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January 18 :Proclamation of the German Empire March 18 :Paris Commune formedOctober 8 –10 :Great Chicago Fire 1871 (MDCCCLXXI ) was acommon year starting on Sunday of theGregorian calendar and acommon year starting on Friday of theJulian calendar , the 1871st year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 2nd millennium , the 71st year of the19th century , and the 2nd year of the1870s decade. As of the start of 1871, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
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January 3 –Franco-Prussian War :Battle of Bapaume – Prussians win a strategic victory.January 18 –Proclamation of the German Empire : The member states of theNorth German Confederation and the south German states unite into a singlenation state , known as theGerman Empire . TheKing of Prussia is declared the firstGerman Emperor asWilhelm I of Germany , in theHall of Mirrors at thePalace of Versailles . TheConstitution of the German Confederation comes into effect. It abolishes all restrictions on Jewish marriage, choice of occupation, place of residence, and property ownership, but exclusion from government employment and discrimination in social relations remain in effect.January 21 –Battle of Dijon :Giuseppe Garibaldi 's group of French and Italian volunteer troops, in support of theFrench Third Republic , win a battle against the Prussians.February 8 –1871 French legislative election elects the first legislature of theFrench Third Republic ; monarchists (Legitimists andOrleanists ) favourable to peace with theGerman Empire gain a large majority. TheNational Assembly meets inBordeaux .February 9 – TheUnited States Commission on Fish and Fisheries is founded.February 21 – TheDistrict of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 is signed into law by U.S. PresidentUlysses S. Grant .February 24 – TheDanish Women's Society is founded to promote women's rights in Denmark; on December 15 it adopts the styleDansk Kvindesamfund .[ 1] March 3 – The first American civil service reform legislation is signed into law by U.S. PresidentUlysses S. Grant , creating theUnited States Civil Service Commission .[ 2] March 16 –Mokrani Revolt breaks out inFrench Algeria against colonial rule.March 18 – Origin of theParis Commune : Troops of the regularFrench Army , sent byAdolphe Thiers ,Chef du pouvoir executive de la République française , to seize cannons stored on the hill ofMontmartre , fraternise with civilians and theNational Guard , and two army generals are killed. Regular troops are evacuated toVersailles .March 21 March 22 March 26 – TheParis Commune is formally established in France.March 27 – The firstRugby Union International results in a 1–0 win, by Scotland over England.March 29 April – TheStockholms Handelsbank is founded.April 4 – The New Jersey Detective Agency is chartered, and theNew Jersey State Detectives are initiated.April 10 – InBrooklyn, New York ,P. T. Barnum opens his three-ringcircus , hailing it as "The Greatest Show on Earth ".April 20 – U.S. PresidentUlysses S. Grant signs theCivil Rights Act of 1871 .April 24 –Murder of Jane Clouson , a servant girl, inEltham , England; her probable murderer is acquitted.May 4 – The first supposedlyMajor League Baseball game is played in America.May 8 – The first Major League Baseball home run is hit byEzra Sutton , of theCleveland Forest Citys .May 10 – TheTreaty of Frankfurt is signed, confirming the frontiers between Germany and France. The provinces ofAlsace andLorraine are transferred from France to Germany.May 11 – The first trial in theTichborne case begins, in the LondonCourt of Common Pleas .May 21 May 27 – French government troops massacre 147Communards from Belleville, atPère-Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.May 28 –Paris Commune falls to French government forces.June 1 –Bombardment of the Selee River Forts : Koreans attack two United States Navy warships.June 10 –United States expedition to Korea : Captain McLane Tilton leads 109 members of theUnited States Marine Corps in a punitive naval attack on theHan River forts onGanghwa Island in Korea, resulting in 250 Koreans dying and diplomatic failure to "open up" Korea.June 17 – TheParsons Sun Parsons ,Kansas is founded by Milton W. Reynolds and Leslie J. Perry, though the