a theoretical range of 396 nautical miles and a maximum speed of 10.9 knots an hour at the surface." It underwent a series of trials in 1889 and 1890, all in theBay of Cádiz . On June 7, 1890, it "successfully spent an hour submerged at a depth of 10 meters, following a set course of three and a half miles". He was celebrated by the public and honored byMaria Christina of Austria ,Queen Regent ofSpain . But Navy officials ultimately declared the submarine a "useless curiosity", scrapping the project.[ 72] 1888–1890:Gustave Zédé andArthur Constantin Krebs launch theGymnote , a 60-foot submarine for theFrench Navy . "It was driven by a 55 horse power electric motor, originally powered by 564Lalande-Chaperon alkaline cells by Coumelin, Desmazures et Baillache with a total capacity of 400 Amphours weighing 11 tons and delivering a maximum current of 166 Amps."[ 8] [ 73] Whitehead torpedoes were ideal for the job. The Gymnote proved effective in breakingblockades and surface ships had trouble spotting it. She was able to withstand explosions of up to 220 pounds ofguncotton in a distance of 75 yards from its body. Shells ofquick-firing guns , fired at short range, would explode in the water before hitting it. At long-range everything fired at the submarine, ended upricocheting . The submarine proved "blind" when submerged, establishing the need of aperiscope .[ 74] 1889–1891:Almon Brown Strowger ofPenfield, New York , files a patent for thestepping switch on March 12, 1889. Issued on March 10, 1891, it enabled automatictelephone exchanges .[ 75] telephone switchboards , staffed bytelephone operators . Operators were not only responsible for connecting, monitoring and disconnecting calls. They were expected to provide "emotional support, emergency information, local news and gossip, business tips", etc.[ 76] undertaker inKansas City . The local operator happened to be the wife of a rival undertaker. Whenever someone asked to be put through to an undertaker, the operator would connect them to her husband. Strowger was frustrated at losing customers to thisunfair competition . He created his device explicitly to bypass the need of an operator. His system "required users to tap out the number they wanted on three keys to call other users directly. The system worked with reasonable accuracy when the subscribers operated their push buttons correctly and remembered to press the release button after a conversation was finished, but there was no provision against a subscriber being connected to a busy line."[ 8] [ 75] Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange in 1891.[ 75] 1889:Elihu Thomson ofManchester ,England ,United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland creates a motor-drivenWattmeter .[ 77] 1889:Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky ofGatchina ,Russian Empire created the firstsquirrel-cage induction motor . He was at the time working forAEG .[ 8] Development and commercial production of gasoline-poweredautomobiles were undertaken byKarl Benz ,Gottlieb Daimler andMaybach The first commercial production and sales ofphonographs and phonograph recordings occurred. Steel frame construction of"sky-scrapers" happened for the first time. February 16, 1880: TheAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers was founded inNew York City . Construction began on thePanama Canal by the French. This was the first attempt to build the Canal; it would end in failure. Lewis Ticehurst invented thedrinking straw . 1884:Smokeless powder was brought[where? from France. 1885:Thomas Edison invents the first evermovie inMenlo Park ,New Jersey . 1886: Earliest commercialautomobile is invented. 1887: As theProhibition movement gained nationwide prevalence, a "liquor-free" drink was brewed, known now asCoca-Cola . 1888:Infrastructure reform movements begin when many cities are devastated by theGreat Blizzard of '88 . Literature and arts [ edit ] Home Insurance Building TheEiffel Tower is inaugurated on March 31, 1889, thus becoming the tallest structure in the world This section
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In 1882Kanō Jigorō createsJudo [ 82]
The Romantic style, most prominent in Europe, emphasised strong melodies, beautiful harmony, and the unique vision of the artist. Loud, extreme contrasts in dynamics and accentuated rhythmic patterns were featured in the music of the time. The influence ofLudwig van Beethoven was strong, especially in the German-language area. Many of the artists involved in the Romantic music movement were disappointed with the effects of theIndustrial Revolution andurbanisation , and drew influence fromnature , thecountryside ,commoners , and oldmyths andlegends . Nevertheless, music was seen as separate from politics, an ethereal sphere dominated by sublime expressions of the artists' deepest, primal sentiments. It was seen as something almostdivine , with a unique ability to portray passionate emotions like love directly to the listener. Romantic orchestral pieces tended to be quite long and required more players than before, with symphonies regularly taking a whole hour to perform completely.
Within theRussian Empire , the influence of theFive , or "the Mighty Handful" andPyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky had been crucial in developing a new national understanding of music.
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Coca-Cola was invented in May 1886Famous and infamous personalities [ edit ] Wyatt Earp , lawmanMorgan Earp , lawmanVirgil Earp , lawmanDoc Holliday , outlaw and gunfighter, friend ofWyatt Earp Tom McLaury ,Wild West , outlaw, cowboy, cattle rustlerFrank McLaury , ranch hand, outlawBilly Claiborne , outlaw Cowboy, gunfighterCurly Bill Brocius , outlaw Cowboy, rustlerBuffalo Bill , scout, bison and buffalo hunter, founder ofBuffalo Bill's Wild West Billy the Kid , a.k.a.Henry McCarty ,Wild West , outlaw, murdererIgnacy Hryniewiecki , assassin ofTsar Alexander II of Russia Bob Ford ,Wild West , outlaw, murderer ofJesse James
Births 1880
King Vajiravudh Douglas MacArthur Franz Marc January 1 –Vajiravudh , Rama VI, King of Siam (d.1925 )January 2 –Louis Charles Breguet , French aircraft designer, builder and aviation pioneer (d.1955 )January 3 –Francis Browne , Irish Jesuit priest, famous for his last photos of theRMS Titanic (d.1960 )January 6 –Tom Mix , American Western film actor (d.1940 )January 10 Manuel Azaña , 2nd President of the Spanish Second Republic, 55th Prime Minister of Spain (d.1940 )Grock (Charles Adrien Wettach), Swiss-born clown (d.1959 )January 11 –Rudolph Palm , Curaçao-born composer (d.1950 )January 17 –Mack Sennett , Canadian-born comedy film director, producer (d.1960 )January 18 –Paul Ehrenfest , Austrian-Dutch physicist (d.1933 )January 19 –Henryk Minkiewicz , Polish general and politician (d.1940 )January 26 –Douglas MacArthur , American general (d.1964 )January 29 –W. C. Fields , American actor, comedian (d.1946 )February 5 –Gabriel Voisin , French aviation pioneer (d.1973 )February 8 –Franz Marc , German artist (d.1916 )February 12 –George Preca , Maltese saint (d.1962 )February 14 –Frederick J. Horne , American four-star admiral (d.1959 )February 19 –Álvaro Obregón , 39thPresident of Mexico (d.1928 )February 21 –Waldemar Bonsels , German writer (d.1952 )February 22 February 26 –Lionel Logue , Australian speech and language therapist (d.1953 )Kuniaki Koiso March 1 –Lytton Strachey , English critic and biographer (d.1932 )[ 83] March 2 – René Vallon , French aviator (d.1911 )[ 84] March 15 –Montagu Love , English actor (d.1943 )March 17 –Lawrence Oates , British army officer and Antarctic explorer (d.1912 )March 18 –Kalle Hakala , Finnish politician (d.1947 )[ 85] March 21 –Broncho Billy Anderson , American actor (d.1971 )March 22 –Kuniaki Koiso ,Prime Minister of Japan (d.1950 )March 23 –Heikki Ritavuori , Finnish Minister of the Interior (d.1922 )March 27 –Ruth Hanna McCormick , American politician, activist and publisher (d.1944 )March 28 –Louis Wolheim , American character actor (d.1931 )March 30 –Seán O'Casey , Irish writer (d.1964 )[ 86] April 15 –Max Wertheimer , Austrian-born psychologist, father of Gestalt Theory (d.1943 )April 18 –Sam Crawford , AmericanBaseball Hall of Famer (d.1968 )Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Helen Keller May 5 –Adrian Carton de Wiart , Belgian-born British general (d.1963 )May 6 May 14 May 21 –Tudor Arghezi , Romanian writer (d.1967 )May 25 –Alf Common , English footballer (d.1946 )May 29 –Oswald Spengler , German philosopher (d.1936 )June 6 –W. T. Cosgrave , Irish politician (d.1965 )June 15 –Osami Nagano , Japanese admiral (d.1947 )June 17 –Carl Van Vechten , American writer and photographer (d.1964 )[ 87] June 24 –João Cândido , Brazilian sailor (d.1969 )June 27 –Helen Keller , American spokeswoman for the deaf and blind, writer and lecturer (d.1968 )[ 88] June 29 –Ludwig Beck , German general, Chief of the General Staff (d.1944 )Milan Rastislav Štefánik Sir Earle Page QueenWilhelmina of the Netherlands July 5 –Jan Kubelík , Czech violinist (d.1940 )July 12 –Tod Browning , American motion picture director, horror film pioneer (d.1962 )July 15 –Alessandro Guidoni , Italian air force general (d.1928 )July 21 –Milan Rastislav Štefánik , Slovak General, politician and astronomer (d.1919 )July 24 –Ernest Bloch , Swiss-born American composer (d.1959 )July 28 –Volodymyr Vynnychenko , 1st Prime Minister of Ukraine (d.1951 )August 4 –Werner von Fritsch , German general (d.1939 )August 8 –Sir Earle Page , 11thPrime Minister of Australia (d.1961 )August 12 –Christy Mathewson , American baseball player (d.1925 )August 19 –Jean Patou , French fashion designer (d.1936 )August 22 –George Herriman , American cartoonist (d.1944 )August 26 –Guillaume Apollinaire , French poet and dramatist (d.1918 )[ 89] August 29 –Marie-Louise Meilleur , Canadian supercentenarian, oldest Canadian ever (d.1998 )August 30 –Nikolai Astrup , Norwegian painter (d.1928 )August 31 – QueenWilhelmina of the Netherlands (d.1962 )Kullervo Manner September 12 –H. L. Mencken , American journalist (d.1956 )[ 90] September 14 –Archie Hahn , American athlete (d.1955 )September 15 –Chujiro Hayashi , Japanese Reiki master (d.1940 )September 16 September 20 –Ugo Cavallero , Italian field marshal (d.1943 )September 22 –Christabel Pankhurst , English suffragette (d.1958 )September 23 –John Boyd Orr , Scottish physician and biologist, recipient of theNobel Peace Prize (d.1971 )September 24 –Sarah Knauss , American supercentenarian, oldest American ever, last surviving person born in 1880 (d.1999 )September 27 –Pier Ruggero Piccio , Italian World War I fighter ace, air force general (d.1965 )September 29 –Liberato Pinto , 78th Prime Minister of Portugal (d.1949 )October 2 –Nicolae M. Condiescu , Romanian novelist and general (d.1939 )October 3 –Ganga Singh , Maharaja of Bikaner (d.1943 )October 4 –Damon Runyon , American writer (d.1946 )[ 91] October 7 –Paul Hausser , German general (d.1972 )October 12 October 17 –Ze'ev Jabotinsky , Russian Zionist philosopher, intellectual (d.1940 )October 23 October 24 –Antonina De Angelis , ItalianRoman Catholic religious professed and blessed (d.1962 )Alfred Wegener George Marshall November 1 –Alfred Wegener , German scientist, meteorologist (d.1930 )November 2 –John Foulds , English classical music composer (d.1939 )November 3 –Avra Theodoropoulou , Greek suffragist (d.1963 )November 5 –Richard Oswald , Austrian film director (d.1963 )November 6 –Robert Musil , Austrian novelist (d.1942 )November 9 –Giles Gilbert Scott , British architect (d.1960 )November 10 –Jacob Epstein , American-born sculptor (d.1959 )November 12 –Harold Rainsford Stark , American admiral (d.1972 )November 22 –Charles Forbes , British admiral (d.1960 )November 25 November 29 –Sara Allgood , Irish-American actress (d.1950 )December 1 –Joseph Trumpeldor , Russian Zionist (d.1920 )December 3 –Fedor von Bock , German field marshal (d.1945 )December 11 –Frank Tarrant , Australian cricketer (d.1951 )December 17 –Austin Hobart Clark , American zoologist (d.1954 )December 31 –George C. Marshall ,United States Secretary of State , recipient of theNobel Peace Prize (d.1959 )1881
