From top left, clockwise: Aseries of devastating earthquakes strike Ecuador (left)and southern Peru (centre), killing a culminative estimate of 95,000 people; the first identified skeletons ofCro-Magnons , theearliest modern humans to occupy Europe, are discovered inDordogne in France; theMeiji Restoration occurs in Japan after theTokugawa shogunate is defeated in theBoshin War ; Māori generalTītokowaru wages aninitially successful war against the British and theNew Zealand colonial government inSouth Taranaki ; the SpanishGlorious Revolution leads to the deposition and exile ofIsabella II ;Helium is named by English astronomerNorman Lockyer two months after contemporaryPierre Jannsen accidentally discovers it; the expensive British expedition toAbyssinia is successful in rescuing hostages of EmperorTewodros II . Calendar year
1868 by topic Humanities By country Other topics Lists of leaders Birth and death categories Establishments and disestablishments categories Works category
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1868 .
1868 (MDCCCLXVIII ) was aleap year starting on Wednesday of theGregorian calendar and aleap year starting on Monday of theJulian calendar , the 1868th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 2nd millennium , the 68th year of the19th century , and the 9th year of the1860s decade. As of the start of 1868, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
January 3 :Emperor Meiji .January 2 –British Expedition to Abyssinia :Robert Napier leads an expedition to free captive British officials and missionaries.[ 1] January 3 – The 15-year-old Mutsuhito,Emperor Meiji of Japan, declares theMeiji Restoration Chōshū andSatsuma Domains , and against the supporters of theTokugawa shogunate , triggering theBoshin War .[ 2] January 5 –Paraguayan War : Brazilian Army commanderLuís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias , entersAsunción ,Paraguay 's capital. Some days later he declares the war is over. Nevertheless,Francisco Solano López , Paraguay's president, prepares guerrillas to fight in the countryside.January 7 – TheArkansas constitutional convention meets inLittle Rock .January 9 –Penal transportation fromBritain toAustralia ends, with arrival of theconvict ship Hougoumont Fenians among the transportees.January 10 –Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu declares the emperor's declaration "illegal", and prepares to attackKyoto .January 27 –31 –Battle of Toba–Fushimi : forces of theTokugawa shogunate and the allied pro-Imperial forces of the Chōshū, Satsuma andTosa Domains clash nearFushimi, Kyoto , ending in a decisive victory for the Imperial forces (although in theJanuary 28 navalBattle of Awa , the Shogunate is victorious against Satsuma).April 1 – TheHampton Normal and Agricultural Institute is established inHampton, Virginia .April 7 – TheCharter Oath , drawn up by his councilors, is promulgated at the enthronement of theEmperor Meiji of Japan, promising deliberative assemblies and an end tofeudalism .[ 5] April 9 – EmperorTewodros II of Ethiopia massacres at least 197 of his own people atMagdala . These are prisoners incarcerated, for the most part, for very trivial offenses, and are killed for requesting bread and water.April 9 –13 –Battle of Magdala : A British-Indian task force underRobert Napier inflicts 700 deaths and a crushing defeat on the army of EmperorTewodros II ; the British and Indians suffer 30 wounded, two of whom subsequently die. Tewodros commits suicide and Magdala is captured, ending theBritish Expedition to Abyssinia .April 11 –July –Fall of Edo : The Japanese city surrenders toEmperor Meiji .Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu submits to the Emperor.April 29 – GeneralWilliam Tecumseh Sherman brokers theTreaty of Fort Laramie , between thefederal government of the United States and thePlains Indians .July 25 :Wyoming Territory .November 27 :Battle of Washita River .Felix Hoffmann Countess Markiewicz January 1 –Snitz Edwards , Hungarian-born actor (d.1937 )January 6 –Vittorio Monti , Italian composer (d.1922 )[ 15] January 9 –S. P. L. Sørensen , Danish chemist (d.1939 )January 11 –Cai Yuanpei , Chinese educator (d.1940 )January 15 –Otto von Lossow , Bavarian and German general (d.1938 )January 18 –Kantarō Suzuki , 29th Prime Minister of Japan (d.1948 )January 21 –Felix Hoffmann , German chemist (d.1946 )January 31 –Theodore William Richards , American chemist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1928 )February 4 –Constance Markievicz , Irish politician (d.1927 )[ 16] February 5 –Maxine Elliott , American actress (d.1940 )February 12 –William Faversham , English actor (d.1940 )February 16 –Edward S. Curtis , American photographer, ethnologist, and film director (d.1952 )February 23 –W. E. B. Du Bois , African American civil rights leader (d.1963 )[ 17] February 25 February 26 –Venceslau Brás , Brazilian president (d.1966 )February 27 –Georges Brunet , French anarchist (d.20th century )March 1 –Adolf von Trotha , German admiral (d.1940 )March 14 –Emily Murphy , Canadian woman's rights activist (d.1933 )March 22 –Robert Andrews Millikan , American physicist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1953 )[ 18] March 25 –Bill Lockwood , English cricketer (d.1932 )March 28 –Maxim Gorky , Russian author (d.1936 )[ 19] March 29 –Joseph Cawthorn , American actor (d.1949 )Nicholas II of Russia John L. Hines Robert Falcon Scott Karl Landsteiner Miklós Horthy April 1 –Edmond Rostand , French poet and playwright (d.1918 )[ 20] April 10 –George Arliss , English actor (d.1946 )April 12 –Akiyama Saneyuki , Japanese admiral (d.1918 )April 17 –Zdeňka Wiedermannová-Motyčková , Moravian pioneer of female education (d.1915 )April 25 May 6 –Gaston Leroux , French writer (d.1927 )[ 21] May 12 –Al Shean , German-born actor (d.1949 )May 18 (O. S. May 6) –Nicholas II of Russia (d.1918 )[ 22] May 21 –John L. Hines , American general,Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army (d.1968 )May 29 –Abdülmecid II , last Caliph of the Ottoman Empire (d.1944 )June –Fusajiro Yamauchi , Japanese entrepreneur and founder of Nintendo (d.1929 or1940 )June 5 –James Connolly , Irish-Scots socialist (d.1916 )June 6 –Robert Falcon Scott , English Antarctic explorer (d.1912 )[ 23] June 7 June 14 June 21 –Edward Chaytor , New Zealand general (d.1939 )[ 27] July 2 –Traian Moșoiu , Romanian general and politician (d.1932 )July 4 –Henrietta Swan Leavitt , American astronomer (d.1921 )[ 28] July 12 –Stefan George , German poet (d.1933 )July 14 –Gertrude Bell , English archaeologist, writer, spy and administrator (d.1926 )[ 29] July 15 –Nobuyoshi Mutō , Japanese field marshal and ambassador (d.1933 )July 17 –Mikhail Bakhirev , Russian admiral (d.1920 )July 19 –Florence Foster Jenkins , American socialite and amateur operatic soprano (d.1944 )[ 30] July 20 –Patriarch Miron of Romania , 38th Prime Minister of Romania (d.1939 )July 24 – PrincessSrivilailaksana The Princess of Suphanburi daughter of KingChulalongkorn of Siam and Chao Chom Manda Pae Bunnag (d.1904 )July 28 –Theodor Wulf , German physicist and Jesuit (d.1946 )August 5 –Oskar Merikanto , Finnish composer (d.1924 )August 6 –Paul Claudel , French poet, dramatist and diplomat (d.1955 )[ 31] August 7 August 10 –Hugo Eckener , German dirigible engineer, Commander ofGraf Zeppelin I 1954 )August 23 –Edgar Lee Masters , American poet, biographer and dramatist (d.1950 )August 26 –Charles Stewart ,Premier of Alberta (d.1946 )September 1 –Henri Bourassa , Canadian politician and