latter left after the first issue was published.June 18 – TheUniversities Tests Act 1871 removes restrictions which have previously limited access toOxford ,Cambridge andDurham universities to members of theChurch of England .June 27 – TheMeiji government officially adopts theyen as Japan's modern unit of currency. Coins which have been made in advance with the date 1870 are released into circulation.June 29 –Trade unions are legalized in the United Kingdom by theTrade Union Act 1871 .July 13 – The first cat show is held at theCrystal Palace ofLondon .July 20 July 21 –August 26 – The first ever photographs ofYellowstone National Park region are taken by photographerWilliam Henry Jackson , during theHayden Geological Survey of 1871 .July 22 – The foundation stone of the firstTay Bridge is laid;[ 3] July 28 – TheAnnie becomes the first boat ever launched onYellowstone Lake , in the Yellowstone National Park region.August 7 – Banco de Concepcion, predecessor ofItaú Unibanco , a majorfinancial services provider inSouth America , is founded inChile .[citation needed August 9 – One of the few knownmajor hurricanes to strikeHawaii causes significant damage on the islands ofHawaii andMaui .[ 4] August 29 – Theabolition of the han system is carried out in Japan.August 31 –Adolphe Thiers becomes President of the French Republic.[ 5] September 2 –Whaling disaster of 1871 : TheComet , abrig used by whalers, becomes the first of 33 ships to be crushed in the Arctic ice by an early freeze.[ 6] [ 7] September 3 – New York City residents, tired of the corruption of theTammany Hall political machine and "Boss"William M. Tweed , its "Grand Sachem", meet to form the 'Committee of Seventy ' to reform local politics.[ 8] September 25 –West Chester University (Pennsylvania ) is charted as West Chester Normal School[ 9] October 5 – TheSocietà degli Spettroscopisti Italiani (laterSocietà Astronomica Italiana ) is established inRome , the first scientific organisation in the world dedicated toastrophysics .October 8 ThePeshtigo fire begins and destroys the town ofPeshtigo, Wisconsin , and kills as many as 2,500 people, becoming the deadliest wildfire in United States history. TheGreat Chicago Fire breaks out inChicago, Illinois and burns for 2 days, killing 300 people, destroying 17,500 buildings and leaving 100,000 people homeless. Continental AG is founded asContinental-Caoutchouc und Gutta-Percha Compagnie inHanover , Germany.October 11 –Heinrich Schliemann begins theexcavation ofTroy in the Ottoman Empire.[ 10] October 12 – TheCriminal Tribes Act is enacted by theBritish Raj in India, naming over 160 communities as "Denotified Tribes ", allegedly habitually criminal (it will be repealed in1949 , after Indian independence).October 20 – TheRoyal Regiment of Artillery forms the first regular Canadian army units, when they create twobatteries ofgarrison artillery, which later become theRoyal Canadian Artillery .October 24 –Chinese massacre of 1871 : InLos Angeles 'Chinatown , 19Chinese immigrants are killed by a mob of 500 men.October 26 – Liberian PresidentEdward James Roye is deposed ina coup d'état .[ 11] October 27 c. November – TheSouth Improvement Company is formed in Pennsylvania byJohn D. Rockefeller and a group of major United States railroad interests, in an early effort to organize and control the American petroleum industry. November 5 –Wickenburg Massacre : Six men travelling by stagecoach, in theArizona Territory , are reportedly murdered byYavapai people .November 7 – The London–Australiatelegraph cable is brought ashore atDarwin .[ 12] November 10 –Henry Morton Stanley , Welsh-born correspondent for theNew York Herald David Livingstone inUjiji , nearLake Tanganyika , and greets him by saying, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" (according to his later account).[ 13] November 17 December 10 – German chancellorOtto von Bismarck tries to banCatholics from the political stage by introducing harsh laws concerning theseparation of church and state .December 15 – TheDeseret Telegraph Company office inPipe Spring begins service with a message keyed byElla Stewart .[ 14] Arizona Territory .