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369 members of theElectoral College 185 electoral votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 82.6%[1] 10.5pp | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Presidential election results map.Red denotes states won by Hayes/Wheeler,blue denotes those won by Tilden/Hendricks. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential elections were held in theUnited States on November 7, 1876. TheRepublican ticket of GovernorRutherford B. Hayes of Ohio and House RepresentativeWilliam A. Wheeler of New York very narrowly defeated theDemocratic ticket of GovernorSamuel J. Tilden of New York and GovernorThomas A. Hendricks of Indiana.
Following PresidentUlysses S. Grant's decision to retire after his second term, U.S. RepresentativeJames G. Blaine emerged as frontrunner for the Republican nomination; however, Blaine was unable to win a majority at the1876 Republican National Convention, which settled on Hayes as a compromise candidate. The1876 Democratic National Convention nominated Tilden on the second ballot.
The election was among the most contentious in American history, and was widely speculated to have been resolved by theCompromise of 1877, in which Hayes supposedly agreed to endReconstruction in exchange for the presidency. In the first count, Tilden had 184electoral votes (one vote short of a majority) to Hayes's 165, with the 20 votes fromFlorida,Louisiana,South Carolina, andOregon disputed. To address thisconstitutional crisis, Congress established theElectoral Commission, which awarded all twenty votes and thus the presidency to Hayes in a strict party-line vote. Some Democratic representativesfilibustered the commission's decision, hoping to prevent Hayes's inauguration; their filibuster was ultimately ended by party leaderSamuel J. Randall. On March 2, 1877, the House and Senate confirmed Hayes as president. This was the last election taken under Reconstruction, in which some Southern states voted for a Republican candidate. Following the election Southern states were able to fully implementJim Crow laws, disenfranchising black Americans, beginning a period of Democrat domination known as theSolid South. No Republican presidential nominee would win a former Confederate state untilWarren G. Harding in the1920 United States presidential election.
It was the fifth of six consecutive presidential election victories for the Republican Party and the second of five U.S. presidential electionsin which the winner did not win a plurality of the national popular vote, after the1824 election. Although Tilden defeated Hayes in the official popular vote tally, the election involved substantialelectoral fraud,voter intimidation by paramilitary groups such as theRed Shirts, anddisenfranchisement of black Republicans. The election had the highestvoter turnout of the eligible voting-age population in American history, at 82.6%.[2][3] Tilden's share of the popular vote, 50.9%, is the largest received by a candidate who was not elected to the presidency, and he was the only losing candidate in a U.S. presidential election who won a majority of the popular vote. Tilden was also the last person to win an outright majority of the popular vote untilWilliam McKinley in1896. As of 2024, this remains the only presidential election in which both candidates were sitting governors, and was the last presidential election during which the presidential electors of a state (Colorado) were appointed at thediscretion of the state legislature rather than by popular vote.
| 1876 Republican Party ticket | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rutherford B. Hayes | William A. Wheeler | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| for President | for Vice President | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
.jpg) |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 29th & 32nd Governor of Ohio (1868–1872 & 1876–1877) | U.S. Representative forNew York's 19th (1861–1863 & 1869–1877) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![President Ulysses S. Grant[4][5] (declined in 1875)](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aUlyssesGrant.jpg)
It was widely assumed during the year 1875 that incumbent PresidentUlysses S. Grant would run for a third term as president despite the poor economic conditions, the numerous political scandals that had developed since he assumed office in 1869, and despite a longstanding tradition set byGeorge Washington not to stay in office for more than two terms. Grant's inner circle advised him to go for a third term and he almost did so, but on December 15, 1875, the House, by a sweeping 233–18 vote, passed a resolution declaring that the two-term tradition was to prevent a dictatorship.[6] Later that year, Grant ruled himself out of running in 1876. He instead tried to persuade Secretary of StateHamilton Fish to run for the presidency, but the 67-year-old Fish declined since he believed himself too old for that role. Grant nonetheless sent a letter to the convention imploring them to nominate Fish, but the letter was misplaced and never read to the convention. Fish later confirmed that he would have declined the presidential nomination even if it had been offered to him.