Anna Pavlova Hermann Staudinger Kliment Voroshilov February 2 –Gustav Herglotz , German mathematician (d.1953 )February 4 February 11 –Carlo Carrà , Italian painter (d.1966 )February 12 –Anna Pavlova , Russian ballerina (d.1931 )February 13 –Eleanor Farjeon , English children's writer, poet (d.1965 )February 17 –Bess Streeter Aldrich , American fiction writer (d.1954 )February 21 –Kenneth J. Alford , British soldier, composer (d.1945 )February 25 –Alexei Rykov ,Premier of Russia andPremier of the Soviet Union (d.1938 )February 27 –Sveinn Björnsson , 1st president of Iceland (d.1952 )February 28 –Otto Dowling ,United States Navy Captain , 25thGovernor of American Samoa (d.1946 )Mary Webb April 1 –Octavian Goga , 37th prime minister of Romania (d.1938 )April 3 –Alcide De Gasperi , Italian statesman, politician, 30th prime minister of Italy (d.1954 )April 12 –Rudolf Ramek , 5th Chancellor of Austria (d.1941 )April 14 –Husain Salaahuddin , Maldivian writer (d.1948 )April 16 –Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax , British politician (d.1959 )April 24 –Harald Giersing , Danish painter (d.1927 )April 26 –Friedrich Johannes Hugo von Engelken ,Director of the United States Mint from 1916 to 1917 (d.1930 )April 27 –Móric Esterházy , 18th prime minister of Hungary (d.1960 )May 1 –Mary MacLane , Canadian writer (d.1929 )May 2 –Harry J. Capehart , American lawyer, politician, and businessperson (d.1955 )[ 93] May 4 –Alexander Kerensky , Russian politician (d.1970 )May 13 –Lima Barreto , Brazilian writer (d.1922 )May 14 –George Murray Hulbert , American politician (d.1950 )May 19 –Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , founder ofthe Republic of Turkiye and the firstPresident of Turkey ,Turkish field marshal and statesman (official birthday; d.1938 )May 20 –Władysław Sikorski , Polish general, politician (d.1943 )May 26 –Adolfo de la Huerta , 38thPresident of Mexico (d.1955 )May 30 –Georg von Küchler , German field marshal (d.1968 )Maggie Gripenberg Hans Fischer Cecil B. DeMille July 3 –Leon Errol , Australian actor and comedian (d.1951 )July 4 –Ulysses S. Grant III , American soldier, planner (d.1968 )July 6 –Leo Bagrow , Russian-born historian of cartography (d.1957 )July 22 –Kenneth Whiting , United States Navy officer, submarine and naval aviation pioneer (d.1943 )July 27 –Hans Fischer , German chemist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1945 )July 28 –Günther Quandt , German industrialist, founder of the industrial empire that in modern times includesBMW andAltana (d.1954 )July 30 –Smedley Butler , United States Marine Corps general (d.1940 )Pablo Picasso October 1 –William E. Boeing , American engineer, airplane manufacturer (d.1956 )October 2 – Pannalal Bose, Indian educationist, first Education Minister of West Bengal,translatedRabindranath Tagore 's ক্ষুধিত পাষাণ (Khudto Pashan) into The Hungry Stone (d. 1956)October 4 –Walther von Brauchitsch , German field marshal (d.1948 )October 11 –Hans Kelsen , Austrian legal theorist (d.1973 )October 15 October 22 –Clinton Davisson , American physicist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1958 )October 25 –Pablo Picasso , Spanish painter (d.1973 )October 26 –Margaret Wycherly , English stage, film actress (d.1956 )Pope John XXIII November 4 –Gaby Deslys , French dancer, actress (d.1920 )November 5 –George A. Malcolm , American lawyer, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines and educator (d.1961 )November 8 –Robert Esnault-Pelterie , French aircraft designer, pioneer rocket theorist (d.1957 )November 12 –Maximilian von Weichs , German field marshal (d.1954 )November 14 –Nicholas Schenck , Russian-born American film studio executive (d.1969 )November 15 –Franklin P. Adams , American columnist, poet (d.1960 )November 24 November 25 November 28 –Stefan Zweig , Austrian writer (d.1942 )1882
Virginia Woolf Franklin D. Roosevelt January 5 –Edwin Barclay , 18th president of Liberia (d.1955 )[ 100] January 6 January 9 –Otto Ruge , Norwegian general (d.1961 )[ 101] January 12 –Milton Sills , American actor (d.1930 )January 17 January 18 –A. A. Milne , British author (d.1956 )[ 102] January 20 –Johnny Torrio , Italian-born American gangster (d.1957 )January 22 –Theodore Kosloff , Russian-born actor (d.1956 )January 23 –Anna Abrikosova , SovietRoman Catholic religious sister and servant of God (d.1936 )January 25 –Virginia Woolf , English writer (d.1941 )[ 103] January 28 January 30 –Franklin D. Roosevelt , 32ndPresident of the United States (d.1945 )[ 104] January 31 –Fritz Leiber , American stage, screen actor (d.1949 )Louis St. Laurent James Joyce February 1 February 2 February 4 –E. J. Pratt , Canadian poet (d.1964 )February 5 –Louis Wagner , French Grand Prix racer, aviator (d.1960 )February 11 February 12 –Walter Nash , 27th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d.1968 )February 15 –John Barrymore , American actor (d.1942 )February 18 –Petre Dumitrescu , Romanian general (d.1950 )February 20 –Alexander Carrick , Scottish sculptor (d.1966 )February 22 –Eric Gill , English sculptor, writer (d.1940 )February 24 –Bosman di Ravelli , South African concert pianist, composer, and writer (d.1967 )February 26 –Husband E. Kimmel , American admiral (d.1968 )February 28 Carlos Blanco Galindo René Coty Emmy Noether March 3 –Charles Ponzi , Italian-born American con man (d.1949 )March 6 –F. Burrall Hoffman , American architect (d.1980 )March 8 –Alfred A. Cunningham , first United States Marine Corps aviator (d.1939 )March 12 –Carlos Blanco Galindo , 32ndPresident of Bolivia (d.1943 )March 14 March 15 –Jim Lightbody , American middle-distance runner (d.1953 )March 18 –Gian Francesco Malipiero , Italian composer (d.1973 )March 20 –René Coty , 17thPresident of France (d.1962 )March 22 –John W. Wilcox Jr. , American admiral (d.1942 )March 23 –Emmy Noether , German mathematician (d.1935 )March 24 –George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway , English politician, 5thGovernor-General of New Zealand (d.1943 )March 30 Leopold Stokowski Georges Braque May 2 –James F. Byrnes , American politician, Secretary of State andAssociate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d.1972 )May 5 May 6 –Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany , heir-apparent of EmperorWilhelm II (d.1951 )May 9 –Henry J. Kaiser , American industrialist (d.1967 )May 10 –Thurston Hall , American stage & screen actor (d.1958 )May 13 –Georges Braque , French painter (d.1963 )[ 109] May 16 –Mary Gordon , Scottish stage and screen actress (d.1963 )May 20 May 25 –Marie Doro , American stage, silent film actress (d.1956 )May 26 –Jess McMahon , American professional boxing, wrestling promoter (d.1954 )May 28 –Avery Hopwood , American playwright (d.1928 )May 30 –Wyndham Halswelle , British runner (d.1915 )
Karl Valentin Ion Antonescu Igor Stravinsky June 4 –Karl Valentin , German actor (d.1948 )June 9 –Robert Kerr , Canadian sprinter (d.1963 )June 10 –Nevile Henderson , British diplomat (d.1942 )June 12 –Roi Cooper Megrue , American playwright (d.1927 )June 15 –Ion Antonescu , Romanian prime minister, dictator (d.1946 )June 16 –Mohammad Mosaddegh , Iranian politician, 35thPrime Minister of Iran (d.1967 )June 17 June 18 –Georgi Dimitrov , 32nd Prime Minister of Bulgaria (d.1949 )June 21 –Lluís Companys , President of Catalonia (d.1940 )June 28 –Valeska Suratt , American stage actress, silent film star (d.1962 )June 29 –Ole Singstad , Norwegian-American civil engineer (d.1969 )July 1 –Bidhan Chandra Roy , Indian physician and politician,Chief Minister of West Bengal (d.1962 )July 8 –Percy Grainger , Australian composer (d.1961 )July 10 –Ima Hogg , American society leader, philanthropist, patron and collector of the arts (d.1975 )July 17 –James Somerville , British admiral (d.1949 )July 22 –Edward Hopper , American painter (d.1967 )July 25 –George S. Rentz , United States Navy Chaplain,Navy Cross winner (d.1942 )July 27 July 31 August 11 –Rodolfo Graziani , Italian general (d.1955 )August 14 –Gisela Richter , English art historian (d.1972 )August 16 –Christian Mortensen , Danish supercentenarian, oldest verified male ever at the time of his death (d.1998 )August 19 –MacGillivray Milne ,United States Navy Captain , 27thGovernor of American Samoa (d.1959 )August 22 –Raymonde de Laroche , French aviator, first woman to receive an aviator' s license (d.1919 )August 25 –Seán T. O'Kelly , secondPresident of Ireland (d.1966 )August 26 –James Franck , German-born physicist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1964 )Hans Geiger September 1 –Nicholas H. Heck , American geophysicist, oceanographer, and surveyor (d.1953 )September 8 –Sada Cowan , American playwright and screenwriter (d.1943 )September 10 –Károly Huszár , 25th Prime Minister of Hungary (d.1941 )September 11 –William T. Bovie , American biophysicist, inventor (d.1958 )September 12 –Ion Agârbiceanu , Romanian writer, journalist, politician and priest (d.1963 )September 13 –Ramón Grau , Cuban president (d.1969 )September 16 –Robert Hichens , RMSTitanic quartermaster, man at the wheel whenTitanic hit the iceberg (d.1940 )September 22 –Wilhelm Keitel , German field marshal (d.1946 )September 29 –Lilias Armstrong , English phonetician (d.1937 )September 30 Robert H. Goddard Sybil Thorndike October 2 –Boris Shaposhnikov , Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d.1945 )October 3 –A. Y. Jackson , Canadian painter (d.1974 )October 5 –Robert H. Goddard , American rocket scientist (d.1945 )October 6 –Karol Szymanowski , Polish composer (d.1937 )October 8 –Harry McClintock , American singer (d.1957 )October 14 October 17 –Giulio Gavotti , Italian aviator (d.1939 )October 20 –Bela Lugosi , Hungarian-born American actor (d.1956 )October 24 –Sybil Thorndike , British stage, film actress (d.1976 )October 25 October 30 KingGustaf VI Adolf of Sweden Max Born Zoltán Kodály 1883
Ichirō Hatoyama Clement Attlee Aleksei Nikolaevich Tolstoy Karl Jaspers January 1 –Ichirō Hatoyama ,Prime Minister of Japan (d.1959 )January 3 –Clement Attlee ,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d.1967 )January 4 –Johanna Westerdijk , Dutch plant pathologist (d.1961 )January 5 –Döme Sztójay ,Prime Minister of Hungary (d.1946 )January 6 –Kahlil Gibran , Lebanese poet, painter and novelist (d.1931 )January 10 January 16 –Oswald Short , English aircraft manufacturer (d.1969 )January 19 –Waite Phillips , American businessman, philanthropist (d.1964 )January 20 –Bertram Ramsay , British admiral (d.1945 )[ 115] February 8 –Joseph Schumpeter , Austrian economist (d.1950 )[ 116] February 15 –Sax Rohmer , English author (d.1959 )February 16 –Koshirō Oikawa , Japanese admiral (d.1958 )February 22 February 23 –Karl Jaspers , German philosopher (d.1969 )February 28 –Gheorghe Argeșanu , Romanian general and politician, 40thPrime Minister of Romania (d.1940 )Maude Fealy Stanley Bruce March 2 –Nikos Kazantzakis , Greek writer (d.1957 )March 3 –Cyril Burt , British educational psychologist (d.1971 )March 4 March 7 –Michael Somogyi , Hungarian-American biochemist (d.1971 )March 19 March 21 –Sam Hardy , American stage and screen actor (d.1935 )March 24 –Dorothy Campbell , Scottish golfer (d.1945 )March 28 –Tikiri Bandara Panabokke II , Ceylonese colonial-era legislator, lawyer and diplomat (d.1963 )April 1 April 3 –Henry Diesen , Norwegian admiral (d.1953 )April 5 –Walter Huston , Canadian-born American actor (d.1950 )April 11 –Leonard Mudie , English actor (d.1965 )April 12 –Dally Messenger , Australian rugby league player (d.1959 )April 15 –Stanley Bruce , 8thPrime Minister of Australia (d.1967 )April 25 –Semyon Budyonny , Cossack cavalryman, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d.1973 )April 30 –Jaroslav Hašek , Czech writer (d.1923 )[ 117] Eleazar López Contreras José Ortega y Gasset Celâl Bayar Walter Gropius Eurico Gaspar Dutra Douglas Fairbanks Victor Franz Hess Pierre Laval May 1 –Tom Moore , Irish-American actor (d.1955 )May 5 May 9 –José Ortega y Gasset , Spanish philosopher (d.1955 )May 10 –Eugen Leviné , Communist leader of theMunich Soviet Republic (d.1919 )May 16 May 18 May 23 –Douglas Fairbanks , American actor (d.1939 )May 24 –Elsa Maxwell , American gossip columnist, international party giver (d.1963 )May 25 –Lesley J. McNair , American general (d.1944 )May 27 –Jessie Arms Botke , American artist (d.1971 )May 28 –Vinayak Damodar Savarkar , Indian pro-independence activist, Hindu nationalist (d.1966 )May 31 –Lauri Kristian Relander ,President of Finland (d.1942 )June 5 June 7 –Sylvanus Morley , American scholar, World War I spy (d.1948 )June 11 –Aubrey Fitch , American admiral (d.1978 )June 18 –Mary Alden , American stage, screen actress (d.1946 )June 20 –Royal E. Ingersoll , American admiral (d.1976 )June 