[ 15] December 19 – The city ofBirmingham, Alabama , is incorporated with the merger of three existing towns.December 24 – The operaAida December 25 –Reading F.C. is formed as anAssociation football club in England.December 26 –Thespis Gilbert and Sullivan operas, premières in London. It does modestly well, but the two composers will not collaborate again for four years.James Weldon Johnson Friedrich Ebert Birdie Blye Heinrich Mann Christian Morgenstern Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach January 1 –Manuel Gondra , Paraguayan author and journalist, 21stPresident of Paraguay (d.1927 )[ 17] January 7 –Émile Borel , French mathematician, politician (d.1956 )January 8 –Jeanne Adnet , French anarchist (d.1942 )January 8 –William O. Taylor , American newspaper executive (d.1955 )January 17 –David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty , British admiral (d.1936 )[ 18] January 19 –Frederick Maurice ,British Army officer ,military correspondent , writer and academic (d.1951 )January 20 January 30 –Wilfred Lucas , Canadian-born actor (d.1940 )February 4 February 6 –C. V. Kunhiraman , Indian social reformer, journalist and the founder ofKerala Kaumudi 1949 )February 9 –Howard Taylor Ricketts , American pathologist (d.1910 )February 14 –Florence Roberts , American stage actress (d.1927 )February 18 –Harry Brearley , English inventor (d.1948 )February 25 –Lesya Ukrainka , born Larysa Petrivna Kosach, Ukrainian writer; political, civil and feminist activist (d.1913 )February 26 –Matti Turkia , Finnish politician (d.1946 )[ 19] February 27 –Otto Praeger , American postal official, implemented U.S. Airmail (d.1948 )February 28 March 1 March 4 –Boris Galerkin , Russian mathematician (d.1945 )March 5 –Rosa Luxemburg , German politician (d.1919 )[ 21] March 6 –Afonso Costa , Portuguese lawyer, professor, politician and 3-timePrime Minister of Portugal (d.1937 )May 10 –Edward FitzGerald , American-bornmountaineer and soldier of British descent (d.1931 )March 12 –Kitty Marion , German-born actress and women's rights activist in England and the United States (d.1944 )March 15 March 17 –Konstantinos Pallis , Greek general (d.1941 )March 19 March 24 –Birdie Blye , American pianist (d.1935 )March 26 –Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole , Hawaiian royalty and politician (d.1922 )March 27 –Heinrich Mann , German writer (d.1950 )March 28 –Herman van Roijen , Dutch diplomat (d.1933 )March 29 –Aleksei Chichibabin ,Soviet Russian organic chemist (d.1945 )March 31 –Arthur Griffith ,President of Ireland (d.1922 )April 1 –F. Melius Christiansen ,Norwegian -born violinist andchoral conductor (d.1955 )April 3 –John Wren , Australian business man (d.1953 )April 4 –Luke McNamee , American admiral (d.1952 )April 6 –Giorgi Mazniashvili ,Georgian general and prominent military figures in theDemocratic Republic of Georgia (d.1937 )April 7 –Charlotte Maxeke , South African religious leader, social and political activist (d.1939 )April 8 –Clarence Hudson White , American photographer (d.1925 )April 12 –Ioannis Metaxas , Prime Minister of Greece (d.1941 )April 13 –Jurgis Matulaitis-Matulevičius , Lithuanian author,Roman Catholic archbishop and blessed (d.1927 )April 15 –Jonathan Zenneck , German physicist, electrical engineer (d.1959 )May 2 –Francis P. Duffy , Canadian-born American Catholic priest (d.1932 )May 3 –Emmett Dalton , American outlaw, train robber and member of theDalton Gang (d. 1937)May 6 May 7 –Gyula Károlyi , 29th Prime Minister of Hungary (d.1947 )May 9 –Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia , third son ofAlexander III ,Maria of Russia and brother ofNicholas II (d.1899 )May 14 –Walter Stanley Monroe , businessman, politician, and formerPrime Minister ofNewfoundland (d.1952 )May 19 –Walter Russell , American artist (d.1963 )May 26 –Camille Huysmans , Belgian politician and formerprime minister of Belgium (d. 1968)May 27 –Georges Rouault , French painter, graphic artist (d.1958 )May 28 –Teriimaevarua III , lastQueen ofBora Bora (d.1932 )June 5 June 7 –Khwaja Salimullah , fourthNawab of Dhaka and one of the leading Muslim politicians during theBritish rule in India (d.1915 )June 8 –Howard Gould , American financier and the son ofJay Gould (d.1959 )June 11 –Walter Cowan , British admiral (d.1956 )June 12 June 13 –Princess Hélène of Orléans , member of the deposedOrléans royal family of France (d.1951 )June 14 –Jacob Ellehammer , Danish inventor (d.1946 )June 17 –James Weldon Johnson , American author, politician, diplomat, critic, journalist, poet, anthologist, educator, lawyer, songwriter