When the Sixth Republican National Convention assembled inCincinnati, Ohio, on June 14, 1876,James G. Blaine appeared to be the presidential nominee. On the first ballot, Blaine was just 100 votes short of a majority. His vote began to slide after the second ballot, however, as many Republicans feared that Blaine could not win the general election. Anti-Blaine delegates could not agree on a candidate until his total rose to 41% on the sixth ballot. Leaders of the reform Republicans met privately and considered alternatives. They chose the reforming Ohio Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, who had been gradually building support during the convention until he finished second on the sixth ballot. On the seventh ballot, Hayes was nominated for president with 384 votes, compared to 351 for Blaine and 21 for Benjamin Bristow. New York RepresentativeWilliam A. Wheeler was nominated for vice president by a much larger margin (366–89) over his chief rival,Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, who later served as a member of the Electoral Commission, which awarded the election to Hayes.
| Presidential Ballot | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ballot | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th |
| Hayes | 61 | 64 | 67 | 68 | 104 | 113 | 384 |
| Blaine | 285 | 296 | 293 | 292 | 286 | 308 | 351 |
| Bristow | 113 | 114 | 121 | 126 | 114 | 111 | 21 |
| Morton | 124 | 120 | 113 | 108 | 95 | 85 | 0 |
| Conkling | 99 | 93 | 90 | 84 | 82 | 81 | 0 |
| Hartranft | 58 | 63 | 68 | 71 | 69 | 50 | 0 |
| Jewell | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Washburne | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0 |
| Wheeler | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Not Voting | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| Vice Presidential Ballot[7] | |
|---|---|
| Ballot | 1st (Partial Roll-Call) |
| Wheeler | 366 |
| Frelinghuysen | 89 |
| Jewell | 86 |
| Woodford | 70 |
| Hawley | 25 |
| Not Called | 120 |
| 1876 Democratic Party ticket | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Samuel J. Tilden | Thomas A. Hendricks | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| for President | for Vice President | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 25th Governor of New York (1875–1876) | 16th Governor of Indiana (1873–1877) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Campaign | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Democratic candidates:
The Democratic Party's failure to nominate its own ticket in the previous presidential election, in which they had instead endorsed theLiberal Republican candidacy ofHorace Greeley, had resulted in much debate about the party's viability. Any doubts about the party's future were dispelled firstly by the collapse of the Liberal Republicans in the aftermath of that election, and secondly by significant Democratic gains in the 1874 mid-term elections, which saw them take control of the House of Representatives for the first time in sixteen years.
The 12th Democratic National Convention assembled inSt. Louis, Missouri, in June 1876, which was the first political convention ever held by one of the major American parties west of theMississippi River. There were 5000 people jammed inside the auditorium in St. Louis amid hopes for the Democratic Party's first presidential victory in 20 years. The platform called for immediate and sweeping reforms in response to the scandals that had plagued the Grant administration. Tilden won more than 400 votes on the first ballot and the presidential nomination by a landslide on the second.
Tilden defeatedThomas A. Hendricks,Winfield Scott Hancock,William Allen,Thomas F. Bayard, andJoel Parker for the presidential nomination. Tilden overcame strong opposition from"Honest John" Kelly, the leader of New York'sTammany Hall, to obtain the presidential nomination. Thomas Hendricks was nominated for vice president since he was the only person to put forward for that position.