24 –Victor Francis Hess , Austrian-born American physicist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1964 )June 28 –Pierre Laval ,Prime Minister of France (d.1945 )June 29 –Lothrop Stoddard , Americaneugenicist , radical scientific racist (d.1950 )Franz Kafka Max Fleischer Benito Mussolini Coco Chanel July 1 –István Friedrich , 24th Prime Minister of Hungary (d.1951 )July 3 –Franz Kafka , Austrian writer (d.1924 )July 4 –Rube Goldberg , American cartoonist (d.1970 )July 6 –Godfrey Huggins , English-born Rhodesian politician and physician,Prime Minister of Rhodesia (d.1971 )July 10 –Johannes Blaskowitz , German general (d.1948 )July 13 –Jack Reagan , American salesman (d.1941 )July 16 –Charles Sheeler , American photographer, artist (d.1965 )July 19 July 20 –Catherine Bramwell-Booth , English Salvation Army officer (d.1987 )July 23 July 25 –Alfredo Casella , Italian composer (d.1947 )July 26 –Edwin Balmer , American science fiction, mystery writer (d.1959 )July 29 July 31 –Ramón Fonst , Cuban fencer (d. 1959)August 2 –Aurelio Mosquera , Ecuadorian politician, 25thPresident of Ecuador (d.1939 )August 6 –Scott Nearing , American political activist, economist, and simple living advocate (d.1983 )August 9 –Chester Gillette , American murderer (d.1908 )August 12 August 15 –Ivan Meštrović , Croatian sculptor and architect (d.1962 )August 19 August 23 August 30 –Theo van Doesburg , Dutch artist, painter, architect, and poet (d.1931 )Mel Sheppard Otto Heinrich Warburg September 2 –Rudolf Weigl , Polish biologist (d.1957 )September 5 –Mel Sheppard , American Olympic athlete (d.1942 )September 13 –August Zaleski , 6thPresident of Poland (d.1972 )September 15 –Esteban Terradas i Illa , Catalan mathematician, scientist, and engineer (d.1950 )September 28 –Berta Pīpiņa , Latvian politician (d.1942 )October 2 –Karl von Terzaghi , Austrian civil engineer and "father of soil mechanics" (d.1963 )October 5 –Joseph Hubert Priestley , British botanist (d.1944 )[ 122] October 8 –Otto Heinrich Warburg , German physician and physiologist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1970 )October 15 –Robert L. Ghormley , American admiral (d.1958 )October 26 –Paul Pilgrim , American athlete (d.1958 )October 30 –Bob Jones Sr. , American evangelist, religious broadcaster, and founder ofBob Jones University (d.1968 )October 31 –Anthony Wilding , New Zealand tennis player (d.1915 )Diego Martínez Barrio November 4 –Nikolaos Plastiras , Greek general and politician (d.1953 )November 8 –Arnold Bax , English composer (d.1953 )November 9 –Edna May Oliver , American stage and film character actress (d.1942 )November 11 –Ernest Ansermet , Swiss conductor (d.1969 )November 14 –Ado Birk , 3rd Prime Minister of Estonia (d.1942 )November 18 November 25 November 26 –Belle da Costa Greene , American librarian, bibliographer, and archivist (d.1950 )November 29 December 3 –Anton Webern , Austrian composer (d.1945 )December 9 December 10 –Giovanni Messe , Italian field marshal and politician (d.1968 )December 12 –Maxey Dell Moody , American businessman and founder ofM. D. Moody & Sons, Inc. (d.1949 )December 14 –Morihei Ueshiba , Japanese martial artist and founder of aikido (d.1969 )December 16 –Max Linder , French actor (d.1925 )December 22 –Edgard Varèse , French composer (d.1965 )December 25 –Hugo Bergmann , German and Israeli Jewish philosopher (d.1975 )December 26 –Maurice Utrillo , French artist and illustrator (d.1955 )December 28 –Lloyd Fredendall , American general (d.1963 )December 29 –Forrest Taylor , American stage, film and television actor (d.1965 )1884
Auguste Piccard Rickard Sandler Pedro Pablo Ramírez Theodor Heuss January 1 January 2 –Ben-Zion Dinur , Russian-born Israeli educator, historian and politician (d.1973 )January 12 –Texas Guinan , American vaudeville performer (d.1933 )January 20 –Charles W. Whittlesey , United States Army officer, commander of theLost Battalion 1921 )January 21 –Roger Nash Baldwin , American social activist (d.1981 )January 23 –Ralph DePalma , Italian-born American race car driver (d.1956 )January 24 –Thomas Blamey , Australian field marshal (d.1951 )January 26 January 28 –Auguste Piccard , Swiss physicist, balloonist, and inventor (d.1962 )January 29 –Rickard Sandler , 20th prime minister of Sweden (d.1964 )January 30 January 31 –Theodor Heuss , German politician, 1stpresident of West Germany (d.1963 )February 1 –Bradbury Robinson , American football player, who threw the firstforward pass inAmerican football history (d.1949 )February 8 –Burt Mustin , American actor (d.1977 )February 12 February 13 –Alfred Carlton Gilbert , American athlete, inventor (d.1961 )February 15 –Mieczysław Norwid-Neugebauer , Polish general and politician (d.1954 )February 16 –Robert J. Flaherty , American filmmaker (d.1951 )February 17 –María Beatriz del Rosario Arroyo , FilipinoRoman Catholic nun and servant of God (d.1957 )February 20 –Constantin Constantinescu-Claps , Romanian general (d.1961 )February 22 –Lew Cody , American actor (d.1934 )February 26 –John Cyril Porte , Irish-born Britishflying boat pioneer (d.1919 )February 28 –Ants Piip , Prime Minister of Estonia (d.1942 )Harry S. Truman May 2 –John Boland , American politician (d.1958 )[ 125] May 5 –Jean Decoux , French admiral,Governor-General of French Indochina (1940–1945) (d.1963 )May 8 –Harry S. Truman , 33rdpresident of the United States (d.1972 )May 10 –Olga Petrova , English-born American actress (d.1977 )May 14 –Claude Dornier , German aircraft designer (d.1969 )May 20 –Leon Schlesinger , American producer, filmmaker (d.1949 )May 22 –Cordelia Camp , American educator (d.1973 )[ 126] May 23 –Corrado Gini , Italian statistician, demographer and sociologist (d.1965 )May 27 –Max Brod , Austrian author (d.1968 )May 28 –Edvard Beneš , Czechoslovak politician, prime minister and president of Czechoslovakia (d.1948 )May 30 –Robert Alfred Theobald , American admiral (d.1957 )Édouard Daladier Empress Teimei Gaston Bachelard Amedeo Modigliani July 4 –Louis B. Mayer , American film producer, studio mogul (d.1957 )July 11 –Howard Estabrook , American actor, film director and producer, and screenwriter (d.1978 )July 12 –Amedeo Modigliani , Italian painter, sculptor (d.1920 )July 15 –Phraya Manopakorn Nititada , Thailand's first prime minister (d.1948 )July 17 –Prince George Bagration , Georgian nobleman (d.1957 )July 18 –Alberto di Jorio , Italian cardinal, secretary of the1958 conclave (d.1979 )July 19 –Maurice Nicoll , British psychiatrist (d.1953 )July 20 –Félix Julien , french footballer (d.1936 )July 23 –Emil Jannings , Swiss-born German actor (d.1950 )July 25 –Rafael Arévalo Martínez , Guatemalan writer (d.1975 )July 26 –Joseph Sweeney , American actor (d.1963 )July 27 –Kathleen Howard , Canadian-born American opera singer, character actress (d.1956 )Rómulo Gallegos John S. McCain Sr. Vincent Auriol August 2 –Rómulo Gallegos , 48th president of Venezuela (d.1969 )August 7 –Billie Burke , American actress (d.1970 )August 8 –Sara Teasdale , American poet (d.1933 )August 9 –John S. McCain Sr. , American admiral (d.1945 )August 10 August 15 –Mary Nash , American actress (d.1976 )August 20 –Rudolf Bultmann , German Lutheran theologian (d.1976 )August 23 –Will Cuppy , American humorist (d.1949 )August 27 –Vincent Auriol ,President of France (d.1966 )[ 127] August 28 –Peter Fraser , 24thprime minister of New Zealand (d.1950 )August 30 –Theodor Svedberg , Swedish chemist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1971 )Eleanor Roosevelt Rajendra Prasad Petru Groza Hideki Tojo December 3 December 4 –R. C. Majumdar , Indian historian (d.1980 )December 7 –Petru Groza , Romanian politician, 46thprime minister of Romania (d.1958 )December 14 –Nicholas Charnetsky , SovietOrthodox priest, bishop, martyr and blessed (d.1959 )December 17 –Alison Uttley , English writer of children's books (d.1976 )December 19 –Antonín Zápotocký , 6th president and 15th prime minister of Czechoslovakia (d.1957 )December 25 December 29 –Ted Theodore , Australian politician,Premier of Queensland (d.1950 )December 30 December 31 –Stanley Forman Reed ,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d.1980 )1885
John Curtin Claude Fuess January 1 –Winifred Greenwood , American silent film actress (d.1961 )January 6 –Florence Turner , American actress (d.1946 )January 8 –John Curtin , 14thPrime Minister of Australia (d.1945 )January 11 January 12 January 14 –Constantin Sănătescu , 44th prime minister of Romania (d.1947 )January 16 –Zhou Zuoren , Chinese writer (d.1967 )January 17 –Nikolaus von Falkenhorst , German general and war criminal (d.1968 )January 21 –Umberto Nobile , Italian aviator and explorer (d.1978 )January 25 –Roy Geiger , American general (d.1947 )January 26 –Harry Ricardo , English mechanical engineer, engine pioneer (d.1974 )January 27 January 28 –Władysław Raczkiewicz ,President of Poland (d.1947 )January 30 –John Henry Towers , U. S.admiral and naval aviation pioneer (d.1955 )Bess Truman February 1 –Friedrich Kellner , German diarist (d.1970 )February 7 February 9 –Alban Berg , Austrian composer (d.1935 )February 10 –Rupert Downes , Australian general (d.1945 )February 13 February 14 –Zengo Yoshida , Japanese admiral (d.1966 )February 15 –Abraham Grünbaum (activist) , German Jewish activist. (d.1921 )February 21 –Sacha Guitry , Russian-born French dramatist, writer, director, and actor (d.1957 )[ 129] February 22 –Pat Sullivan , Australian-born American director, animated film producer (d.1933 )February 24 February 25 February 26 –Aleksandras Stulginskis , President of Lithuania (d.1969 )Clementine Churchill Otto Klemperer May 2 –Hedda Hopper , American columnist (d.1966 )May 5 –Agustín Barrios , Paraguayan guitarist, composer (d.1944 )May 7 –George "Gabby" Hayes , American actor (d.1969 )May 8 –Thomas B. Costain , Canadian author and journalist (d.1965 )[ 135] May 9 –Eduard C. Lindeman , American social worker, author (d.1953 )May 14 –Otto Klemperer , German conductor (d.1973 )May 15 May 20 –Faisal I of Iraq (d.1933 )May 21 –Sophie, Princess of Albania , consort ofWilliam of Wied, Prince of Albania (d.1936 )May 22 –Toyoda Soemu , Japanese admiral (d.1957 )May 24 –Susan Sutherland Isaacs , English educational psychologist, psychoanalyst (d.1948 )May 27 –Richmond K. Turner , American admiral (d.1961 )May 30 –Arthur E. Andersen , American accountant (d.1947 )June 2 –Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt , German neuropathologist (d.1964 )June 4 –Arturo Rawson , President of Argentina (d.1952 )June 5 –Georges Mandel , French politician, World War II hero (d.1944 )June 9 June 21 –Harry A. Marmer , Ukrainian-born American mathematician, oceanographer (d.1953 )June 22 –Milan Vidmar , Slovenian electrical engineer, chess player (d.1962 )June 27 –Guilhermina Suggia , Portuguese cellist (d.1950 )[ 136] June 29 –Izidor Kürschner , Hungarian football player and coach (d.1941 )[ 137] D H Lawrence Ben Chifley Niels Bohr October 3 –Sophie Treadwell , American playwright, journalist (d.1970 )October 7 –Niels Bohr , Danish physicist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1962 )October 11 –François Mauriac , French writer,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1970 )[ 139] October 19 –Charles E. Merrill , American banker, co-founder ofMerrill Lynch (d.1956 )October 24 –Rachel Katznelson-Shazar , Zionist political figure, wife of third President of Israel (d.1975 )October 28 –Per Albin Hansson , 2-time prime minister of Sweden (d.1946 )October 30 –Ezra Pound , American poet (d.1972 )[ 140] George S. Patton Heinrich Brüning November 1 –Anton Flettner , German aviation engineer, inventor (d.1961 )November 2 –Harlow Shapley , American astronomer (d.1972 )November 5 –Will Durant , American philosopher, writer (d.1981 )November 8 –Tomoyuki Yamashita , Japanese general (d.1946 )November 9 (October 28 (O.S.)) –Velimir Khlebnikov , Russian poet (d.1922 )November 11 –George S. Patton , American general (d.1945 )November 15 –Frederick Handley-Page , British aviation pioneer, aircraft company founder (d.1962 )November 26 –Heinrich Brüning ,Chancellor of Germany 1930-1932 (d.1970 )November 30 1886
