Calendar year
1869 by topic Humanities By country Other topics Lists of leaders Birth and death categories Establishments and disestablishments categories Works category
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1869 .
1869 (MDCCCLXIX ) was acommon year starting on Friday of theGregorian calendar and acommon year starting on Wednesday of theJulian calendar , the 1869th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 2nd millennium , the 69th year of the19th century , and the 10th and last year of the1860s decade. As of the start of 1869, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
May 4 –10 –Naval Battle of Hakodate : TheImperial Japanese Navy defeats adherents of theTokugawa shogunate .May 6 –Purdue University is founded inWest Lafayette, Indiana .May 10 – Thefirst transcontinental railroad in North America is completed atPromontory, Utah , by the driving of the "golden spike ".[ 4] May 10 – TheFirst transcontinental railroad in North America is completedMay 15 –Women's suffrage : In New York,Susan B. Anthony andElizabeth Cady Stanton form theNational Woman Suffrage Association .May 18 – One day after surrendering at the landBattle of Hakodate (begun4 December 1868 ),Enomoto Takeaki turns overGoryōkaku to Japanese forces, signaling the collapse of theRepublic of Ezo .May 22 –Sainsbury's first store, inDrury Lane , London, is opened.[ 5] May 24 –John Wesley Powell departsGreen River, Wyoming , with a company of nine other men, on a trip down the Green and Colorado Rivers.May 26 –Boston University is chartered by theCommonwealth of Massachusetts .May – Inelections in France , the opposition, consisting of republicans, monarchists and liberals, polls almost 45% of the vote.November 4 – The first issue of the scientific journalNature Norman Lockyer .November 6 –The first game of American football between two American colleges is played.Rutgers University defeatsPrinceton University 6–4, in a forerunner toAmerican football andCollege football .November 17 – InEgypt , theSuez Canal , linking theMediterranean Sea with theRed Sea , is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony.November 19 – TheHudson's Bay Company surrenders its claim toRupert's Land in Canada, under itsletters patent , back to theBritish Crown .[ 9] November 23 – InDumbarton , Scotland, theclipper shipCutty Sark [ 8] The investment bankGoldman Sachs is founded in New York. The capital of theIsle of Man moves fromCastletown toDouglas . Arabella Mansfield became the first woman in the United States awarded a license to practice law, atMount Pleasant, Iowa .James Gordon Bennett Jr. of theNew York Herald Henry Morton Stanley to find Dr.David Livingstone .The Co-operative Central Board (laterCo-operatives UK ) is founded inManchester , England. Friedrich Miescher purifies nuclein, which was then identified asdeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).TheLadies National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts is founded in Great Britain. Frenchmissionary andnaturalist PèreArmand David receives the skin of agiant panda from a hunter, the first time this species becomes known to a Westerner;[ 12] Davidia involucrata New Zealand's first university, theUniversity of Otago , is founded.[ 13] Thomas Henry Huxley coins the word "Agnostic ".[ 14] Campbell Soup Company is founded inNew Jersey , United States.[ 15] Heinz , as predecessor ofKraft Heinz , a worldwidefood processing andcheese brand , founded inPennsylvania , United States.[ 16] St. Ignatius College Prep inChicago is founded, and construction on the school's main building began. It is one of only five buildings that survived theGreat Chicago Fire of 1871. The building was designed by the Canadian architect Toussaint Menard in theSecond Empire architecture style.TheTimișoara horse-drawn railway , opened in 1869. The Marquess of Salisbury caricatured by "Ape " inVanity Fair' , 1869 - Carlo Pellegrini (25 March 1839 – 22 January 1889), who did much of his work under the pseudonym of Ape Else Lasker-Schüler Stanisław Wojciechowski Edith Anne Stoney Charles Thomson Rees Wilson Emilio Aguinaldo Calouste Gulbenkian Hans Spemann January 6 –Edith Anne Stoney , Irish physicist (d.1938 )January 9 –Grigori Rasputin , Russian mystic (d.1916 )January 11 –Carl Theodore Vogelgesang , American admiral (d.1927 )January 13 –Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta , Italian general,Marshal of Italy (d.1931 )January 15 –Stanisław Wyspiański , Polish dramatist, poet, painter and architect (d.1907 )January 21 –Agnelo de Souza , Portuguese Roman Catholic priest, missionary and saint (d.1927 )January 22 –José Vicente de Freitas , Portuguese colonel