The Democratic platform pledged to replace the corruption of the Grant administration with honest, efficient government and to end "the rapacity of carpetbag tyrannies" in the South. It also called for treaty protection for naturalized United States citizens visiting their homelands, restrictions on Asian immigration, tariff reform, and opposition to land grants for railroads.[8] It has been claimed that the voting Democrats received Tilden's presidential nomination with more enthusiasm than any leader sinceAndrew Jackson.[9]
| Presidential Ballot[10] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (Before Shifts) | 1st (After Shifts) | 2nd (Before Shifts) | 2nd (After Shifts) | Unanimous | |
| Tilden | 403.5 | 410.5 | 508 | 534 | 738 |
| Hendricks | 133.5 | 140.5 | 85 | 60 | 0 |
| Hancock | 77 | 77 | 60 | 59 | 0 |
| Allen | 56 | 56 | 54 | 54 | 0 |
| Bayard | 31 | 31 | 11 | 11 | 0 |
| Broadhead | 19 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Parker | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 0 |
| Thurman | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
Source:Official proceedings of the National Democratic convention, held in St. Louis, Mo., June 27th, 28th and 29th, 1876. (September 3, 2012).
Source:Official proceedings of the National Democratic convention, held in St. Louis, Mo., June 27th, 28th and 29th, 1876. (September 3, 2012).
| Vice Presidential Ballot | |
| 1st | |
|---|---|
| Thomas A. Hendricks | 730 |
| Blank | 8 |
Source:Official proceedings of the National Democratic convention, held in St. Louis, Mo., June 27th, 28th and 29th, 1876 (September 3, 2012).
Greenback candidates:
TheGreenback Party had been organized by agricultural interests inIndianapolis, Indiana, in 1874 to urge the federal government to inflate the economy through the mass issuance of paper money calledgreenbacks. Its first national nominating convention was held in Indianapolis in the spring of 1876.Peter Cooper was nominated for president with 352 votes to 119 for three other contenders. The convention nominatedAnti-Monopolist SenatorNewton Booth of California for vice president. After Booth declined to run, the national committee choseSamuel Fenton Cary as his replacement on the ticket.[11][12]
TheProhibition Party, in its second national convention inCleveland, nominatedGreen Clay Smith as its presidential candidate andGideon T. Stewart as its vice presidential candidate.
This small political party used several different names, often with different names in different states. It was a continuation of theAnti-Masonic Party that met in 1872 and nominatedCharles Francis Adams, Sr., for president. When Adams declined to run, the party did not contest the 1872 election.
The convention was held from June 8 to 10, 1875 in Liberty Hall,Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. B.T. Roberts of New York served as chairman, andJonathan Blanchard was the keynote speaker.
The platform supported the Reconstruction Amendments to the Constitution, international arbitration, the reading of the scriptures in public schools, specie payments, justice forNative Americans, abolition of the Electoral College, and prohibition of the sale of alcoholic beverages. It declared the first day of the week to be a day of rest for the United States. The platform opposed secret societies and monopolies.
The convention considered three potential presidential candidates: Charles F. Adams, Jonathan Blanchard, and James B. Walker. When Blanchard declined to run, Walker was unanimously nominated for president. The convention then nominated Donald Kirkpatrick of New York unanimously for vice president.[13][14]
Tilden, who had prosecuted machine politicians in New York and sent the political bossWilliam M. Tweed to jail, ran as a reform candidate against the background of the corruption of theGrant administration. Both parties backed civil service reform. Both sides mounted mudslinging campaigns, with Democratic attacks on Republican corruption being countered by Republicans raising the Civil War issue, a tactic that was ridiculed by Democrats, who called it "waving the bloody shirt". Republicans chanted, "Not every Democrat was a rebel, but every rebel was a Democrat."