and early civil rights activist (d.1938 )June 18 –Edmund Breese , American actor (d.1936 )June 23 –Jantina Tammes , Dutch plant biologist (d.1947 )June 26 –Reginald R. Belknap , United States Navy rear admiral (d.1959 )Marcel Proust Orville Wright Ernest Rutherford Pietro Badoglio July 2 –Wilhelm von Mirbach , German diplomat (d.1918 )July 5 –Claus Schilling , German medical researcher and war criminal (d.1946 )July 10 –Marcel Proust , French writer (d.1922 )July 13 –John Norton-Griffiths , British engineer, army officer, and politician (d.1930 )July 17 –Lyonel Feininger , German painter (d.1956 )July 18 –Sada Yacco , Japanese stage actress (d.1946 )July 22 –Aarnoud van Heemstra , Dutchnobleman ,jurist and politician (d.1951 )July 25 –Richard Turner , Canadian soldier (d.1961 )August 1 –John Lester , Americancricketer (d.1969 )August 3 –Augusta Holtz , Polish-American supercentenarian, last surviving person born in 1871 (d.1986 )August 4 –Lillian Smith , Americantrick shooter andtrick rider (d.1930 )August 12 August 13 –Karl Liebknecht , German politician (d.1919 )August 14 –Guangxu Emperor of China (d.1908 )August 19 August 23 –Sofia Panina , Russian politician (d.1956 )August 25 –Nils Edén , 15th Prime Minister of Sweden (d.1945 )August 26 –Edward Lavin Girroir , Canadian politician (d.1932 )August 27 –Theodore Dreiser , American writer (d.1945 )August 29 –Albert François Lebrun , French politician (d.1950 )August 30 –Ernest Rutherford , New Zealand physicist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Chemistry (d.1937 )August 31 September 1 –J. Reuben Clark , Under Secretary of State for U.S. PresidentCalvin Coolidge (d.1961 )September 7 –Francis Aylmer Maxwell ,British-Indian Army officer in theSecond Boer War andWWI (d.1917 )September 10 September 11 –Scipione Borghese , Italian aristocrat, industrialist, politician, explorer, mountain climber and race driver (d.1927 )September 13 –Alma Kruger , American actress (d.1960 )September 15 –Aloysius, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg September 17 –Eivind Astrup , Norwegian Arctic explorer (d.1895 )September 19 September 22 –Gaskell Romney , Americanpatriarch of theRomney family (d.1955 )September 23 –František Kupka , Czech painter andgraphic artist (d.1957 )September 24 –Lottie Dod , English athlete (d.1960 )September 26 –Winsor McCay , American cartoonist, animator (d.1934 )September 27 –Grazia Deledda , Italian writer,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1936 )September 28 –Pietro Badoglio , Italian field marshal, prime minister (d.1956 )September 30 –Adolphe Stoclet , Belgian engineer, financier and noted collector (d.1949 )October 2 –Cordell Hull ,United States Secretary of State , recipient of theNobel Peace Prize (d.1955 )October 3 –Kim Bo-hyon , paternal grandfather ofKim Il Sung , great-grandfather ofKim Jong Il , and great-great-grandfather ofKim Jong Un (d.1955 )October 5 –Sulejman Delvina , Albanian politician (d.1932 )October 10 –David Lindsay , BritishConservative politician and art connoisseur (d.1940 )October 11 –Sidney Dillon Redmond , American civic leader, physician, lawyer, and politician (d.1948 )October 14 –Alexander von Zemlinsky , Austriancomposer ,conductor , and teacher (d.1942 )October 19 –Walter Bradford Cannon , American physiologist (d.1945 )October 11 –Harriet Boyd Hawes , American archaeologist (d.1945 )October 17 –Dénes Berinkey , 21st Prime Minister of Hungary (d.1944 )October 20 –Atul Prasad Sen , Bengali composer, lyricist, singer, lawyer, philanthropist, social worker, educationist and writer (d.1934 )October 25 –John Gough , British general, Victoria Cross recipient (d.1915 )October 27 –Vatslav Vorovsky , RussianBolshevik ,Marxist revolutionary, literary critic, publicist andSoviet diplomat (d.1923 )October 30 November 1 –Stephen Crane , American writer (d.1900 )November 12 –Dagmar Hansen , Danishcabaret -singer, stage-performer and Denmark's first "pin-up girl " (d.1959 )November 13 –Vladislav F. Ribnikar , Serbian journalist (d.1914 )November 14 –Wajed Ali Khan Panni , Bengali aristocrat and philanthropist (d.1936 )[ 23] November 10 November 18 –Amadeu Vives i Roig , Spanish-Catalan composer and writer (d.1932 )November 23 –William Watt , Australian politician,Premier of Victoria (d.1946 )November 26 –Luigi Sturzo , ItalianCatholic