and politician, 97th Prime Minister of Portugal (d.1952 )January 24 January 25 –Max Hoffmann , German general (d.1927 )February 11 February 14 –Charles Thomson Rees Wilson , Scottish physicist,Nobel laureate (d.1959 )February 26 –Nadezhda Krupskaya , RussianMarxist revolutionary,Vladimir Lenin 's wife (d.1939 )February 27 –Alice Hamilton , American physician (d.1970 )February 28 –William V. Pratt , American admiral (d.1957 )March 3 March 12 –George Forbes ,New Zealand Prime Minister , first leader of theNew Zealand National Party (d.1947 )March 14 –Algernon Blackwood , English writer (d.1951 )[ 17] March 15 –Stanisław Wojciechowski , 2nd President of the Republic of Poland (d.1953 )March 18 –Neville Chamberlain ,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d.1940 )March 22 –Emilio Aguinaldo , 1stPresident of the Philippines (d.1964 )March 23 –Calouste Gulbenkian , British-Armenian businessman and philanthropist (d.1955 )March 29 –Edwin Lutyens , British architect (d.1944 )April 2 –Hughie Jennings , American baseball player (d.1928 )April 4 –Mary Colter , American architect (d.1958 )April 8 April 10 –Signe Bergman , Swedish suffragist (d.1960 )April 11 –Gustav Vigeland , Norwegian sculptor (d.1943 )April 12 –Henri Désiré Landru , French serial killer (d.1922 )May 3 –Warren Terhune ,United States Navy Commander , 13thGovernor of American Samoa (d.1920 )May 5 –Hans Pfitzner , German composer (d.1949 )May 9 –Tyrone Power Sr. , English-born American actor (d.1931 )May 12 –Carl Schuhmann , German athlete (d.1946 )May 13 –Bob Dalton , Wild Western outlaw (d.1892 )May 14 –Percy Abbott , Australian politician (d.1940 )May 18 May 20 –John Stone Stone , American physicist, inventor (d.1943 )May 24 –Ivan Aguéli , Swedish wanderingSufi , artist (d. 1917)May 28 –Hugo Meurer , German admiral (d.1960 )May 30 –Giulio Douhet , Italian general,air power theorist (d.1930 )June 17 –Flora Finch , English-born comedian (d.1940 )June 24 –Prince George of Greece and Denmark ,high commissioner of theCretan State (d.1957 )June 27 –Hans Spemann , German embryologist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.1941 )Mohandas Gandhi Victor Emmanuel III André Gide Henri Matisse July 11 –Pío Valenzuela ,Filipino doctor, patriot (d.1956 )July 19 –Xenophon Stratigos , Greek general (d.1927 )July 30 –Cristóbal Magallanes Jara , MexicanRoman Catholic priest, martyr and saint (d.1927 )August 11 –Hale Holden , president ofChicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (d.1940 )August 13 –Paul Behncke , German admiral (d.1937 )August 16 –Mignon Talbot , American paleontologist (d.1950 )September 2 –Anna DeCosta Banks , American nurse (d.1930 )September 3 –Fritz Pregl , Austrian chemist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1930 )September 6 –Felix Salten , Austrian author and critic (d.1945 )[ 18] September 17 –Christian Lous Lange , Norwegian pacifist, recipient of theNobel Peace Prize (d.1938 )September 19 –Ben Turpin , American actor and comedian (d.1940 )September 23 –Mary Mallon (Typhoid Mary ), first known (in the United States)asymptomatic carrier of the pathogen associated withtyphoid fever (d.1938 )September 26 –Winsor McCay , American cartoonist, animator (d.1934 )Komitas October 2 –Mahatma Gandhi , Indian political leader,Father of the Nation 1948 )October 8 –Komitas , Armenian composer,Father of Armenian national school of music (d.1935 )October 18 –Johannes Linnankoski , Finnish author (d.1913 )[ 19] October 21 –William Dodd , American historian, diplomat (d.1940 )October 25 –John Heisman , American football coach (d.1936 )October 26 –Washington Luís , 13th President of Brazil (d.1957 )October 31 –William A. Moffett , American admiral (d.1933 )November 10 –Wayne Wheeler ,American temperance movement leader (d.1927 )November 11 –Victor Emmanuel III , King of Italy (d.1947 )November 20 –Herbert Tudor Buckland , BritishArts and Crafts architect (d.1951 )November 22 –André Gide , French writer,Nobel laureate (d.1951 )[ 20] November 24 –Óscar Carmona ,President of Portugal (d.1951 )November 25 –Herbert Greenfield ,Premier of Alberta , Canada (d.1949 )November 30 –Gustaf Dalén , Swedish physicist,Nobel laureate (d.1937 )December 5 –Ellis Parker Butler , American humorist (d.1937 )December 16 –Hristo Tatarchev ,Bulgarian revolutionary, leader of the revolutionary movement inMacedonia andEastern Thrace (d.1952 )December 20 –Charley Grapewin , American vaudeville performer, stage and film actor (d.1956 )December 22 –Edwin Arlington Robinson , American poet (d.1935 )[ 21] December 24 –Henriette Roland Holst , Dutch poet, socialist (d.1952 )December 30 –Stephen Leacock , British-Canadian author, economist (d.1944 )December 31 –Henri Matisse , French painter (d.1954 )Hector Berlioz Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer January 1 January 18 –Bertalan Szemere , 3rd Prime Minister of Hungary (b.1812 )January 19 –Carl Reichenbach , German chemist (b.1788 )January 30 February 15 –Ghalib , Indian poet (b.1797 )March 8 –Hector Berlioz , French composer (b.1803 )March 20 –John Pascoe Grenfell , British admiral of the Brazilian Navy (b.1800 )March 21 –Juan Almonte , Mexican general, diplomat and regent (b.1803 )March 22 –Antoine-Henri Jomini , French general (b.1779 )April 2 –Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer , German palaeontologist (b.1801 )April 20 –Carl Loewe , German composer (b.1796 )June 16 –Charles Sturt , Australian explorer (b.1795 )June 18 –Giovanni Battista Bugatti , Italian executioner (b.1779 )June 20 –Hijikata Toshizō , Japanese military commander (b.1835 )July 18 –Laurent Clerc , French advocate for the American deaf (b.1785 )July 22 –John A. Roebling , American bridge engineer (b.1806 )July 28 –Carl Gustav Carus , German physiologist (b.1789 )August 21 –Casto Méndez Núñez , Spanish admiral (b.1824 )August 31 –Mary Ward , Irish scientist, first car crash victim (b.1827 )September 4 –John Pascoe Fawkner , Australian pioneer, settler and politician, (b.1792 )September 12 –Peter Mark Roget , British lexicographer (b.1779 )October 8 –Franklin Pierce , 64, 14thPresident of the United States (b.1804 )October 12 –Pyotr Anjou , arctic explorer and admiral of the Russian Navy (b.1796 )October 13 –Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve , French literary critic (b.1804 )October 16 –Joseph Ritner , American politician (b.1780 )October 23 –Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby ,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b.1799 )October 31 –Charles A. Wickliffe , American politician, 14thGovernor of Kentucky (b.1788 )November 8 –Christodoulos Hatzipetros , Greek military leader (b.1799 )November 10 –John E. Wool , general officer in theUnited States Army , who served during theWar of 1812 ,Mexican–American War , and theAmerican Civil War (b.1784 )December 8 –Narcisa de Jesús Martillo , Ecuadorian saint (b.1832 )December 18 –Louis Moreau Gottschalk , American composer, pianist (b.1829 )December 24 –Edwin Stanton , American lawyer, judge and politician (b.1814 )^ C.E.Buckland (1971).Dictionary of Indian Biography . Indological Book House. p. 6. ^ Wises New Zealand Guide . Wises Publications Limited. 1952. p. 714.^ 天下 ^ "Ceremony at "Wedding of the Rails," May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah" .World Digital Library . RetrievedJuly 20, 2013 .^ Baren, Maurice (1996).How it All Began Up the High Street . London: Michael O'Mara Books.ISBN 1-85479-667-4 ^ Milton Meltzer,Mark Twain Himself: A Pictorial Biography (University of Missouri Press, 2002) p. 102 ^ Valente, Anne Marie."History of Boston Children's Hospital" (PDF) .American Heart Association .Archived (PDF) from the original on September 26, 2020. RetrievedMay 8, 2020 . ^a b Penguin Pocket On This Day . Penguin Reference Library. 2006.ISBN 0-14-102715-0 ^a b Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History . London: Century Ltd. pp. 290– 291.ISBN 0-7126-5616-2 ^ Elston, M. A. (2004)."Edinburgh Seven (act. 1869–1873)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/61136 . RetrievedJanuary 28, 2011 . (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.) ^ "Decrees of the First Vatican Council - Papal Encyclicals" . June 29, 1868. RetrievedJuly 18, 2025 .^ "Giant Panda" .Encyclopædia Britannica Online . RetrievedAugust 9, 2010 .^ "University of Otago".Scientific Bulletin .4 (1). United States. Air Force. Office of Scientific Research: 54. 1979. ^ Dixon, Thomas (2008).Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press. p. 63.ISBN 978-0-19-929551-7 ^ About Us ^ The Complete History of Heinz ^ "Blackwood, Algernon Henry".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/31913 . (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.) ^ McColl, Sandra (1996).Music criticism in Vienna, 1896-1897: critically moving forms . Oxford New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press. p. 27.ISBN 9780198165644 ^ Linnankoski, Johannes – Doria (in Finnish)^ Sheridan, Alan (1999).André Gide: a life in the present . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 7.ISBN 9780674035270 ^ Smith, Danny D."Biography of Edwin Arlington Robinson" .A Virtual Tour of Robinson's Gardiner, Maine . Gardiner Public Library.Archived from the original on October 2, 2012. RetrievedDecember 4, 2021 . 
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