Hayes was a virtual unknown outside his home state of Ohio, where he had served two terms as a US Representative and then two terms as governor.Henry Adams called Hayes "a third-rate nonentity whose only recommendations are that he is obnoxious to no one". Hayes had served in the Civil War with distinction as colonel of the 23rd Ohio Regiment and was wounded several times, which made him marketable to veterans. He had later been brevetted as a major-general. His most important asset was his help to the Republican ticket in carrying Ohio, a crucial swing state. On the other side, the newspapermanJohn D. Defrees described Tilden as "a very nice, prim, little, withered-up, fidgety old bachelor, about one-hundred and twenty-pounds avoirdupois, who never had a genuine impulse for many nor any affection for woman".[15]
The Democratic strategy for victory in the South relied on paramilitary groups such as theRed Shirts and theWhite League. These groups saw themselves as the military wing of the Democrats. Using the strategy of theMississippi Plan, they actively suppressed both black and white Republican voting. They violently disrupted meetings and rallies, attacked party organizers, and threatened potential voters with retaliation for voting Republican.[16][17]
Because it was considered improper for a candidate to pursue the presidency actively, neither Tilden nor Hayes appeared publicly during the campaign. Speaking and leading rallies were left to their surrogates.
Colorado was admitted to the Union as the 38th state on August 1, 1876; this was the first presidential election in which the state sent electors. There was insufficient time or money to organize a presidential election in the new state. Therefore, Colorado's state legislature selected the state's three members of the Electoral College. The Republican Party held a slim majority in the state legislature following a closely contested election on October 3, 1876. Many of the seats in that election had been decided by only a few hundred votes.[18] On November 7, 1876, in a 50 to 24 vote, the state legislature chose Otto Mears, William Hadley, and Herman Beckurts to serve as the state's electors for president. All three of the state's electors cast their votes for Hayes.[19][20] This was the last election in which any state chose electors through its state legislature, rather than by popular vote.[21]
Florida (with four electoral votes) and Louisiana (with eight) reported returns that favored Tilden, while Hayes led in South Carolina (with seven). However, the elections in each state were marked by electoral fraud and threats of violence against Republican voters. The most extreme case was in South Carolina, where an impossible 101 percent of all eligible voters in the state had their votes counted,[22] and an estimated 150 Black Republicans were murdered.[23] One of the points of contention revolved around the design of ballots. At the time, parties would print ballots or "tickets" to enable voters to support them in the open ballots. To aid illiterate voters, the parties would print symbols on the tickets, and in this election, many Democratic ballots were printed with the Republican symbol ofAbraham Lincoln on them.[24] The Republican-dominated state electoral commissions subsequently rejected enough Democratic votes to award their electoral votes to Hayes.
In two Southern states, the governor recognized by the United States had signed the Republican certificates; the Democratic certificates from Florida were signed by the state attorney-general and the newly elected Democratic governor. Those from Louisiana were signed by the Democratic gubernatorial candidate and those from South Carolina by no state official. The Tilden electors in South Carolina claimed that they had been chosen by the popular vote although they were rejected by the state election board.[25]
Meanwhile, in Oregon, the vote of a single elector was disputed. The statewide result clearly favored Hayes, but the state's Democratic governor,La Fayette Grover, claimed that one of the Republican electors, Ex-Postmaster John Watts, was ineligible under Article II, Section 1, of theUnited States Constitution since he had been a "person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States." Grover substituted a Democratic elector in Watts's place.
The two Republican electors dismissed Grover's action and reported three votes for Hayes. However, the Democratic elector, C. A. Cronin, reported one vote for Tilden and two votes for Hayes. The two Republican electors presented a certificate signed by the secretary of state of Oregon, and Cronin and the two electors whom he appointed (Cronin voted for Tilden while his associates voted for Hayes) presented a certificate signed by the governor and attested by the secretary of state.[25]
Ultimately, all three of Oregon's votes were awarded to Hayes, who had a majority of one in the Electoral College. The Democrats claimed fraud, and suppressed excitement pervaded the country. Threats were even muttered that Hayes would never be inaugurated. InColumbus, Ohio, a shot was fired at Hayes's residence as he sat down to dinner. After supporters marched to his home to call for the President, Hayes urged the crowd that "it is impossible, at so early a time, to obtain the result".[26] Grant quietly strengthened the military force in and around Washington.[25]
The Constitution provides that "the President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the [electoral] certificates, and the votes shall then be counted." The Republicans held that the power to count the votes lay with the President of the Senate, with the House and Senate being mere spectators. The Democrats objected to that construction, since the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, the RepublicanThomas W. Ferry, could then count the votes of the disputed states for Hayes.