Wilhelm Furtwängler Alfonso López Pumarejo Oskar Kokoschka January 2 –Apsley Cherry-Garrard , English polar explorer with theTerra Nova expedition and author ofThe Worst Journey in the World January 2 –Florence Lawrence , Canadian-born American actress (d.1938 ) January 2 –Elise Ottesen-Jensen , Norwegian-Swedish feminist (d. 1973) January 5 –Markus Reiner , Israeli scientist (d.1976 )January 7 –Amedeo Maiuri , Italian archaeologist (d.1963 )January 11 January 13 –Sophie Tucker , Russian-born American singer, comedian (d.1966 )January 14 –Hugh Lofting , English-born American author (d.1947 )January 17 –Joe Masseria , Italian-born American gangster (d.1931 )January 25 –Wilhelm Furtwängler , German conductor (d.1954 )January 27 –Frank Nitti , Italian-born American gangster (d.1943 )January 28 –Hidetsugu Yagi , Japanese electrical engineer (d.1976 )January 31 –Alfonso López Pumarejo , 14th and 16th President of Colombia (d.1959 )February 2 –Frank Lloyd , English-born American film director, scriptwriter and producer (d.1960 )February 4 –Edward Sheldon , American playwright (d.1946 )February 7 –Yehezkel Abramsky , Russian-born British rabbi (d.1976 )February 8 –Charlie Ruggles , American actor (d.1970 )February 9 –Edwin Maxwell , Irish actor (d.1948 )February 12 –Margarita Fischer , American silent film actress (d.1975 )February 17 –Aeneas Francon Williams , English missionary, Church of Scotland minister, writer and poet (d.1971 )February 19 –José Abad Santos , Filipino jurist, lawyer (d.1942 )February 22 –Oskar Kokoschka , Austrian artist and poet (d.1980 )February 27 –Hugo Black ,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d.1971 )Kazimierz Świtalski Kálmán Darányi Margaret Woodrow Wilson March 2 March 4 –Kazimierz Świtalski , Polish diplomat, politician, soldier and military officer, 18thPrime Minister of Poland (d.1962 )March 6 March 7 –Virginia Pearson , American silent film actress (d.1958 )March 8 –Edward Calvin Kendall , American chemist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.1972 )March 9 –Robert L. Eichelberger , American general (d.1961 )March 11 –Edward Rydz-Śmigły , Polish politician,Marshal of Poland (d.1941 )March 15 –Sergey Kirov , Soviet revolutionary (d.1934 )March 18 March 19 –Giuseppe Mario Bellanca , Italian-born American airplane designer, manufacturer (d.1960 )March 20 –Grace Brown , American murder victim whose story became a famous court case (d.1906 )March 22 –Kálmán Darányi , 31st Prime Minister of Hungary (d.1939 )March 24 –Edward Weston , American photographer (d.1958 )March 25 –Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople (d.1972 )March 27 –Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , German architect (d.1969 )April 4 –William R. Munroe , American admiral (d.1966 )April 5 –Gustavo Jiménez , President of Peru (d.1933 )April 14 –Ernst Robert Curtius , Alsatian philologist (d.1956 )April 16 April 26 –Ma Rainey , American singer (d.1939 )April 30 –Dick Elliott , American actor (d.1961 )KingAlfonso XIII of Spain Al Jolson May 2 –Gottfried Benn , German poet (d.1956 )May 3 –Marcel Dupré , French composer (d.1971 )May 5 –Émile Eddé , 4th Prime Minister and 3rd President of Lebanon (d.1949 )May 10 May 17 – KingAlfonso XIII of Spain (d.1941 )May 18 –Ture Nerman , Swedish communist leader (d.1969 )May 20 –John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron Astor of Hever , American-born British businessman (d.1971 )May 26 –Al Jolson , American entertainer (d.1950 )June 6 –William A. Glassford , American admiral (d.1958 )[ 142] June 7 –Henri Coandă , Romanian aerodynamics pioneer (d.1972 )June 9 –Kosaku Yamada , Japanese composer, conductor (d.1965 )June 18 –George Mallory , English climber (d.1924 )June 23 –Olaf M. Hustvedt , American admiral (d.1978 )June 24 –Ion Gigurtu , 42nd Prime Minister of Romania (d.1959 )June 25 –Henry H. Arnold , American general, aviation pioneer (d.1950 )June 28 –Hitoshi Imamura , Japanese general (d.1968 )June 29 –Robert Schuman , German-French politician, afounding father of the European Union (d.1963 )Willem Drees Walter H. Schottky July 3 July 5 –Willem Drees , Dutch politician and historian, 30thPrime Minister of the Netherlands (d.1988 )July 6 –Lou Skuce , Canadian cartoonist (d.1951 )July 12 –Jean Hersholt , Danish-born American actor (d.1956 )July 15 –William Edmunds , Italian stage, screen character actor (d.1981 )July 18 –Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr. , American general (d.1945 )July 23 –Walter H. Schottky , German physicist (d.1976 )July 24 –Jun'ichirō Tanizaki , Japanese writer (d.1965 )July 25 –Bror von Blixen-Finecke , Swedish big-game hunter (d.1946 )July 31 –Fred Quimby , American film producer (d. 1965)August 2 –John Alexander Douglas McCurdy , Canadian aviation pioneer, Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia (d.1961 )August 6 August 12 –Campbell Tait , British admiral and Governor of Southern Rhodesia (d.1946 )August 20 –Paul Tillich , German-American Christian existentialist philosopher, theologian (d.1965 )August 26 –Ceferino Namuncurá , ArgentineRoman Catholic lay brother and blessed (d.1905 )August 27 August 28 –Andrew Higgins , American boatbuilder, industrialist (d.1952 )Roberto María Ortiz Archibald Hill David Ben-Gurion September 1 September 5 –Nell Brinkley , American illustrator, comic artist (d.1944 )September 8 –Siegfried Sassoon , British poet (d.1967 )September 11 –Khaled Chehab , 2-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (d.1978 )September 13 –Robert Robinson , British chemist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1975 )September 14 –Jan Masaryk , Foreign Minister of Czechoslovakia (d.1948 )September 16 –Jean Arp , Alsatian sculptor, painter and poet (d.1966 )September 20 –Charles Williams , English novelist, playwright, poet, theologian and critic (d.1945 )September 24 September 25 –Nobutake Kondō , Japanese admiral (d.1953 )September 26 –Archibald Hill , English physiologist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1977 )September 30 –Wilhelm Marschall , German admiral (d.1976 )[ 144] October 3 –Alain-Fournier , French writer (killed in action1914 )October 6 –Edwin Fischer , Swiss pianist, conductor (d.1960 )October 11 –Conrad Helfrich , Dutch admiral (d.1962 )October 15 –Jonas H. Ingram , American admiral (d.1952 )October 16 –David Ben-Gurion , Polish-born firstPrime Minister of Israel (d.1973 )October 17 –Spring Byington , American actress (d.1971 )October 22 –Oscar Griswold , American general (d.1959 )October 30 –Zoë Akins , American playwright, poet and author (d.1958 )Ali Jawdat al-Aiyubi Diego Rivera Ty Cobb November 1 –Hermann Broch , Austrian author (d.1951 )November 2 –Gheorghe Tătărescu , 2-time prime minister of Romania (d.1957 )November 6 –André Marty ,French Communist Party leader (d.1956 )November 9 –Ed Wynn , American actor (d.1966 )November 10 –Walden L. Ainsworth , American admiral (d.1960 )November 11 –Ali Jawdat al-Aiyubi , 11thPrime Minister of Iraq (d.1969 )November 12 –Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera , Spanish prince, military aviator (d.1975 )November 15 –René Guénon , French-Egyptian author (d.1951 )November 17 –Walter Terence Stace , British philosopher (d.1967 )November 18 –Ferenc Münnich , 47th Prime Minister of Hungary (d.1967 )November 20 –Karl von Frisch , Austrian zoologist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.1982 )November 26 –Margaret C. Anderson , American publisher, editor (d.1973 )December 2 –Lester P. Barlow , American inventor and engineer (d.1967 )December 3 –Manne Siegbahn , Swedish physicist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1978 )December 5 –Rose Wilder Lane , American author (d.1968 )December 8 –Diego Rivera , Mexican painter (d.1957 )December 10 –Victor McLaglen , English actor, boxer (d.1959 )December 12 –Owen Moore , Irish-born American actor (d.1939 )December 18 –Ty Cobb , American baseball player and a member of theBaseball Hall of Fame (d.1961 )December 25 December 26 –Gyula Gömbös , 30th Prime Minister of Hungary (d.1936 )December 30 –Austin Osman Spare , English artist, magician (d.1956 )1887
Miklós Kállay Arthur Rubinstein Edelmiro Julián Farrell Joseph Bech Chico Marx January 1 January 2 –Mayme Ousley , American politician and the first female mayor inMissouri history (d.1970 )January 3 –August Macke , German painter (d.1914 )[ 146] January 10 –Robinson Jeffers , American poet (d.1962 )January 13 –Jorge Chávez , Peruvian aviator (d.1910 )January 17 –Ola Raknes , Norwegian psychoanalyst, philologist (d.1975 )January 19 –Alexander Woollcott , American intellectual (d.1943 )January 23 January 28 –Arthur Rubinstein , Polish-born pianist and conductor (d.1982 )[ 148] February 2 –Ernst Hanfstaengl , German-born American businessman and politician (d.1975 )February 3 –Georg Trakl , Austrian poet (d.1914 )[ 149] February 5 –Corneliu Dragalina , Romanian general (d.1949 )February 6 –Josef Frings , Archbishop of Cologne (d.1978 )February 12 –Edelmiro Julián Farrell , Argentine general, 28thPresident of Argentina (d.1980 )February 17 February 20 –Vincent Massey , Governor General of Canada (d.1967 )[ 152] February 21 –Korechika Anami , Japanese general (d.1945 )Julian Huxley Marc Chagall Gustav Ludwig Hertz Erwin Schrödinger Giovanni Gronchi March 5 –Heitor Villa-Lobos , Brazilian composer (d.1959 )[ 153] March 11 –Raoul Walsh , American film director (d.1980 )March 13 –Alexander Vandegrift , American general (d.1973 )March 14 –Sylvia Beach , American publisher in Paris (d.1952 )[ 154] March 18 –Aurel Aldea , Romanian general and politician (d.1949 )March 21 –Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal (d.1908 )March 22 –Chico Marx , American comedian and actor (d.1961 )March 23 March 24 –Roscoe Arbuckle , American actor, comedian, film director, and screenwriter (d.1933 )March 25 –Chūichi Nagumo , Japanese admiral (d.1944 )April 3 –Nishizō Tsukahara , Japanese admiral (d.1966 )April 10 –Bernardo Houssay , Argentine physiologist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1971 )April 12 –Harold Lockwood , American film actor (d.1918 )April 22 –Harald Bohr , Danish mathematician and footballer (d.1951 )[ 156] April 26 –Kojo Tovalou Houénou , Beninese critic of the French colonial empire in Africa (d.1936 )May 2 May 5 –Geoffrey Fisher ,Archbishop of Canterbury (d.1972 )May 11 –Paul Wittgenstein , Austrian-born pianist (d.1951 )May 15 –John H. Hoover , American admiral (d.1970 )May 22 –Jim Thorpe , American athlete (d.1953 )May 23 –C. R. M. F. Cruttwell , English historian (d.1941 )[ 157] May 25 –Padre Pio , Italian saint (d.1968 )May 31 –Saint-John Perse , French diplomat, writer andNobel Prize laureate (d.1975 )[ 158] June 3 –Carlo Michelstaedter , Italian philosopher (d.1910 )June 4 –Tom Longboat , Canadian distance runner (d.1949 )June 5 –Ruth Benedict , American anthropologist (d.1948 )June 22 –Julian Huxley , British biologist (d.1975 )June 26 –Ganna Walska , Polish-born American opera singer and horticulturist (d.1984 )July 1 –Morton Deyo , American admiral (d.1973 )July 6 –Annette Kellermann , Australian swimmer and actress (d.1975 )July 7 –Marc Chagall , Russian-born French painter (d.1985 )[ 159] July 9 July 14 –Curtis Shake , American jurist (d.1978 )July 16 –Shoeless Joe Jackson , American baseball player (d.1951 )July 18 –Vidkun Quisling , Norwegian politician, traitor (d.1945 )July 21 –Luis A. Eguiguren , Peruvian historian and politician (d.1967 )July 22 –Gustav Ludwig Hertz , German physicist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1975 )July 28 –Marcel Duchamp , French artist (d.1968 )[ 160] July 29 July 31 –Mitsuru Ushijima , Japanese general (d.1945 )August 3 August 6 –Oliver Wallace , English film composer (d.1963 )August 12 –Erwin Schrödinger , Austrian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d.1961 )August 17 August 22 –Walter Citrine, 1st Baron Citrine , British trade unionist (d.1983 )August 24 –Harry Hooper , American baseball player (d.1974 )Avery Brundage Le Corbusier Chiang Kai-shek September 1 –Blaise Cendrars , Swiss writer (d.1961 )[ 163] September 5 –Irene Fenwick , American actress (d.1936 )September 8 –Jacob L. Devers , American general (d.1979 )September 9 –Alf Landon , American Republican politician, presidential candidate (d.1987 )September 10 –Giovanni Gronchi , 3rd president of Italy (d.1978 )September 12 –Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli , Azerbaijani statesman, writer and claimed "core author" of novelAli and Nino Gulag 1943 )September 13 September 16 –Nadia Boulanger , French composer and composition teacher (d.1979 )[ 164] September 26 –William Barnard Rhodes-Moorhouse , British aviator, first airman to receive the Victoria Cross (d.1915 )September 28 –Avery Brundage , American sports official, 5thPresident of the