publisher (d.1952 )September 6 –Heinrich Häberlin , Swiss politician, member of the Federal Council (d.1947 )September 17 –James Alexander Calder , Canadian politician (d.1956 )September 22 –John T. Raulston , American state judge (Scopes Monkey Trial) (d.1956 )Mary Brewster Hazelton Arturo Alessandri Fritz Haber October 4 –Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear , President of Argentina (d.1942 )October 15 –J. B. Johnson , American attorney and politician (d.1940 )October 21 –Ernest Swinton , British Army general (d.1951 )October 24 –Alexandra David-Néel , French explorer (d.1969 )October 30 –António Cabreira , Portuguese polygraph (d.1953 )[ 32] November 7 –Delfim Moreira , Brazilian president (d.1920 )November 8 –Felix Hausdorff , German mathematician (d.1942 )November 9 –Marie Dressler , Canadian actress (d.1934 )November 10 –Gichin Funakoshi , Japanese founder of Shotokan karate, "father of modern karate" (d.1957 )November 17 –Korbinian Brodmann , German neurologist (d.1918 )November 23 –Mary Brewster Hazelton , American portrait painter (d.1953 )December 5 –Arnold Sommerfeld , German theoretical physicist (d.1951 )[ 33] December 9 –Fritz Haber , German chemist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1934 )[ 34] December 19 –Eleanor H. Porter , American novelist (d.1920 )[ 35] December 20 –Arturo Alessandri , Chilean statesman, 3-TimePresident of Chile (d.1950 )December 21 –George W. Fuller , American sanitation engineer (d.1934 )December 22 –Jaan Tõnisson , 2nd Prime Minister of Estonia (d.1941 ?)December 25 –Eugenie Besserer , American silent film actress (d.1934 )probable –Scott Joplin , African American ragtime composer and pianist (d.1917 )[ 36] January 20 –Damien Marchesseault , 7thMayor of Los Angeles (suicide) (b.1818 )January 23 –János Erdélyi , Hungarian poet and ethnographer (b.1814 )January 28 –Adalbert Stifter , Austrian writer (b.1805 )February 8 –Lai Wenguang , Chinese leader of theTaiping Rebellion andNien Rebellion (b.1827 )February 10 –Sir David Brewster , Scottish physicist (b.1781 )[ 37] February 11 –Léon Foucault , French physicist (b.1819 )[ 38] February 19 –Venancio Flores , Uruguayan general and president ofUruguay (b.1808 )February 29 – KingLudwig I of Bavaria (b.1786 )[ 39] March 4 –Jesse Chisholm , American pioneer (b.1805 )March 19 –Philipp von Stadion und Thannhausen , Austrian field marshal (b.1799 )March 28 –James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan , British military leader (b.1797 )April 3 –Franz Berwald , Swedish composer (b.1796 )[ 40] April 7 –Thomas D'Arcy McGee , Canadian father of confederation (assassinated) (b.1825 )April 12 –James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury , British politician and peer (b.1791 )April 13 – Emperor Theodore orTewodros II ofEthiopia by suicide (b.1818 )April 21 –Henry O'Farrell , Irish-Australian criminal (executed) (b.1833 )May 7 –Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux ,Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (b.1778 )May 10 –Henry Bennett , American politician (b.1808 )John Crawfurd May 11 –John Crawfurd , Scottish physician, colonial administrator, diplomat and author, last British Resident of Singapore (b.1783 )May 17 –Isami Kondo , Commander of theShinsengumi (b.1834 )May 22 –Julius Plücker , German mathematician and physicist (b.1801 )May 23 –Kit Carson , American trapper, scout, and Indian agent (b.1809 )[ 41] June 1 –James Buchanan , 15thPresident of the United States (b.1791 )[ 42] June 10 –Princess Anka Obrenović , Serbian princess (b.1821 )June 22 –Heber C. Kimball ,Latter Day Saint leader (b.1801 )June 29 –Sir John Lillie , British army officer, entrepreneur and inventor (b.1790 )Gioachino Rossini Adah Isaacs Menken Mongkut July 6 –Harada Sanosuke ,Shinsengumi Captain (b.1840 )July 19 –Okita Sōji ,Shinsengumi Captain (b.1842 or1844 )July 21 –William Bland , Australian politician (b.1789 )July 26 –Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth , EnglishLord High Chancellor of Great Britain (b.1791 )July 29 –John Elliotson , English physician (b.1791 )August 3 –Edward Welch , Welsh architect (b.1806 )August 7 –Pedro de Ampudia , Mexican General (b.1805 )August 10 –Adah Isaacs Menken , American actress (b.1835 )August 11 –Thaddeus Stevens , American politician (b.1792 )August 25 –Charlotte Birch-Pfeiffer , German actress, writer and theater director (b.1799 )August 29 –Christian Friedrich Schönbein , German chemist (b.1799 )September 1 –Ferenc Gyulay , Hungarian nobleman, general and governor (b.1799 )September 9 –Mzilikazi , first king ofMthwakazi (b. c.1790)September 11 –Maria James , Welsh-born American poet (b.1793 )September 19 –William Sprague , American minister and politician from Michigan (b.1809 )September 26 –August Ferdinand Möbius , German mathematician and astronomer (b.1790 )[ 43] October 1 –Mongkut (Rama IV),King of Siam (Thailand ) (b.1804 )October 9 –Howell Cobb , American politician (b.1815 )October 17 –Laura Secord , Canadian patriot (b.1775 )October 27 –Charles Longley ,Archbishop of Canterbury (b.1794 )November 13 –Gioachino Rossini , Italian composer (b.1792 )[ 44] November 15 –James Mayer de Rothschild , German-born banker (b.1792 )November 27 – ChiefBlack Kettle , Southern Cheyenne Peace Chief, Survivor ofSand Creek massacre (b.1803 )December 6 –August Schleicher , German linguist (b.1821 )December 23 –Sir Herbert Edwardes , British army general and colonial administrator (b.1819 )December 25 –Linus Yale, Jr. , American inventor (b.1821 )[ 45] December 31 –Cyrus Kingsbury , American missionary and Choctaw linguist (b.1786)^ Penguin Pocket On This Day . Penguin Reference Library. 2006.ISBN 0-14-102715-0 ^ Satow, Ernest (1921).A Diplomat in Japan: the inner history of the critical years in the evolution of Japan when the ports were opened and the monarchy restored ^ Gara, T. J. (May 1983). Smith, Moya (ed.).The Flying Foam Massacre: An Incident on North West Frontier, Western Australia . Papers presented in Section 25A, Archaeology, of the 53rdANZAAS Congress. Perth: Western Australian Museum. pp. 86– 94.ISBN 0724497501 OCLC 16757628 . ^ Polak, Christian (2001).Soie et lumières: l'âge d'or des échanges franco-japonais (des origines aux années 1950) . Tokyo: Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Française du Japon. p. 75.^ Keene, Donald (2002).Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852-1912 137 .ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2 OCLC 46731178 ^ "State of Wyoming - Wyoming History" .www.wyo.gov . RetrievedJuly 18, 2025 .^ Rice, Daniel (2011)."The 'Uniform Rule' and its exceptions: a history of Congressional naturalization legislation" (PDF) .Ozark Historical Review .40 . Archived fromthe original (PDF) on March 5, 2013. RetrievedJune 11, 2012 . ^ Kochhar, R. K. (1991). "French astronomers in India during the 17th –19th centuries".Journal of the British Astronomical Association .101 (2):95– 100.Bibcode :1991JBAA..101...95K . ^ "Nagodba" .Encyclopædia Britannica . 2009.^ Hampel, Clifford A. (1968).The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements . New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 256– 268.ISBN 0-442-15598-0 ^ "Katedraalin historia" .Helsingin Ortodoksinen Seurakunta (in Finnish). RetrievedOctober 25, 2021 .^ "The man who gave us traffic lights" . Nottingham: BBC. July 2009. RetrievedAugust 13, 2012 .