The Democrats insisted that Congress should continue the practice followed since 1865: no vote objected to should be counted except by the concurrence of both houses. Since the House had a solid Democratic majority, rejecting the vote of one state, therefore, would elect Tilden.[25]
Facing an unprecedentedconstitutional crisis, the Congress passed a law on January 29, 1877, to form a 15-memberElectoral Commission, which would settle the result. Five members were selected from each house of Congress, and they were joined by five members of theUnited States Supreme Court, withWilliam M. Evarts serving as counsel for the Republican Party. The majority party in each house named three members and the minority party two members. As the Republicans controlled the Senate and the Democrats controlled the House of Representatives, that yielded five Democratic and five Republican members of the commission. Of the Supreme Court justices, two Republicans and two Democrats were chosen, with the fifth to be selected by those four.
The justices first selected the independent JusticeDavid Davis. According to one historian, "No one, perhaps not even Davis himself, knew which presidential candidate he preferred."[26] Just as the Electoral Commission Bill was passing Congress, the Illinois Legislature elected Davis to the Senate, and Democrats in the legislature believed that they had purchased Davis's support by voting for him. However, they had miscalculated, as Davis promptly excused himself from the commission and resigned as a Justice to take his Senate seat.[27] As all of the remaining available Justices were Republicans, Republican JusticeJoseph P. Bradley, who was considered the most impartial remaining member of the court was selected. That selection proved decisive.
It was drawing perilously near to Inauguration Day, and thus the commission met on January 31. Each of the disputed state election cases (Florida, Louisiana, Oregon, and South Carolina) was respectively submitted to the commission by Congress. Eminent counsel appeared for each side, and there were double sets of returns from every one of the states named.[25]
The commission first decided not to question any returns that wereprima facie lawful.[25] Bradley then joined the other seven Republican committee members in a series of 8–7 votes that gave all 20 disputed electoral votes to Hayes, which gave Hayes a 185–184 electoral vote victory. The commission adjourned on March 2. Hayes privately took the oath of office the next day and was publicly sworn into office on March 5, 1877, andHayes was inaugurated without disturbance.[25]
TheCompromise of 1877 might be a reason for the Democrats accepting the Electoral Commission. During intense closed-door meetings, Democratic leaders agreed reluctantly to accept Hayes as president in return for the withdrawal of federal troops from the last two Southern states that were still occupied: South Carolina and Louisiana. Republican leaders in return agreed on a number of handouts and entitlements, including federal subsidies for a transcontinental railroad line through the South. Although some of the promises were not kept, particularly the railroad proposal, that was enough for the time being to avert a dangerous standoff.
The returns accepted by the Commission put Hayes's margin of victory in South Carolina at 889 votes, the second-closest popular vote margin in a decisive state in U.S. history, after theelection of 2000, which was decided by 537 votes in Florida. In 2000, the margin of victory in the Electoral College forGeorge W. Bush was five votes, as opposed to Hayes' one vote.
Upon his defeat, Tilden said, "I can retire to public life with the consciousness that I shall receive from posterity the credit of having been elected to the highest position in the gift of the people, without any of the cares and responsibilities of the office."
Congress would eventually enact theElectoral Count Act in 1887 to provide more detailed rules for the counting of electoral votes, especially in cases of multiple slates of electors being received from a single state.
37.1% of the voting age population and 82.6% of eligible voters participated in the election.[28] According to the commission's rulings, of the 2,249 counties and independent cities making returns, Tilden won in 1,301 (57.9%), and Hayes carried only 947 (42.1%). One county (<0.1%) inNevada split evenly between Tilden and Hayes.