International Olympic Committee (d.1975 )[ 165] October 2 –Violet Jessop , Argentine-born BritishRMSTitanic survivor (d.1971 )October 4 –Charles Alan Pownall , American admiral, 3rd Military Governor of Guam (d.1975 )October 5 –René Cassin , French judge, recipient of theNobel Peace Prize (d.1976 )October 6 –Le Corbusier , Swiss architect (d.1965 )[ 166] October 13 –Jozef Tiso , Prime Minister of Slovakia (d.1947 )October 20 –Prince Yasuhiko Asaka , Japanese prince (d.1981 )October 22 –John Reed , American journalist (d.1920 )[ 167] October 23 –Lothar Rendulic , Austrian-born German general (d.1971 )October 24 –Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg , Queen Consort of Spain (d.1969 )October 31 –Chiang Kai-shek , 1st president of the Republic of China (d.1975 )Bernard Montgomery Boris Karloff Erich von Manstein November 1 –L. S. Lowry , English painter (d.1976 )[ 168] November 6 –Walter Johnson , American baseball player (d.1946 )November 10 –Arnold Zweig , German writer (d.1968 )[ 169] November 11 –Roland Young , English actor (d.1953 )November 14 –Amadeo de Souza Cardoso , Portuguese painter (d.1918 )November 15 –Georgia O'Keeffe , American painter (d.1986 )[ 170] November 17 –Bernard Montgomery , British World War II commander (d.1976 )November 19 –James B. Sumner , American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d.1955 )November 23 November 24 –Erich von Manstein , German field marshal (d.1973 )November 25 –Nikolai Vavilov , Russian and Soviet agronomist, botanist and geneticist (d.1943 )[ 171] November 27 –Masaharu Homma , Japanese general (d.1946 )November 28 December 3 –Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni , prime minister of Japan (d.1990 )December 6 –Lynn Fontanne , British actress (d.1983 )December 12 –Kurt Atterberg , Swedish composer (d.1974 )December 13 –Alvin York , AmericanWorld War I hero (d.1964 )December 16 –Adone Zoli , Italian politician, 35thPrime Minister of Italy (d.1960 )December 22 –Srinivasa Ramanujan , Indian mathematician (d.1920 )December 25 –Conrad Hilton , American hotelier (d.1979 )December 26 –Arthur Percival , British general (d.1966 )1888
Carlos Quintanilla Otto Stern Lotte Lehmann January 1 –Victor Goldschmidt , Swiss geochemist (d.1947 )January 8 –Matt Moore , Irish-born American actor (d.1960 )January 18 –Thomas Sopwith ,English aviation pioneer, yachtsman (d.1989 )January 19 –Millard Harmon , American general (d.1945 )January 20 –Lead Belly , Americanfolk ,blues singer (d.1949 )January 22 –Carlos Quintanilla , 37thPresident of Bolivia (d.1964 )January 23 –Aritomo Gotō , Japanese admiral (d.1942 )January 24 January 29 –Wellington Koo , Chinese statesman (d.1985 )February 2 –Frederick Lane , Australian swimmer (d.1969 )February 5 –Bruce Fraser , British admiral (d.1981 )February 8 –Edith Evans , British actress (d.1976 )February 11 –John Warren Davis , American educator, college administrator, and civil rights leader (d.1980 )[ 172] February 13 –Georgios Papandreou , Prime Minister of Greece (d.1968 )February 14 –Chandrashekhar Agashe , Indian industrialist (d.1956 )[ 173] February 17 –Otto Stern , German physicist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1969 )February 19 February 20 –Georges Bernanos , French writer (d.1948 )February 25 –John Foster Dulles ,United States Secretary of State (d.1959 )February 27 Ilo Wallace March 4 –Knute Rockne , American football player, coach (d.1931 )March 5 –Peg Leg Howell , American country blues singer-songwriter and guitarist (d.1966 )March 7 –William L. Laurence , American journalist (d.1977 )March 10 March 17 –Paul Ramadier , 63rd Prime Minister of France (d.1961 )March 18 –Jerry Dawson , English footballer, Burnley and national team (d.1970 )March 26 –Elsa Brändström , Swedish nurse (d.1948 )March 29 –Enea Bossi Sr. , Italian-born American aerospace engineer, aviation pioneer (d.1963 )March 30 –Anna Q. Nilsson , Swedish-American silent film star (d.1974 )April 1 –Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr. , American general (d.1969 )April 2 – SirNeville Cardus , British cricket, music writer (d.1975 )April 3 –Thomas C. Kinkaid , American admiral (d.1972 )April 4 –Tris Speaker , American professional baseball player, member of the Baseball Hall of Fame (d.1958 )April 6 April 12 –Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola , 28th president of Ecuador (d.1952 )April 18 –Duffy Lewis , AmericanMajor League Baseball player (d.1979 )April 26 –Anita Loos , American writer (d.1981 )April 27 –Florence La Badie , Canadian actress (d.1917 )Irving Berlin David Dougal Williams May 8 –Maurice Boyau , French World War I fighter ace (d.1918 )May 9 –Francesco Baracca , Italian World War I fighter ace (d.1918 )May 10 –Max Steiner , Austrian-American composer (d.1971 )May 11 May 13 –Inge Lehmann , Danish seismologist, geophysicist (d.1993 )May 17 –Tich Freeman , English cricketer (d.1965 )May 18 –William Hood Simpson , American general (d.1980 )May 23 –Zack Wheat , AmericanBaseball Hall of Famer (d.1972 )May 25 –Miles Malleson , English actor (d.1969 )May 26 –Anne Azgapetian , Russian Red Cross worker (d.1973 )May 28 –Kaarel Eenpalu , 7th Prime Minister of Estonia (d.1942 )May 31 –Jack Holt , American actor (d.1951 )June –David Dougal Williams , British painter and art teacher (d.1944 ) June 13 –Fernando Pessoa , Portuguese writer (d.1935 )June 17 –Heinz Guderian , German general (d.1954 )June 22 June 24 –Gerrit Rietveld , Dutch architect (d.1964 )June 27 –Antoinette Perry , American stage director for whom theTony Award is named (d.1946 )June 29 –Squizzy Taylor , Australian underworld figure (d.1927 )Herbert Spencer Gasser Frits Zernike July 5 –Herbert Spencer Gasser , American physiologist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1963 )July 10 –Giorgio de Chirico , Italian painter (d.1978 )July 16 July 17 –Shmuel Yosef Agnon , Israeli writer,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1970 )July 22 –Selman Waksman , Ukrainian-born American biochemist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.1973 )July 23 –Raymond Chandler , American-born novelist (d.1959 )August 4 –Taher Saifuddin , Indian Bohra spiritual leader (d.1965 )August 6 –Heinrich Schlusnus , German baritone (d.1952 )August 9 August 13 –John Logie Baird , Scottish inventor (d.1946 )August 16 –T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"), British liaison officer during the Arab Revolt, writer and academic (d.1935 )August 17 –Monty Woolley , American actor (d.1963 )August 20 –Tôn Đức Thắng , 2nd president of Vietnam (d.1980 )August 25 –Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi , Pakistani scholar, politician (d.1963 )August 28 –Evadne Price , Australian-British writer, actress and astrologer (d.1985 )August 29 –Gunichi Mikawa , Japanese admiral (d.1981 )Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. Maurice Chevalier T. S. Eliot September 5 –Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , Indian philosopher, politician and 2ndPresident of India (d.1975 )September 6 September 8 –Ida McNeil , American broadcaster and designer of theflag of South Dakota (d.1974 )[ 175] September 12 –Maurice Chevalier , French singer and actor (d.1972 )September 16 September 17 –Michiyo Tsujimura , Japanese agricultural scientist (d.1969 )[ 176] September 18 –Grey Owl , British conservationist, impostor, writer (d.1938 )September 20 –John Painter , American supercentenarian,world's oldest man between 1999 and 2001 (d.2001 )September 26 September 28 –Seán Lester , Irish diplomat (d.1959 )October 4 –Friedrich Olbricht , German general (d.1944 )October 6 –Roland Garros , French pilot (killed in action1918 )October 7 October 8 –Ernst Kretschmer , German psychiatrist (d.1964 )October 9 –Nikolai Bukharin , Russian Bolshevik and Soviet politician (d.1938 )October 14 –Katherine Mansfield , New Zealand fiction writer (d.1923 )October 16 October 17 –Paul Bernays , Swiss mathematician (d.1977 )October 24 –Carlo Bergamini , Italian admiral (d.1943 )October 25 –Lester Cuneo , American actor (d.1925 )October 30 –Alan Goodrich Kirk , American admiral (d.1963 )October 31 –Hubert Wilkins , Australian explorer of the Arctic (d.1958 )C. V. Raman Harpo Marx Gladys Cooper F. W. Murnau November 1 –Viliami Tungī Mailefihi , 7th Premier of Tonga (d.1941 )November 7 November 9 –Jean Monnet , French political economist, diplomat and afounding father of the European Union (d.1979 )November 15 November 23 –Harpo Marx , American comedian (d.1964 )November 24 November 29 –Oswald Rayner , BritishMI6 agent (d.1961 )November 30 –Ralph Hartley , American electronics researcher, inventor (d.1970 )December 3 –Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog , Polish-born Chief Rabbi of Ireland and Israel (d.1959 )December 4 December 6 –Will Hay , British actor, comedian (d.1949 )December 7 December 16 –Alphonse Juin , French general,Marshal of France (d.1967 )December 18 December 19 –Fritz Reiner , Hungarian conductor (d.1963 )December 22 –Theodore Stark Wilkinson , American admiral (d.1946 )December 25 –Bonita Wa Wa Calachaw Nuñez , American painter (d.1972 )December 28 –F. W. Murnau , German film director (d.1931 )1889 *January 2 –Walter Baldwin , American actor (d.1977 )
Ernest Tyldesley February 2 –Jean de Lattre de Tassigny , French general, posthumousMarshal of France (d.1952 )February 3 –Risto Ryti ,Prime Minister andPresident of Finland (d.1956 )February 5 –Ernest Tyldesley , English cricketer (d.1962 )February 7 –Harry Nyquist , Swedish-American contributor toinformation theory (d.1976 )February 16 –Hawthorne C. Gray , American balloonist (d.1927 )February 19 –Ernest Marsden , British physicist (d.1970 )February 21 –Pieter Voltelyn Graham van der Byl , South African politician (d.1975 )February 22 February 23 –Victor Fleming , American motion picture director (d.1949 )February 25 –Homer S. Ferguson , American politician (d.1982 )Oren E. Long Charlie Chaplin Adolf Hitler Manuel Prado Ugarteche April 4 April 7 –Gabriela Mistral , Chilean writer,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1957 )[ 179] April 8 –Adrian Boult , English conductor (d.1983 )April 11 –Nick LaRocca , American jazz cornetist (d.1961 )April 14 –Arnold J. Toynbee , English historian (d.1975 )April 15 April 16 –Charlie Chaplin , English comic actor, film director (d.1977 )April 20 April 21 April 23 –Karel Doorman , Dutch admiral (killed in action1942 )April 26 –Ludwig Wittgenstein , Austrian-born philosopher (d.1951 )April 28 April 30 –Fritz Pfeffer , German-Dutch housemate ofAnne Frank (d.1944 )Ouyang Yuqian Igor Sikorsky Beno Gutenberg Jean Cocteau Ante Pavelić July 5 –Jean Cocteau , French writer (d.1963 )[ 183] July 6 –Takeo Itō , Japanese general (d.1965 )July 7 –Shiro Kawase , Japanese admiral (d.1946 )July 8 –Eugene Pallette , American actor (d.1954 )July 14 –Ante Pavelić , Croatianfascist dictator (d.1959 )July 15 –Marjorie Rambeau , American actress (d.1970 )July 17 –Erle Stanley Gardner , American author (d.1970 )[ 184] July 18 –Kōichi Kido , Japanese politician (d.1977 )July 22 –Tony Jannus , American aviator, aircraft designer (d.1916 )July 24 –Murray Kinnell , English actor (d.1954 )August 5 –Conrad Aiken , American writer (d.1973 )[ 185] August 6 –George Kenney , World War II United States Army Air Forces general (d.1977 )August 10 –Norman Scott , American admiral, Medal of Honor recipient (killed in action1942 )August 11 –Ronald Fairbairn , Scottish psychiatrist and psychoanalyst (d.1964 )August 15 –Marthe Richard , French prostitute, spy and politician (d.1982 )August 21 –Sir Richard O'Connor , British general (d.1981 )August 25 –Ioan Dumitrache , Romanian general (d.1977 )August 29 –Alfredo Obviar , FilipinoRoman Catholic bishop and Servant of God (d.1978 )Carl von Ossietzky Claude Rains Jawaharlal Nehru November 1 –Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker , Canadian-born peace activist, recipient of theNobel Peace Prize (d.1982 )November 10 –Claude Rains , English-born American actor (d.1967 )November 12 –DeWitt Wallace , American magazine publisher (Reader's Digest 1981 )November 14 November 15 – KingManuel II of Portugal (d.1932 )November 16 –George S. Kaufman , American playwright (d.1961 )November 18 –Zoltán Tildy ,President of Hungary (d.1961 )November 19 –Clifton Webb , American actor, dancer and singer (d.1966 )November 20 –Edwin Hubble , American astronomer (d.1953 )November 23 –Alexander Patch , American general (d.1945 )November 25 –George McMillin , American admiral, lastNaval Governor of Guam (d.1983 )November 30 Robert Maestri Nezihe Muhiddin , Turkish women's rights activist, suffragette, journalist, writer and political leader (d.1958 )