priest and politician (d.1959 )November 27 –Giovanni Giorgi , Italian physicist andelectrical engineer (d.1950 )December 9 –Joe Kelley , AmericanBaseball Hall of Famer (d.1943 )December 13 –Emily Carr , Canadian artist (d.1945 )December 14 –August von Hayek , Austrian physician and botanist (d.1928 )December 16 –Manuel Fernández Silvestre , Spanish general (d.1921 )December 17 –Virginia Fábregas , Mexican actress (d.1950 )[ 24] December 29 –Meyer London , American politician (d.1926 )Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni , Moroccansharif and tribal leader (d.1925 )Sevasti Qiriazi , Albanian educator, women's rights activist (d.1949 )Zhang Jinghui , Chinese general and politician, second and finalPrime Minister of Manchukuo (d.1959 )Armando Falconi , Italianstage andfilm actor (d.1954 )Cyrus Avery , creator ofUS Route 66 (d.1963 )Hasan Rıza Pasha , general in theOttoman Army (d.1913 )Isfandiyar Khan ,Khan of Khiva between September 1910 and 1 October 1918 (d.1918 )R. Ramachandra Rao , Indian civil servant, mathematician and social and political activist (d.1936 )Konstantinos Spanoudis , Greek politician and journalist (d.1941 )John Herschel Samuel Harvey Taylor January 8 –José Trinidad Cabañas , Honduran general, president and national hero (b.1805 )January 13 –Kawakami Gensai , Japanese swordsman of theBakumatsu period (b.1834 )January 15 –Edward C. Delavan ,American temperance movement leader (b.1793 )January 19 –Sir William Denison , Governor of New South Wales (b.1804 )January 21 –Jan Jacob Rochussen ,Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b.1797 )January 25 –Jeanne Villepreux-Power , Frenchmarine biologist (b.1794 )February 10 –Étienne Constantin de Gerlache , 1st Prime Minister of Belgium (b.1785 )February 12 –Alice Cary , American poet, sister of Phoebe Cary (b.1820 )February 20 –Paul Kane , Irish-born painter (b.1810 )February 22 –Sir Charles Shaw , British army officer and police commissioner (b.1795 )February 23 –Amanda Cajander , Finnish medical reformer (b.1827 )[ 25] March –Emma Fürstenhoff , Swedish florist (b.1802 )March 18 –Augustus De Morgan , English professor of mathematics, mathematician (b.1806 )March 28 –Nora Hood , Aboriginal Australian religious figure (b.c. 1836 ) April 7 April 30 –Jane Clouson , teenaged British murder victim (b.1854 )May 11 –John Herschel , English astronomer (b.1792 )May 12 –Elzéar-Henri Juchereau Duchesnay , Canadian politician (b.1809 )May 18 –Constance Trotti , Belgian salonnière, culture patron (b.1800 )May 21 –Antonija Höffern , Slovene noblewoman and educator (b.1803 )[ 26] May 23 –Jarosław Dąbrowski , Polish general (b.1836 )June 9 –Anna Atkins , British botanist (b.1799 )Cristina Trivulzio Belgiojoso July 5 –Cristina Trivulzio Belgiojoso , Italian noble, patriot, writer and journalist (b.1808 )July 6 –Castro Alves , Brazilian poet and playwright (b.1847 )July 15 –Tad Lincoln , youngest son of American President Abraham Lincoln (b.1853 )July 31 –Phoebe Cary , American poet, sister to Alice Cary (b.1824 )August 9 –John Paterson , politician in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly (b.1831 )September 16 –Jan Erazim Vocel , Czech poet, archaeologist, historian and cultural revivalist (b.1803 )September 20 –John Patteson , Anglican bishop, missionary (martyred) (b.1827 )September 21 –Charlotte Elliott , English hymnwriter (b.1789 )September 23 –Louis-Joseph Papineau , Canadian politician (b.1786 )October 4 –Sarel Cilliers ,Voortrekker leader, preacher (b.1801 )October 7 –Sir John Burgoyne , British field marshal (b.1782 )October 11 –Joan Cornelis Reynst ,Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b.1798 )October 16 –Martha Hooper Blackler Kalopothakes , American missionary, journalist, translator (b.1830 )October 18 –Charles Babbage , English mathematician, inventor (b.1791 )October 29 –Andrea Debono , Maltese trader and explorer (b.1821 )[ 27] November 2 –Athalia Schwartz , Danish writer, journalist and educator (b.1821 )November 22 –Oscar James Dunn , Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana (b.1825 )December 21 –Luise Aston , German author, feminist (b.1814 )December 28 –John Henry Pratt , English clergyman, mathematician (b.1809 )^ "Vores historie" . København: Dansk Kvindesamfund. Archived fromthe original on January 25, 2022. RetrievedJanuary 20, 2020 .