^ Coe, Brian (1978).Colour Photography: the first hundred years 1840-1940 . London: Ash & Grant.ISBN 0-904069-24-9 ^ Ley, Willy (1959).Exotic Zoology ^ Philip James Bone (1914).The Guitar and Mandolin: Biographies of Celebrated Players and Composers . Schott. p. 243 . ^ William Henry Kautt; William Kautt (1999).The Anglo-Irish War, 1916-1921: A People's War ISBN 978-0-275-96311-8 ^ The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc. (November 1980).The Crisis ^ "Robert A. Millikan – Biographical" .nobelprize.org .^ Frank Marshall Borras (1967).Maxim Gorky, the Writer: An Interpretation ISBN 978-0-19-815622-2 ^ E. J. Freeman (1995).Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac ISBN 978-0-85261-467-9 ^ Laura Paola Pellegrini (April 27, 2012).Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux: The novel's evolution and its theatrical and cinematic adaptations in the twentieth century ISBN 978-88-7916-584-6 ^ Alexander Wasil Benko (1991).Emperor Alexander the First of Russia: A Sketch ^ Robert Falcon Scott ^ Douglas Percy Bliss (1978).Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Glasgow School of Art: Furniture in the School Collection ^ Von Engel, A. (1957). "John Sealy Edward Townsend. 1868-1957".Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 3 :256– 272.doi :10.1098/rsbm.1957.0018 .S2CID 186208966 . ^ Rous, P. (1947). "Karl Landsteiner. 1868–1943".Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society .5 (15):294– 324.doi :10.1098/rsbm.1947.0002 .JSTOR 769085 .S2CID 161789667 . ^ Fiery Ted: Anzac Commander by Michael Smith (2008, Christchurch NZ)ISBN 978-0-473-13363-4 ^ Lamb, Gregory M. (July 5, 2005)."Before computers, there were these humans..." The Christian Science Monitor . RetrievedJanuary 1, 2020 . ^ Alan Myers (1995).Myers' Literary Guide: The North East ISBN 978-1-85754-199-1 ^ Nicholas Martin; Jasper Rees (May 5, 2016).Florence Foster Jenkins ISBN 978-1-5098-2469-4 ^ Paul Claudel (1964).The Correspondence, 1899-1926, Between Paul Claudel and André Gide ^ Livro de Registo de Baptismos 1869 (folha 15 v.), Paróquia de Santa Maria do Castelo, Tavira – Arquivo Distrital de Faro^ Born, Max,Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld, 1868–1951 ,Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society Volume 8, Number 21, pp. 274–296 (1952) ^ Goran, Morris (1967).The Story of Fritz Haber ISBN 978-0-8061-0756-1 . RetrievedApril 30, 2021 . ^ Eleanor H Porter (September 2018).Pollyanna : Om Illustrated Classics ISBN 978-93-80070-87-2 ^ Alyn Shipton (February 21, 2002).Jazz Makers: Vanguards of Sound ISBN 978-0-19-976130-2 ^ Gordon, Margaret Maria (1881).The home life of sir David Brewster 231 –236. RetrievedSeptember 18, 2011 . ^ John Guy Porter; Patrick Moore (1967).Yearbook of Astronomy ^ William Harbutt Dawson (1888).German Socialism and Ferdinand Lassalle: A Biographical History of German Socialistic Movements During this Century ISBN 978-0-598-44389-2 {{cite book }}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help ) ^ BBC Music Magazine ^ Edwin Legrand Sabin (January 1, 1935).Kit Carson Days, 1809-1868: Adventures in the Path of Empire ISBN 0-8032-9238-4 {{cite book }}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help ) ^ The Statistician and Economist: 1st-23d Issue 1876-1905/06 ^ Franceschetti, Donald (1999).Biographical encyclopedia of mathematicians . New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 377.ISBN 9780761470717 ^ Edward Ledger (1874).The Era Almanack, Dramatic & Musical ^ Day, Lance (1996).Biographical dictionary of the history of technology . London New York: Routledge. p. 1345.ISBN 9781134650194 "American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1868".American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year .8 . New York: D. Appleton and Company: 14 v. 1871.hdl :2027/coo.31924106392040 . via Google Books 
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