Deaths 1880
Ana Neri Eberhard Anheuser January 4 January 8 –Joshua A. Norton , self-anointed Emperor Norton I of the United States of America (b.1811 )January 12 –Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur , wife ofChester A. Arthur (b.1837 )January 14 –Frederick VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein (b.1829 )January 20 –Captain Moonlite , Australian bushranger (hanged) (b.1842 )January 31 –Adolphe Granier de Cassagnac , French politician (b.1806 )February 18 –Nikolay Zinin , Russian organic chemist (b.1812 )February 29 – SirJames Milne Wilson , Premier of Tasmania (b.1812 )March 14 –Pagan Min , King of Ava (b.1811 )March 31 –Henryk Wieniawski , Polish composer (b.1835 )April 23 –Raden Saleh , Indonesian painter (b.1807 )April 27 –Joseph Vinoy , French general (b.1803 )May 2 Eberhard Anheuser , German-American brewer, co-founder ofAnheuser-Busch (b.1806 )[ 189] May 4 –Edward Clark , Confederate Governor of Texas (b.1815 )May 8 –Gustave Flaubert , French novelist (b.1821 )[ 190] May 20 –Ana Néri , Brazilian nurse (b.1814 )June 8 –Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse) , Empress Consort ofCzar Alexander II of Russia (b.1824 )June 28 –Texas Jack Omohundro , American frontier scout, actor, and cowboy (b.1846 )Jacques Offenbach July 9 –Paul Broca , French physician and anthropologist (b.1824 )July 17 –Tomasz Chołodecki , Polish political activist (b.1813 )July 21 –Hiram Walden , American politician (b.1800 )August 9 –William Bigler , American politician (b.1814 )August 15 –Adelaide Neilson , English actress (b.1848 )August 16 –Herschel Vespasian Johnson , American politician (b.1812 )August 17 –Ole Bull , Norwegian violinist (b.1810 )August 24 –Chief Ouray , Native American leader (b. c.1833 )September 21 –Manuel Montt , 5th President of Chile (b.1809 )September 25 –John Tarleton , British admiral (b.1811 )October 5 –Jacques Offenbach , German-born French composer (b.1819 )October 14 –Victorio , Chiricahua Apache chief (b. c.1825 )October 22 –Alphonse Pénaud , French aviation pioneer (b.1850 )October 23 –Bettino Ricasoli , Italian statesman (b.1809 )November 11 November 13 –August Karl von Goeben , Prussian general (b.1816 )November 23 –Sir Redmond Barry , Australian judge, sentenced Ned Kelly to death (b.1813 )November 28 –Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos , (Portuguese )Archbishop ofGoa (b.1837 )November 30 –Jeanette Threlfall , English hymnwriter (b.1821 )December 7 –Maria Giuseppa Rossello , ItalianRoman Catholic religious sister and blessed (b.1811 )December 20 –Gaspar Tochman , Polish-American soldier (b.1797 )December 22 –George Eliot , English writer (b.1819 )[ 191] 1881
Fyodor Dostoyevsky Anna McNeill Whistler Alexander II of Russia Modest Mussorgsky Benjamin Disraeli Jules Armand Dufaure January 1 –Louis Auguste Blanqui , French socialist, political activist (b.1805 )January 3 –Anna McNeill Whistler , James Whistler' s mother, subject of his painting (b.1804 )January 18 –Auguste Mariette , French Egyptologist (b.1821 )January 21 –Wilhelm Matthias Naeff ,member of the Swiss Federal Council (b.1802 )January 24 –Frances Stackhouse Acton , British botanist, archaeologist, writer and artist (b.1794 )February 5 –Thomas Carlyle , Scottish writer, historian (b.1795 )February 6 –Pieter Mijer ,Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b.1812 )February 8 –Marie Jules Dupré , French admiral and colonial governor (b.1813 )February 9 –Fyodor Dostoyevsky , Russian novelist (b.1821 )February 14 –Fernando Wood , New York City mayor (b.1812 )February 23 –Robert F. R. Lewis , American naval officer (b.1826 )March 2 –Sir John Cracroft Wilson , British civil servant, and politician in New Zealand (b.1808 )March 13 – EmperorAlexander II of Russia (assassinated) (b.1818 )March 28 –Modest Mussorgsky , Russian composer (b.1839 )March 31 –Lucy Virginia French , American blank verse poet (b.1825 )April 19 –Benjamin Disraeli ,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b.1804 )April 26 –Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen , Bavarian general (b.1815 )April 27 –Ludwig von Benedek , Austrian general (b.1804 )May 14 –Mary Seacole , British nurse (b.1805 )May 24 –Samuel Palmer , English artist (b.1805 )May 25 –Giuseppe Maria Giulietti , Italian explorer (b.1847 )June 6 –Henri Vieuxtemps , Belgian composer (b.1820 )June 28 –Jules Armand Dufaure , 3-time prime minister of France (b.1798 )June 30 –Gustav von Alvensleben , Prussian general (b.1803 )J. V. Snellman Billy the Kid Prince Frederick of the Netherlands Ambrose Burnside James A. Garfield July 1 July 4 –J. V. Snellman , Finnish statesman and an influentialFennoman philosopher (b.1806 )[ 192] July 14 –Billy the Kid , American gunslinger (b.1859 )July 17 –Jim Bridger , American explorer and trapper (b.1804 )August 3 –William Fargo , American expressman and politician, Mayor of Buffalo, New York (b.1818 )August 11 –Jane Digby , English adventurer (b.1807 )August 15 –Alexandru G. Golescu , 11th prime minister of Romania (b.1819 )September 7 –Sidney Lanier , American writer (b.1842 )September 8 –Prince Frederick of the Netherlands , Dutch noble, general (b.1797 )September 13 –Ambrose Burnside ,American Civil War general,inventor , politician fromRhode Island (b.1824 )September 18 –Joseph Higginson , British Royal Marine in the Napoleonic Wars (b.1792 )September 19 –James A. Garfield , 20thPresident of the United States (b.1831 )September 22 –Solomon L. Spink , U.S. Congressman from Illinois (b.1831 )October 3 October 31 –George W. De Long , American naval officer, explorer (starvation) (b.1844 )December 4 –Hugh Judson Kilpatrick , American general, politician, and diplomat (b.1836 )December 18 –George Edmund Street , British architect (b.1824 )1882
Theodor Schwann Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Charles Darwin Ralph Waldo Emerson Giuseppe Garibaldi January 6 –Richard Henry Dana Jr. , founder of Dana Point, California (b.1815 )January 7 –Ignacy Łukasiewicz , Polish pharmacist, inventor of the first method of distilling kerosene from seep oil, creator of the first oil lamp (b.1822 )January 10 –Henri Jules Bataille , French general (b.1816 )January 11 –Theodor Schwann , German physiologist (b.1810 )January 13 –Juraj Dobrila , Croatian bishop (b.1812 )January 27 –Robert Christison , Scottish toxicologist, physician (b.1797 )February 5 –Elizabeth Louisa Foster Mather , American writer (b.1815 )March 9 –Giovanni Lanza , Italian politician (b.1810 )March 19 –Carl Robert Jakobson , Estonian writer, politician, and teacher (b.1841 )March 21 –Constantin Bosianu , 4th Prime Minister of Romania (b.1815 )March 23 –Gustavus H. Scott , American admiral (b.1812 )March 24 –Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , American author (b.1807 )April 3 –Jesse James , American Western outlaw (b.1847 )April 9 –Dante Gabriel Rossetti , English poet, painter (b.1828 )April 11 –John Lenthall , American naval architect, shipbuilder (b.1807 )April 13 –Bruno Bauer , German philosopher and theologian (b.1809 )April 14 –Henri Giffard , French balloonist, aviation pioneer (b.1825 )April 17 April 19 –Charles Darwin , British naturalist (b.1809 )April 25 –Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner , German astrophysicist (b.1834 )April 27 –Ralph Waldo Emerson , American philosopher, writer (b.1803 )May 3 –Leonidas Smolents , Austrian–Greek general and army minister (b.1806 )[ 193] May 5 –John Rodgers , American admiral (b.1812 )June 2 –Giuseppe Garibaldi , Italian patriot (b.1807 )June 3 –Christian Wilberg , German painter (b.1839 )June 22 –Pablo Buitrago y Benavente , First democratically electedSupreme Director of Nicaragua (b.1807 )[ 194] June 25 –François Jouffroy , French sculptor (b.1806 )June 30 Mary Todd Lincoln Friedrich Wöhler July 4 –Joseph Brackett , American Shaker religious leader, composer (b.1797 )July 7 –Mikhail Skobelev , Russian general (b.1843 )July 13 –Johnny Ringo , American cowboy (b.1850 )July 16 –Mary Todd Lincoln ,First Lady of the United States (b.1818 )July 19 –John William Bean , English criminal (b.1824 )July 20 –Fanny Parnell , Irish poet, founder of the Ladies' Land League (b.1848 )July 23 –George Perkins Marsh , American diplomat, philologist and pioneer environmentalist (b.1801 )August 4 –Samuel Barron Stephens , American attorney and politician (b.1814 )August 13 –William Stanley Jevons , English economist and logician (b.1835 )August 16 –Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot , French general (b.1817 )August 25 –Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald , Estonian writer, physician (b.1803 )August 31 –Pedro Luiz Napoleão Chernoviz , Brazilian physician, writer and publisher (b.1812 )September 8 –Joseph Liouville , French mathematician (b.1809 )September 14 –Georges Leclanché , French electrical engineer and inventor (b.1839 )September 16 –Edward Bouverie Pusey , British churchman (b.1800 )September 23 –Friedrich Wöhler , German chemist (b.1800 )September 30 –José Milla y Vidaurre , Guatemalan writer (b.1822 )October 13 –Arthur de Gobineau , French writer, demographist (b.1816 )November 7 –Julius Hübner , German painter (b.1806 )Lucy Smith Millikin November 14 –Billy Claiborne , American gunfighter (b.1860 )November 20 –Henry Draper , American astronomer (b.1837 )December 3 –Archibald Campbell Tait ,Archbishop of Canterbury (b.1811 )December 6 December 9 –Lucy Smith Millikin , earlyLatter Day Saint and sister ofJoseph Smith (b.1821 )December 10 –Alexander Gardner , Scottish photographer (b.1821 )December 18 –Henry James Sr. , American theologian (b.1811 )December 21 –Francesco Hayez , Italian painter (b.1791 )December 27 –Giovanni Losi , Italian Combonian missionary (b.1838 )December 31 –Léon Gambetta , French statesman (b.1838 )1883
Richard Wagner Keʻelikōlani Karl Marx Édouard Manet January 4 –Antoine Chanzy , French general and colonial governor (b.1823 )January 8 –Miska Magyarics ,Slovene poet in Hungary (b.1825 )January 10 January 17 –Matilde Diez , Spanish actress (b.1818 )[ 196] January 23 –Gustave Doré , French artist (b.1832 )January 24 –Friedrich von Flotow , German composer (b.1812 )February 13 –Richard Wagner , German composer (b.1813 )February 15 –Prince Kachō Hiroatsu of Japan (b.1875 )February 17 February 18 –Francis Abbott , Australian astronomer (b.1799 )March 4 –Alexander Hamilton Stephens ,Vice President of the Confederate States of America (b.1812 )March 14 –Karl Marx , German communist philosopher (b.1818 )March 20 –Charles Lasègue , French physician (b.1816 )March 21 –Grigol Orbeliani , Georgian poet and soldier (b.1804 )March 27 –John Brown , Scottish personal servant and favourite of Queen Victoria (b.1826 )March 28 –Napoleon Bonaparte Buford , American general and railroad executive (b.1807 )April 4 –Peter Cooper , American industrialist, inventor and philanthropist (b.1791 )April 13 –Archduchess Maria Antonietta of Austria, Princess of Tuscany (b.1858 )[ 197] April 15 –Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (b.1823 )April 16 –Charles II, Duke of Parma (b.1799 )April 26 –Napoleon Orda , Belarusian composer and artist (b.1807 )April 30 –Édouard Manet , French painter (b.1832 )May 6 –Cecilia Fryxell , Swedish educational pioneer (b.1806 )[ 198] May 24 –Keʻelikōlani , princess of Hawaii (b.1826 )[ 199] May 26 –Abdelkader El Djezairi , Algerian leader (b.1808 )June 6 –Ciprian Porumbescu , Romanian composer (b. 1853)June 11 –Caroline Leigh Gascoigne , English writer (b. 1813)June 20 –John Colenso , English-born mathematician and theologian, Bishop of Natal (b.1814 )June 26 –Edward Sabine , Irish astronomer (b.1788 )Carl Wilhelm Siemens July 15 –General Tom Thumb , American circus performer and entertainer (b.1838 )July 22 –Edward Ord , U.S. Army officer (b.1818 )July 23 –Rose Massey , English actress (b.1851 ?)July 24 –Matthew Webb , English sailor, first recorded person to swim the English Channel without the use of artificial aids (b.1848 )July 27 –Montgomery Blair , American politician (b.1813 )July 28 –Carlo Pellion di Persano , Italian admiral and politician (b.1806 )August 24 –Henri, Count of Chambord , pretender to the French throne (b.1820 )August 25 –Louise Lateau , Belgian mystic and stigmatist (b.1850 )September 3 –Ivan Turgenev , Russian writer (b.1818 )September 10 –Otto Pius Hippius , Baltic German architect (b.1826 )September 17 –Junius Brutus Booth Jr. , American actor and theatre manager (b.1821 )September 24 –Selina Jenkinson , British aristocrat (b.1812 )October 5 –Joachim Barrande , French palaeontologist (b.1799 )October 14 –Sir Arthur Elton, 7th Baronet , English writer and Liberal Party politician (b.1818 )October 20 –George Chichester, 3rd Marquess of Donegall , Anglo-Irish landowner, courtier and politician (b.1797 )October 22 –Thomas Mayne Reid , Irish-American novelist (b.1818 )October 30 November 19 –Carl Wilhelm Siemens , German engineer (b.1823 )November 20 –Tenshoin , wife of 13th Shōgun of Japan,Tokugawa Iesada (b.1836 )November 29 –Elisabeth Dieudonné Vincent , Haitian-born migrant and free woman of colour (b.1798 )December 13 –Victor de Laprade , French poet and critic (b.1812 )December 27 –Andrew A. Humphreys , American general and civil engineer (b.1810 )Margaret Agnes Bunn 1884