The Greenback ticket did not have a major impact on the election's outcome by attracting slightly under one percent of the popular vote; nonetheless, Cooper had the strongest performance of any third-party presidential candidate sinceJohn Bell in1860. The Greenbacks' best showings were in Kansas, where Cooper earned just over six percent of the vote, and in Indiana, where he earned 17,207 votes, which far exceeded Tilden's margin of victory of roughly 5,500 votes over Hayes in that state.
The election of 1876 was the last one held before the end of the Reconstruction era, which sought to protect the rights of African Americans in the South, who usually voted for Republican presidential candidates. No antebellumslave state would be carried by a Republican again until the1896 realignment, which sawWilliam McKinley carry Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, and Kentucky. This is the closest electoral college result in American history, and the second-closest victory in the tipping point state with South Carolina being decided by 889 votes (only the 2000 election in Florida was closer).
No Republican presidential candidate untilWarren G. Harding in1920 would carry any states that seceded and joined the Confederacy. That year, he carried Tennessee, which had never experienced a long period of occupation by federal troops and had been completely "reconstructed" well before the first presidential election of the Reconstruction period (1868). None of the Southern states that experienced long periods of occupation by federal troops was carried by a Republican again untilHerbert Hoover in1928, when he won Florida, North Carolina, Texas and Virginia. 1876 proved to be the last election until1956 in which the Republican nominee carried Louisiana, as well as the last in which the Republican won South Carolina until1964. Both states would not defect from the Democratic ticket again until1948, when they backed the "Dixiecrat" candidateStrom Thurmond.
18.33% of Hayes' votes came from the eleven states of the former Confederacy, with him taking 40.40% of the vote in that region.[29] Although 1876 marked the last competitive two-party election in the South before the Democratic dominance of the South until 1948 and of the Border States until 1896, it was also the last presidential election (as of 2020) in which the Democrats won the wartime UnionistMitchell County, North Carolina;[30]Wayne County, Tennessee;Henderson County, Tennessee; andLewis County, Kentucky.[31] Hayes was also the only Republican president ever to be elected who failed to carry Indiana, and the first to win without Connecticut.
| Presidential candidate | Party | Home state | Popular vote[32] | Electoral vote[33] | Running mate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count | Percentage | Vice-presidential candidate | Home state | Electoral vote[33] | ||||
| Rutherford B. Hayes | Republican | Ohio | 4,034,142 | 47.92% | 185 | William A. Wheeler | New York | 185 |
| Samuel J. Tilden | Democratic | New York | 4,286,808 | 50.92% | 184 | Thomas A. Hendricks | Indiana | 184 |
| Peter Cooper | Greenback | New York | 83,726 | 0.99% | 0 | Samuel Fenton Cary | Ohio | 0 |
| Green Clay Smith | Prohibition | Washington, D.C. | 6,945 | 0.08% | 0 | Gideon T. Stewart | Ohio | 0 |