^ "Civil Service Commission", inLandmark Legislation, 1774–2002: Major U.S. Acts and Treaties , ed. by Stephen W. Stathis (Congressional Quarterly Press, 2003) p107 ^ BBC History , July 2011, p12^ Businger, Steven; Nogelmeier, M. Puakea; Chinn, Pauline W. U.; Schroeder, Thomas (February 1, 2018)."Hurricane with a History: Hawaiian Newspapers Illuminate an 1871 Storm" .Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society .99 (1):137– 147.Bibcode :2018BAMS...99..137B .doi :10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0333.1 .S2CID 52996353 . ^ "Adolphe Thiers" .elysee.fr . November 15, 2018. RetrievedJuly 18, 2025 .^ Joesting, Edward (1988).Kauai: The Separate Kingdom . University of Hawaii Press. p. 171. ^ Taliaferro, John (2007).In a Far Country: The True Story of a Mission, a Marriage, a Murder, and the Remarkable Reindeer Rescue of 1898 . PublicAffairs. p. 179. ^ Snay, Mitchell (2011).Horace Greeley and the Politics of Reform in Nineteenth-Century America . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 172. ^ "HISTORY AND HERITAGE AT 150 YEARS: WEST CHESTER UNIVERSITY PREPARES FOR ITS SESQUICENTENNIAL" .wcupa.edu . WCUPA. RetrievedOctober 11, 2023 .^ Schliemann, Heinrich (1881).Ilios . RetrievedJanuary 20, 2020 . ^ Dunn, Elwood D.; Beyan, Amos J.; Burrowes, Carl Patrick (2000).Historical Dictionary of Liberia ISBN 9781461659310 ^ "1871 Java – Port Darwin Cable" .History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications . November 5, 2014.Archived from the original on January 5, 2015. RetrievedJanuary 3, 2015 .^ Stanley, Henry Morton (1872). "XI. Through Uhawendi, Uvinza, and Uhha, to Ujiji".How I Found Livingstone: Travels, Adventures, and Discoveries in Central Africa; Including Four Months' Residence with Dr. Livingstone (1984 ed.). London: Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and Searle. p. 412 .ISBN 9780705415132 {{cite book }}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help ) ^ McKoy, Kathleen L. (2000).Cultures at a Crossroads: An Administrative History of Pipe Spring National Monument U. S. Department of the Interior ,National Park Service , Intermountain Region. p. 35. ^ Boren, Ray (February 28, 2013)."A Visit to Pioneer Oasis: Arizona's Pipe Spring" .Deseret News .Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959).The Imperial House of Japan . p. 125. ^ Manuel Gondra; Carlos E. Castañeda; Jack Autrey Dabbs (1952).Calendar of the Manuel E. Gondra Manuscript Collection, the University of Texas Library . Editorial Jus. p. xv. ^ Roskill, Captain Stephen Wentworth (1980).Admiral of the Fleet Earl Beatty – The Last Naval Hero: An Intimate Biography . London: Collins. p. 20.ISBN 0-689-11119-3 ^ "Kansanedustajat: Matti Turkia" (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland:Parliament of Finland . Archived fromthe original on July 25, 2020. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023 .^ Solé, Carlos A (1989).Latin American writers . New York: Scribner. p. 431.ISBN 9780684185972 ^ Wroe, David (December 18, 2009)."Rosa Luxemburg Murder Case Reopened" The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. RetrievedNovember 30, 2014 . ^ Victor Iova, "Tabel cronologic", in N. Iorga,Istoria lui Mihai Viteazul , Vol. I, Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1979, pp. xxvii.OCLC 6422662 ^ Mir Shamsur Rahman (2012)."Panni, Wazed Ali Khan" . InSirajul Islam ; Miah, Sajahan;Khanam, Mahfuza ; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.).Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh Asiatic Society of Bangladesh .ISBN 984-32-0576-6 OCLC 52727562 .OL 30677644M . RetrievedFebruary 15, 2026 . ^ "Virginia Fábregas" . Rotonda de las Personas Ilustres. Archived fromthe original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved13 June 2014 .^ "Hautausmaita" .Hautausmaita (in Finnish). Archived fromthe original on May 24, 2021. RetrievedMay 24, 2021 .^ Glonar, Joža (2013)."Höffern, Antonija, pl. (1803–1871)" .Slovenian Biographical Lexicon (in Slovenian).Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts . RetrievedMay 5, 2023 . ^ "Prominent Sengleans" .Senglea Local Council . Archived fromthe original on February 16, 2020.Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1871 (1873), comprehensive collection of factsonline edition 
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