Gregor Mendel Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt Bedřich Smetana January 6 –Gregor Mendel , Czech geneticist (b.1822 )January 25 –Johann Gottfried Piefke , German conductor, composer (b.1815 )February 8 –Cetshwayo kaMpande , Zulu king (b.1826 )February 13 –Wilhelm von Tümpling , Prussian general (b.1809 )February 14 February 26 –Emmanuel Félix de Wimpffen , French general (b.1811 )March 1 –Isaac Todhunter , English mathematician (b.1820 )March 8 –Sydney Dacres , British admiral (b.1804 )March 13 –Leland Stanford Jr. , son of Governor Leland Stanford ofCalifornia , in whose memoryStanford University was founded (b.1868 )March 19 –Elias Lönnrot , Finnish philologist, collector of traditional Finnish oral poetry (b.1802 )March 21 March 23 –Henry C. Lord , American railroad executive (b.1824 )March 28 –Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany , youngest son ofQueen Victoria (b.1853 )April 1 –Marie Litton , English stage actress (b.1847 )April 4 –Marie Bashkirtseff , Russian artist (b.1858 )April 6 –Emanuel Geibel , German poet, dramatist (b.1815 )April 24 –Marie Taglioni , Swedish-Italian ballerina (b.1804 )May 6 –Judah P. Benjamin , American politician, US senator from Louisiana,Cabinet officer of the Confederate States (b.1811 )May 12 –Bedřich Smetana , Czech composer (b.1824 )May 13 –Cyrus McCormick , American inventor (b.1809 )May 29 –Sir Henry Bartle Frere , British colonial administrator (b.1815 )June 19 June 21 –Alexander, Prince of Orange , heir apparent to the Dutch throne (b.1851 )June 25 –Hans Rott , Austrian composer (b.1858 )Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe Leona Florentino July 1 –Allan Pinkerton , American detective (b.1819 )July 10 –Paul Morphy , American chess player (b.1837 )July 15 August 9 –Annestine Beyer , Danish reform pedagogue (b.1795 )August 18 –Mary C. Ames , American writer (b.1831 )September 2 –Karl Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld , Prussian field marshal (b.1796 )September 10 –George Bentham , English botanist (b.1800 )October 4 –Leona Florentino , Filipina poet (b.1849 )October 7 –Bernard Petitjean , French Roman Catholic missionary to Japan (b.1829 )October 16 –Bernice Pauahi Bishop , Hawaiian ali‘i (b.1831 )October 18 –William VIII, Duke of Brunswick (b.1806 )November 3 –Menyhért Lónyay , 5th prime minister of Hungary (b.1822 )November 11 –Alfred Brehm , German zoologist (b.1829 )November 16 –František Chvostek , Moravian physician (b.1835 )November 25 –Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe , German chemist (b.1818 )December 1 –William Swainson , second, and last,Attorney-General of theCrown Colony of New Zealand (b.1809 )December 3 –Jane C. Bonar , Scottish hymnwriter (b.1821 )December 20 –Domenico Consolini , Italian Catholic Cardinal (b.1806 )1885
Victor Hugo January 11 –Mariano Ospina Rodríguez , President of Colombia (b.1805 )January 13 –Schuyler Colfax ,17th Vice President of the United States (b.1823 )January 26 –Charles "Chinese" Gordon , British general (killed in battle) (b.1833 )February 1 –Sidney Gilchrist Thomas , British inventor (b.1850 )February 7 –Iwasaki Yataro , Japanese industrialist, Founder ofMitsubishi (b.1835 )February 8 –Nikolai Severtzov , Russian explorer, naturalist (b.1827 )February 19 –José María Pinedo , Argentinian naval commander (b.1795 )March 12 –Próspero Fernández Oreamuno , President of Costa Rica (b.1834 )March 13 –Giorgio Mitrovich , Maltese politician (b.1795 )[ 200] March 22 –Sir Harry Smith Parkes , British diplomat (b.1828 )April 2 –Justo Rufino Barrios , Central American leader (b.1835 )April 6 –Eduard Vogel von Falckenstein , Prussian general (b.1797 )April 25 –Queen Emma of Hawaii (b.1836 )May 2 –Terézia Zakoucs ,Hungarian Slovene author (b.1817 )May 4 –Irvin McDowell , American general (b.1818 )May 17 –Jonathan Young , United States Navy commodore (b.1826 )May 19 –Robert Emmet Odlum , American swimming instructor (died as result of becoming the first person to jump from theBrooklyn Bridge ) (b.1851 )May 20 –Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen ,29th United States Secretary of State (b.1817 )May 22 –Victor Hugo , French author (b.1802 )[ 201] June 11 –Amédée Courbet , French admiral (b.1827 )June 17 –Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel , German field marshal (b.1809 )June 22 –Muhammad Ahmad , Sudanese Mahdi (b.1844 )Ulysses S. Grant July 21 –Karolina Sobańska , Polish noble, agent (b.1795 )July 23 –Ulysses S. Grant , 63,American Civil War general, 18thPresident of the United States (b.1822 )August –Aga Khan II , Iranian religious leader (b.1830 )August 6 –Emil Zsigmondy , Austrian mountaineer (b.1861 )August 10 –James W. Marshall , American contractor, builder ofSutter's Mill (b.1810 )August 29 –Moriz Ludassy , Hungarian journalist (b.1825 )September 2 –Giuseppe Bonavia , Maltese architect (b.1821 )September 5 –Zuo Zongtang , Chinese general and politician (b.1812 )September 6 –Narcís Monturiol ,Catalan intellectual, artist and engineer, inventor of the first combustion engine-drivensubmarine , which was propelled by an early form ofair-independent propulsion (b.1819 )September 15 Carl Spitzweg October 1 –Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury , British politician and philanthropist (b.1801 )October 3 –Mazhar Nanautawi , Indian freedom struggle activist and founding figure ofMazahir Uloom (b.1821 )October 5 –Thomas C. Durant , American railroad financier (b.1820 )October 29 Thomas A. Hendricks November 16 –Louis Riel , Canadian-American leader (executed) (b.1844 )November 8 –John McCullough , Irish-American actor (b.1832 )November 24 –Nicolás Avellaneda , Argentine president (b.1837 )November 25 November 26 –Thomas Andrews , Irish chemist (b.1813 )December 8 –William Henry Vanderbilt , American entrepreneur (b.1821 )December 13 –Benjamin Gratz Brown , American politician (b.1826 )December 15 –Ferdinand II of Portugal , consort of Queen Maria II (b.1816 )1886
Emily Dickinson Ludwig II of Bavaria January 16 –Amilcare Ponchielli , Italian composer (b.1834 )[ 202] January 18 –Baldassare Verazzi , Italian painter (b.1819 )January 26 –David Rice Atchison , American politician (b.1807 )February 9 –Winfield Scott Hancock , Union general of the American Civil War, Democratic political candidate (b.1824 )February 10 –Laura Don , American actress (b.1852 )February 12 –Horatio Seymour ,18th Governor of New York ,1868 Democratic Party presidential nominee (b.1810 )February 15 –Edward Cardwell, 1st Viscount Cardwell , British politician (b.1813 )February 18 –Dave Rudabaugh , American outlaw, gunfighter (b.1854 )February 24 –Hugh Stowell Brown ,Manx preacher (b.1823 )March 9 –William S. Clark , American chemist (b.1826 )March 17 –Pierre-Jules Hetzel , French editor, publisher (b.1814 )April 9 –Joseph Victor von Scheffel , German poet (b.1826 )April 16 –Andrew Nicholl , Northern Irish painter (b.1804 )April 20 –Louis Melsens , Belgian chemist and physicist (b.1814 )April 27 –Henry Hobson Richardson , American architect (b.1838 )May 9 –Facundo Bacardí , Cuban rum manufacturer (b.1814 )May 15 –Emily Dickinson , American poet (b.1830 )[ 203] May 17 –John Deere , American inventor (b.1804 )May 23 –Leopold von Ranke , German historian (b.1795 )June 13 June 19 –Sir Charles Trevelyan , British civil servant and colonial administrator (b.1807 )June 21 –Daniel Dunglas Home , Scottish medium (b.1833 )Franz Liszt Eliza Lynch Chester A. Arthur July 1 –Otto Wilhelm Hermann von Abich , German geologist (b.1806 )July 4 July 16 –Ned Buntline (Edward Zane Carroll Judson Sr.), American publisher, dime novelist and publicist (b.1821 )July 25 –Eliza Lynch , First Lady of Paraguay (b.1833 )July 31 –Franz Liszt , Hungarian pianist, composer (b.1811 )August 4 –Samuel J. Tilden ,25th Governor of New York ,1876 Democratic Party presidential nominee (b.1814 )August 9 August 11 –Lydia Koidula , Estonian poet (b.1843 )August 16 –Ramakrishna Paramhansa , Indian spiritual figure (b.1836 )August 30 –Ferris Jacobs Jr. , American politician (b.1836 )September 3 –William W. Snow , American politician (b.1812 )September 4 –Benjamin F. Cheatham , Confederate general (b.1820 )September 14 –Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard , American land speculator (b.1802 )September 25 –Hannah T. King , British-born American writer and pioneer (b.1808 )October 6 –Edward William Godwin , English architect (b.1833 )October 8 –Austin F. Pike , American politician from New Hampshire (b.1819 )October 9 –Jean-Jacques Uhrich , French general (b.1802 )October 10 –David Levy Yulee , American politician, US Senator from Florida (b.1810 )November 4 –Sir James Martin , 4th Premier of New South Wales (b.1820 )November 18 –Chester A. Arthur , 21stPresident of the United States (b.1829 )November 20 –William Bliss Baker , American painter (b.1859 )November 21 –Charles Francis Adams Sr. , American historical editor, politician and diplomat (b.1807 )December 8 December 16 –Josef Drásal , the tallest Czech (b.1841 )December 26 –John A. Logan , American soldier, political leader (b.1826 )1887 *January 12 –Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh , British politician (b.1818 )
February 19 –Eduard Douwes Dekker , Dutch writer (b.1820 )[ 204] February 25 –Jesse W. Fell , American businessman and landowner (b.1808 )[ 205] February 26 –Anandi Gopal Joshi , first Indian woman doctor (b.1865 )February 27 –Alexander Borodin , Russian composer (b.1833 )[ 206] March 4 –Catherine Huggins , British actor, singer, director and manager (b.1821 )March 8 –Henry Ward Beecher , American clergyman, reformer (b.1813 )March 24 March 28 –Ditlev Gothard Monrad , Danish politician (b.1811 )[ 207] April 10 –John T. Raymond , American actor (b.1836 )April 19 –Henry Hotze , Swiss-American Confederate propagandist (b.1833 )April 23 –John Ceiriog Hughes , Welsh poet (b.1832 )[ 208] May 7 –C. F. W. Walther , German-American theologian (b.1811 )May 8 –Aleksandr Ulyanov , Russian revolutionary, brother of V. I. Lenin (b.1866 )May 14 –Lysander Spooner , American philosopher and abolitionist (b.1808 )June 4 –William A. Wheeler ,19th Vice President of the United States (b.1819 )June 10 –Richard Lindon , British inventor of the rugby ball, the India-rubber inflatable bladder and the brass hand pump for the same (b.1816 )Gustav Kirchhoff July 8 –John Wright Oakes , English landscape painter (b.1820 )July 17 –Dorothea Dix , American social activist (b.1802 )July 25 –John Taylor , American religious leader (b.1808 )August 8 –Alexander William Doniphan , American lawyer, soldier (b.1808 )August 16 August 19 August 20 –Jules Laforgue , French poet (b.1860 )[ 209] September 12 –August von Werder , Prussian general (b.1808 )October 12 –Dinah Craik , English novelist and poet (b.1826 )[ 210] October 17 –Gustav Kirchhoff , German physicist (b.1824 )October 21 –Bernard Jauréguiberry , French admiral, statesman (b.1815 )October 26 –Hugo von Kirchbach , Prussian general (b.1809 )October 31 –Sir George Macfarren , British composer and musicologist (b.1813 )November 2 November 8 –Doc Holliday , American gambler, gunfighter (b.1851 )[ 213] November 19 –Emma Lazarus , American poet (b.1859 )[ 214] November 28 –Gustav Fechner , German experimental psychologist (b.1801 )December 3 –Albertus Jacobus Duymaer van Twist ,Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b.1809 )December 5 –Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons , British diplomat (b.1817 )December 14 –William Garrow Lettsom , British diplomat, mineralogist and spectroscopist (b.1805 )December 23 –Adolphus Frederick Alexander Woodford , British parson (b.1821 )1888