| James Walker | American National Party | Illinois | 463 | 0.01% | 0 | Donald Kirkpatrick | New York | 0 |
| Other | 6,575 | 0.08% | — | Other | — | |||
| Total | 8,418,659 | 100% | 369 | 369 | ||||
| Needed to win | 185 | 185 | ||||||
| Tilden | 50.92% | |||
| Hayes | 47.92% | |||
| Cooper | 0.99% | |||
| Others | 0.17% | |||
| Hayes | 50.14% | |||
| Tilden | 49.86% | |||
Source: Data fromWalter Dean Burnham,Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.[34]
| States/districts won byTilden/Hendricks |
| States/districts won byHayes/Wheeler |
| Samuel J. Tilden Democratic | Rutherford B. Hayes Republican | Peter Cooper Greenback | Green Smith Prohibition | Margin | State Total | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State | electoral votes | # | % | electoral votes | # | % | electoral votes | # | % | electoral votes | # | % | electoral votes | # | % | total votes cast | % | |
| Alabama | 10 | 102,989 | 59.98 | 10 | 68,708 | 40.02 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −34,281 | −19.97 | 171,699 | 2.04% | AL |
| Arkansas | 6 | 58,086 | 59.92 | 6 | 38,649 | 39.87 | – | 211 | 0.22 | – | – | – | – | −19,437 | −20.05 | 96,946 | 1.15% | AR |
| California | 6 | 75,845 | 49.08 | – | 78,614 | 50.87 | 6 | 47 | 0.03 | – | – | – | – | 2,769 | 1.79 | 154,544 | 1.85% | CA |
| Colorado* | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | - | CO |
| Connecticut | 6 | 61,927 | 50.70 | 6 | 59,033 | 48.33 | – | 774 | 0.63 | – | 374 | 0.31 | – | −2,894 | −2.37 | 122,134 | 1.45% | CT |
| Delaware | 3 | 13,381 | 55.45 | 3 | 10,752 | 44.55 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −2,629 | −10.89 | 24,133 | 0.29% | DE |
| Florida | 4 | 22,927 | 49.01 | – | 23,849 | 50.99 | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 922 | 1.97 | 46,776 | 0.56% | FL |
| Georgia | 11 | 130,157 | 72.03 | 11 | 50,533 | 27.97 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −79,624 | −44.07 | 180,690 | 2.15% | GA |
| Illinois | 21 | 258,611 | 46.66 | – | 278,232 | 50.20 | 21 | 17,207 | 3.10 | – | – | – | – | 19,621 | 3.54 | 554,227 | 6.58% | IL |
| Indiana | 15 | 213,526 | 48.65 | 15 | 208,011 | 47.39 | – | 17,233 | 3.93 | – | 141 | 0.03 | – | −5,515 | −1.26 | 438,911 | 5.21% | IN |
| Iowa | 11 | 112,121 | 38.28 | – | 171,326 | 58.50 | 11 | 9,431 | 3.22 | – | – | – | – | 59,205 | 20.21 | 292,878 | 3.48% | IA |
| Kansas | 5 | 37,902 | 30.53 | – | 78,324 | 63.10 | 5 | 7,770 | 6.26 | – | 110 | 0.09 | – | 40,422 | 32.56 | 124,134 | 1.47% | KS |
| Kentucky | 12 | 160,060 | 61.41 | 12 | 97,568 | 37.44 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −62,492 | −23.98 | 260,626 | 3.10% | KY |
| Louisiana | 8 | 70,508 | 48.35 | – | 75,315 | 51.65 | 8 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4,807 | 3.30 | 145,823 | 1.73% | LA |
| Maine | 7 | 49,917 | 42.65 | – | 66,300 | 56.64 | 7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 16,383 | 14.00 | 117,045 | 1.39% | ME |
| Maryland | 8 | 91,779 | 56.05 | 8 | 71,980 | 43.95 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −19,799 | −12.09 | 163,759 | 1.95% | MD |
| Massachusetts | 13 | 108,777 | 41.90 | – | 150,064 | 57.80 | 13 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 41,287 | 15.90 | 259,620 | 3.08% | MA |
| Michigan | 11 | 141,685 | 44.49 | – | 166,901 | 52.41 | 11 | 9,023 | 2.83 | – | 766 | 0.24 | – | 25,216 | 7.92 | 318,450 | 3.78% | MI |
| Minnesota | 5 | 48,587 | 39.16 | – | 72,955 | 58.80 | 5 | 2,389 | 1.93 | – | 144 | 0.12 | – | 24,368 | 19.64 | 124,075 | 1.47% | MN |
| Mississippi | 8 | 112,173 | 68.08 | 8 | 52,603 | 31.92 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −59,570 | −36.15 | 164,776 | 1.96% | MS |
| Missouri | 15 | 202,086 | 57.64 | 15 | 145,027 | 41.36 | – | 3,497 | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | −57,059 | −16.27 | 350,610 | 4.16% | MO |
| Nebraska | 3 | 17,413 | 35.30 | – | 31,915 | 64.70 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 14,502 | 29.40 | 49,328 | 0.59% | NE |
| Nevada | 3 | 9,308 | 47.27 | – | 10,383 | 52.73 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,075 | 5.46 | 19,691 | 0.23% | NV |
| New Hampshire | 5 | 38,510 | 48.05 | – | 41,540 | 51.83 | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3,030 | 3.78 | 80,141 | 0.95% | NH |
| New Jersey | 9 | 115,962 | 52.66 | 9 | 103,517 | 47.01 | – | 714 | 0.32 | – | – | – | – | −12,445 | −5.65 | 220,193 | 2.62% | NJ |
| New York | 35 | 521,949 | 51.40 | 35 | 489,207 | 48.17 | – | 1,978 | 0.19 | – | 2,369 | 0.23 | – | −32,742 | −3.22 | 1,015,503 | 12.06% | NY |
| North Carolina | 10 | 125,427 | 53.62 | 10 | 108,484 | 46.38 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −16,943 | −7.24 | 233,911 | 2.78% | NC |
| Ohio | 22 | 323,182 | 49.07 | – | 330,698 | 50.21 | 22 | 3,057 | 0.46 | – | 1,636 | 0.25 | – | 7,516 | 1.14 | 658,649 | 7.82% | OH |
| Oregon | 3 | 14,157 | 47.38 | – | 15,214 | 50.92 | 3 | 510 | 1.71 | – | – | – | – | 1,057 | 3.54 | 29,881 | 0.35% | OR |
| Pennsylvania | 29 | 366,204 | 48.25 | – | 384,184 | 50.62 | 29 | 7,204 | 0.95 | – | 1,318 | 0.17 | – | 17,980 | 2.37 | 758,993 | 9.02% | PA |
| Rhode Island | 4 | 10,712 | 40.23 | – | 15,787 | 59.29 | 4 | 68 | 0.26 | – | 60 | 0.23 | – | 5,075 | 19.06 | 26,627 | 0.32% | RI |
| South Carolina | 7 | 90,897 | 49.76 | – | 91,786 | 50.24 | 7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 889 | 0.49 | 182,683 | 2.17% | SC |
| Tennessee | 12 | 133,177 | 59.79 | 12 | 89,566 | 40.21 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −43,611 | −19.58 | 222,743 | 2.65% | TN |
| Texas | 8 | 104,755 | 70.04 | 8 | 44,800 | 29.96 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −59,955 | −40.09 | 149,555 | 1.78% | TX |
| Vermont | 5 | 20,254 | 31.38 | – | 44,091 | 68.30 | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 23,837 | 36.93 | 64,553 | 0.77% | VT |
| Virginia | 11 | 140,770 | 59.58 | 11 | 95,518 | 40.42 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −45,252 | −19.15 | 236,288 | 2.81% | VA |
| West Virginia | 5 | 56,546 | 56.75 | 5 | 41,997 | 42.15 | – | 1,104 | 1.11 | – | – | – | – | −14,549 | −14.60 | 99,647 | 1.18% | WV |
| Wisconsin | 10 | 123,926 | 48.19 | – | 130,067 | 50.57 | 10 | 1,509 | 0.59 | – | 27 | 0.01 | – | 6,141 | 2.39 | 257,177 | 3.05% | WI |
| Total | 369 | 4,286,808 | 50.92 | 184 | 4,034,142 | 47.92 | 185 | 83,726 | 0.99 | – | 6,945 | 0.08 | – | -252,666 | -3.00 | 8,418,659 | 100% | US |
Margin of victory less than 1% (7 electoral votes):
Margin of victory less between 1% and 5% (164 electoral votes):
Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (33 electoral votes):
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