Wilhelm I January 7 –Golam Ali Chowdhury , Bengali landlord and philanthropist (b.1824 )[ 215] January 19 –Anton de Bary , German biologist (b.1831 )January 20 –William Pitt Ballinger , Texas lawyer, southern statesman (b.1825 )January 29 –Edward Lear , British artist, writer (b.1812 )January 31 –John Bosco , Italian priest, youth worker, educator and founder of theSalesian Society (b.1815 )February 3 –Sir Henry Maine , British jurist (b.1822 )February 5 –Anton Mauve , Dutch painter (b.1838 )February 9 –Augusto Riboty , Italian admiral and politician (b.1816 )[ 216] February 22 –Anna Kingsford , British women's rights activist (b.1846 )February 24 –Seth Kinman , American hunter, settler (b.1815 )March 6 March 9 –William I, German Emperor , King of Prussia (b.1797 )March 12 –Henry Bergh , founder of theAmerican Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (b.1813 )March 16 –Hippolyte Carnot , French statesman (b.1801 )March 23 –Morrison Waite ,Chief Justice of the United States (b.1816 )March 27 –Francesco Faà di Bruno , Italian mathematician (b.1825 )March 29 –Charles-Valentin Alkan , French composer, pianist (b.1813 )Frederick Miller Ascanio Sobrero Frederick III April 4 –Emma Elizabeth Smith ,Whitechapel Murders victim (b.1843 )April 14 –Emil Czyrniański , Polish chemist (b.1824 )April 15 –Matthew Arnold , English poet (b.1822 )April 17 –Ephraim George Squier , American archaeologist, newspaper editor (b.1821 )April 19 –Thomas Russell Crampton , English engineer (b.1816 )May 6 –Abraham Joseph Ash , American rabbi (b. c. 1813)[ 218] May 11 –Frederick Miller , German-born American brewer and businessman (b.1824 )May 15 –Edwin Hamilton Davis , American archaeologist, physician (b.1811 )May 19 –Julius Rockwell , United States politician (b.1805 )May 26 –Ascanio Sobrero , Italian chemist (b.1812 )June 7 –Edmond Le Bœuf , French general,Marshal of France (b.1809 )June 8 –Sir Duncan Cameron , British army general (b.1808 )June 15 –Frederick III, German Emperor , King of Prussia (b.1831 )June 23 –Edmund Gurney , British psychologist (b.1847 )Paul Langerhans John Pemberton July 1 –Maiden of Ludmir , Jewish religious leader (b.1805 )July 4 –Theodor Storm , German writer (b.1817 )July 9 –Jan Brand , 4th president of theOrange Free State (b.1823 )July 20 –Paul Langerhans , German pathologist, biologist (b.1847 )August 5 –Philip Sheridan , American general (b.1831 )August 7 –August 9 –Charles Cros , French poet (b.1842 )August 16 –John Pemberton , American pharmacist, founder ofCoca-Cola (b.1831 )August 20 –Henry Richard , Welsh peace campaigner (b.1812 )August 23 –Philip Henry Gosse , British scientist (b.1810 )August 24 –Rudolf Clausius , German physicist, contributor tothermodynamics (b.1822 )August 31 –Mary Ann Nichols , first confirmed victim ofJack the Ripper (b.1845 )September 6 –John Lester Wallack , American theater impresario (b.1820 )September 8 –Annie Chapman , victim ofJack the Ripper (b.1841 )September 11 –Domingo Faustino Sarmiento , Argentine politician, writer, and father of education (b.1811 )September 23 –François Achille Bazaine , French general (b.1811 )September 24 –Karl von Prantl , German philosopher (b.1820 )September 30 Carl Zeiss Caroline Howard Gilman October 16 October 26 –William Thomas Hamilton , American politician (b.1820 )November 1 –Nikolay Przhevalsky , Russian explorer (b.1839 )November 9 –Mary Jane Kelly , fifth and final confirmed victim ofJack the Ripper (b.1863 )November 10 –George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan , British army officer and aristocrat (b.1800 )November 11 –Pedro Ñancúpel , Chilean pirate active in thefjords and channels of Patagonia . He was executed.[ 219] November 13 –José María Díaz , Spanish romanticist playwright and journalist (b.1813 )November 17 –Dora d'Istria , Romanian/Albanian writer and nationalist (b.1828 )November 24 –Cicero Price , American commodore (b.1805 )December 2 –Namık Kemal ,Turkish patriotic poet, social reformer (b.1840 )December 3 –Carl Zeiss , German optician, founder ofCarl Zeiss AG (b.1816 )December 10 –William E. Le Roy , American admiral (b.1818 )December 20 –Rose Mylett ,Whitechapel murders victim (b.1859 )December 24 –Mikhail Loris-Melikov , Russian statesman, general (b.1826 )December 31 1889
Belle Starr Youssef Bey Karam Father Damien January 13 –Solomon Bundy , American politician (b.1823 )January 22 –Carlo Pellegrini , Italian-born caricaturist (b. 1839)January 30 –Mayerling incident (suicide)February 3 –Belle Starr , American outlaw (murdered) (b.1848 )February 13 –João Maurício Vanderlei, Baron of Cotegipe , Brazilian magistrate and politician (b.1815 )March 5 –Mary Louise Booth , American editor-in-chief ofHarper's Bazaar 1831 )March 8 –John Ericsson , Swedish inventor, engineer (b.1803 )March 9 – EmperorYohannes IV of Ethiopia (b.1837 )March 13 –Felice Varesi , French-born Italian baritone (b.1813 )March 22 –Stanley Matthews , American judge and politician (b.1824 )March 24 –The Leatherman , possibly French-Canadian vagabond in the U.S. (b. c.1839 )March 28 –Ram Singh , Raja of Bundi. (b. 1811)April 6 –Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel (b.1797 )April 7 –Youssef Bey Karam ,Lebanese nationalist leader (b.1823 )[ 220] April 9 –Michel Eugène Chevreul , French chemist (b.1786 )April 12 –Robert Dunsmuir , Scottish-born Canadian industrialist and politician (b.1825 )April 15 –Father Damien , BelgianRoman Catholic priest, missionary toHawaiians withleprosy , and saint (b.1840 )April 21 –Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada , Mexican jurist, 27thPresident of Mexico (b.1823 )[ 221] April 25 –Mary Dominis , American settler of Hawaii (b.1803 )May 9 –William S. Harney , U.S. Army general (b.1800 )May 10 –Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin , Russian satirist (b.1826 )May 14 –Volney E. Howard , American politician (b.1809 )May 28 –Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren , American translator and anti-suffragist (b.1825 )June 8 –Gerard Manley Hopkins , English poet (b.1844 )[ 222] June 10 –Abraham Hochmuth , Hungarian rabbi (b.1816 )June 15 –Mihai Eminescu , Romanian poet (b.1850 )June 25 –Lucy Webb Hayes ,First Lady of the United States (b.1831 )James Prescott Joule August Ahlqvist July 4 –Susan Catherine Koerner Wright , mother of theWright Brothers (b.1831 )July 7 –Giovanni Bottesini , Italian conductor, composer and virtuosodouble bass player (b.1821 )[ 223] July 10 –Julia Gardiner Tyler ,First Lady of the United States (b.1820 )August 2 –Eduardo Gutiérrez , Argentinian author (b.1851 )August 19 –Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam , French writer (b.1838 )[ 224] September 23 –Wilkie Collins , English novelist (b.1824 )[ 225] September 24 –Charles Leroux , American balloonist, parachutist (b.1856 )September 29 –Louis Faidherbe , French general and colonial administrator (b.1818 )October 10 –Adolf von Henselt , German pianist and composer (b.1814 )[ 226] October 11 –James Prescott Joule , English physicist (b.1818 )October 17 October 19 – KingLuís I of Portugal (b.1838 )October 25 –Émile Augier , French dramatist (b.1820 )[ 227] November 16 –Sergei Bobokhov , Russian revolutionary, commits suicide as a protest against the flogging of a woman comrade in Siberia (b.1858 )November 18 –William Allingham , Irish author (b.1824 )[ 228] November 20 –August Ahlqvist , Finnish professor, poet, scholar of theFinno-Ugric languages , author and literary critic (b.1826 )[ 229] November 24 –George H. Pendleton , American politician (b.1825 )December 6 –Jefferson Davis ,President of the Confederate States of America (b.1808 )[ 230] December 12 –Robert Browning , English poet (b.1812 )[ 231] December 28 –Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies ,Empress consort of Brazil (b.1822 )December 29 December 30 –Sir Henry Yule , Scottish orientalist (b.1820 )December 31 –Ion Creangă , Romanian writer (b.1837 or1839 )^ Grenville, John; Wasserstein, Bernard, eds. (2013). The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts. Routledge. p. 38. ISBN 9780415141253. Retrieved 2 March 2014. ^ "abolition" .faculty.chass.ncsu.edu . Retrieved2025-05-11 .^ "Great Blizzard of '88 hits East Coast | March 11, 1888" .HISTORY . 2009-11-13. Retrieved2025-05-11 .^ McCullough, David G. (2001).The Johnstown flood . New York: Simon & Schuster.ISBN 978-0-671-20714-4 ^ "Clara Barton's headquarters, Johnstown, Pa. flood - 1889" . 1 January 1889.^ Salata 1932, p. 290 ^ Nahin, Paul J. (2002).Oliver Heaviside: The Life, Work, and Times of an Electrical Genius of the Victorian Age . JHU Press.ISBN 0-8018-6909-9 ^a b c d e f g h i j "Woodbank Communications Ltd.'s Electropaedia: "History of Batteries (and other things)" . Archived fromthe original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved6 October 2014 .^a b "We'll be back shortly" .www.coned.com . Archived fromthe original on October 30, 2012.^a b "Edison" by Matthew Josephson. McGraw Hill, New York, 1959, pg. 255.OCLC 485621 ,ISBN 0-07-033046-8 ^ Fontenoy, Paul E. (2007).Paul E. Fontenoy, "Submarines: an illustrated history of their impact" (2007), p. 3 ISBN 9781851095636 . Retrieved6 October 2014 . ^ Source: Lecture by Pat Sweeney,Maritime Institute of Ireland 16 January 2009: His father was a member of theCoastguard and occupied a coastguard cottage. 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Hadley, "Steam-Driven Submarines" (1988), p. 59" (PDF) .Dalhousie University .Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved6 October 2014 .^ Fontenoy, Paul E. (2007).Paul E. Fontenoy, "Submarines: an illustrated history of their impact" (2007), p. 7 ISBN 9781851095636 . Retrieved6 October 2014 . ^ "Carroll Gray, "John J. Montgomery 1858 – 1911" . Retrieved6 October 2014 .^ "Hargrave the Pioneers, Aviation and Aeromodeling-Interdependent Evolutions and Histories: "John Joseph Montgomery (1858–1911)" . Retrieved6 October 2014 .^ Harwood, Craig S.; Fogel, Gary B. (17 October 2012).Craig S. Harwood and Gary B. Fogel Quest for Flight: John J. Montgomery and the Dawn of Aviation in the West, University of Oklahoma Press, 2012 ISBN 9780806187839 . Retrieved6 October 2014 . ^ Winter, Lumen & Degner, Glenn,Minute Epics of Flight , New York, Grosset & Dunlap, 1933, pgs. 49–50 ^ "Dirigeable LA FRANCE 1884" . rbmn.waika9.com. Archived fromthe original on 2010-01-11. Retrieved2010-01-15 .^ "Ballon photos" . rbmn02.waika9.com. Archived fromthe original on 2007-04-16. Retrieved2010-01-15 .^ "First Flights of the Airship" . centennialofflight.gov. Archived fromthe original on 2010-05-28.^ "How Products Are Made, Inventor Biographies: "Paul Gottlieb Nipkow (1860–1940)" . Archived fromthe original on 2012-07-27. Retrieved6 October 2014 .^ George Shiers and May Shiers,Early Television: A Bibliographic Guide to 1940 , Taylor & Francis, 1997, p. 13, 22.ISBN 978-0-8240-7782-2 ^ "Carroll Gray, "Aleksandr Fyodorovich Mozhaiski 1825 – 1890" . Archived fromthe original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved6 October 2014 .^ "Hargrave the Pioneers, Aviation and Aeromodeling-Interdependent Evolutions and Histories:"Alexandr Fyodorovich Mozhaisky (1825–1890)" . Retrieved6 October 2014 .^a b Bláthy, Ottó Titusz (1860 – 1939) Archived 2010-12-02 at theWayback Machine , Hungarian Patent Office, January 29, 2004.^ Zipernowsky, K., M. Déri and O. T. 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Retrieved6 October 2014 .^ "Mary Bellis, "The history of Welding Tools" . Archived fromthe original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved6 October 2014 .^ Moconomy (2025-04-12).Linotype | How One Machine Shaped History | The Real OG of Mass Communication . Retrieved2025-11-21 – via YouTube. ^ "The NY Tribune Issues "The Tribune Book of Open-Air Sports", the First Book Typeset by the "Mergenthaler Machine," later called Linotype : History of Information" .www.historyofinformation.com . Retrieved2025-11-21 .^ Ralph Stein (1967). The Automobile Book. Paul Hamlyn Ltd." ^ G.N. Georgano Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930 . (London: Grange-Universal, 1985)^a b c d G.N. Georgano ^ DRP's patent No. 37435 Archived 2012-02-04 at theWayback Machine (PDF , 561 kB,German ) was filed January 29, 1886, and granted November 2, 1886, thus taking effect January 29.^ Skrabec, Quentin R. 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