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1866 in science

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Overview of the events of 1866 in science

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1866 in science
1865 1867
Fields
Archaeology
Technology
Sustainable energy research Transportation technology
Social sciences
Psychology Governance and policy studies
Paleontology
Dinosaurs' extinction
Extraterrestrial environment
Terrestrial environment
Tornado research
Other/related
Birding/ornithology Literature Timeline of cosmological theories List of open letters by academics History of technology by type List of science timelines
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The year1866 inscience andtechnology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

May –William Huggins studies theemission spectrum of anova and discovers that it is surrounded by a cloud ofhydrogen.^[1]
June 4 –Pluto (not known at this time) reaches its onlyaphelion between1618 and 2113.
Giovanni Schiaparelli realizes thatmeteor streams occur when the Earth passes through theorbit of acomet that has left debris along its path.

Biology

Gregor Mendel publishes hislaws of inheritance.^[2]
Ernst Haeckel challenges the plant/animal division of life, observing thatsingle celled organisms, theprotists, do not fit into either category.
Élie Metchnikoff describes the early separation of "polecells" (progenital cells) inparthenogeneticDiptera.^[3]
Robert John Lechmere Guppy discovers theguppy (fish) inTrinidad.
Frederick Smith first discoversFormica candida in theBournemouth district of England, describing it asFormica gagates.
Nikolai Kaufman publishes hisMoscowFlora.^[4]

Chemistry

Dynamite invented byAlfred Nobel.^[5]
August von Hofmann proposes the now standard system ofhydrocarbon nomenclature and invents theHofmann voltameter.^[6]
Emil Erlenmeyer proposes thatnaphthalene has a structure of two fused benzene rings.^[7]

Earth sciences

January 26 –Volcanic eruption in theSantorini caldera begins.

Mathematics

The second smallest pair ofamicable numbers (1184, 1210) is discovered by teenager B. Nicolò I. Paganini.

Medicine

February 21 –Lucy Hobbs Taylor becomes the world's first woman to receive a doctorate from adental college (Ohio College of Dental Surgery).^[8]
July –Elizabeth Garrett Anderson opens theSt Mary's Dispensary in London where women can seek medical advice from exclusively female practitioners.^[9]
Max Schultze discovers two sorts of 'receptors' in theretina.^[10]
DrJohn Langdon Down publishes his theory that different types of mental condition can be classified by ethnic characteristics, notably "Mongolism", the geneticdevelopmental disability now known asDown syndrome.^[11]^[9]
Invention of aclinical thermometer byThomas Clifford Allbutt.^[9]
Acholera epidemic in London causes over 5,000 deaths.^[9]
Patrick Manson starts a school of tropical medicine in Hong Kong.^{[citation needed]}

Paleontology

American paleontologistJoseph Leidy describes the new genus and speciesLaelaps aquilunguis, demonstrating thattheropod dinosaurs walked on their hind limbs rather than on all fours as in earlier reconstructions.^[12]

Physics

James Clerk Maxwell formulates theMaxwell–Boltzmann distribution in thekinetic theory of gases.

Technology

January 12 –Royal Aeronautical Society is formed as 'The Aeronautical Society of Great Britain' in London, the world's oldest such society.
July 27 – TheSS Great Eastern successfully completes laying thetransatlantic telegraph cable betweenValentia Island, Ireland andHeart's Content, Newfoundland, permanently restoring a communications link.^[13]
August 23 – Ralph H. Twedell patents thehydraulic riveter in the United Kingdom.^[14]

Awards

Births

February 1 –Agda Meyerson (died1924),Swedish nurse and healthcare profession activist
February 8 –Moses Gomberg (died1947), Russian-bornchemist
February 14 –Victor Despeignes (died1937), French pioneer ofradiation oncology
February 26 –Herbert Henry Dow (died1930), Canadian-born chemist
April 17 –Ernest Starling (died1927), Englishphysiologist
July 13 –Emily Winifred Dickson (died1944),Irish-borngynaecologist
July 25 –Frederick Blackman (died1947), English plant physiologist
September 13 –Arthur Pollen (died 1937), Englishinventor
September 21 –H. G. Wells (died1946), English scientific populariser
September 25 –Thomas Hunt Morgan (died1945), Americanbiologist,Nobel laureate in Physiology
October 8 –Reginald Fessenden (died1932), Canadian pioneer ofradio broadcasting
November 11 –Martha Annie Whiteley (died1956), English chemist and mathematician
November 30 –Robert Broom (died1951),Scottish-bornpaleontologist
December 7 –Maude Delap (died1953),Irish marine biologist

Deaths

March 6 –William Whewell (born1794), English scientist, philosopher and historian of science
March 14 –Alexander Morison (born1779), Scottish physician andpsychiatrist
April 4 –William Dick (born1793), Scottishveterinarian
April 5 –Thomas Hodgkin (born1798), Englishphysician
July 20 –Bernhard Riemann (born1826), German-bornmathematician
September 16 –François Mêlier (born1798), French physician^[16]
October 18 –Philipp Franz von Siebold (born1796), German physician, botanist and traveler in Japan
December 1 –George Everest (born1790), Britishsurveyor andgeographer

References

^Becker, Barbara J. (2004)."Huggins, Sir William (1824–1910)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34039. Retrieved2011-03-04. (Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
^Mendel, J. G. (1866). "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden".Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn.IV: 3–47 (Abhandlungen). For the English translation,seeDruery, C. T.; Bateson, William (1901)."Experiments in plant hybridization"(PDF).Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society.26:1–32. Retrieved2009-10-09.
^Petrunkevitch, Alexander (1920). "Russia's Contribution to Science".Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.23: 239.
^Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979).
^Schück, H.; Sohlman, R. (1929).The Life of Alfred Nobel. London: Heinemann.
^von Hofmann, A. W. (1866).Introduction to Modern Chemistry: Experimental and Theoretic; Embodying Twelve Lectures Delivered in the Royal College of Chemistry, London. London: Walton and Maberly.
^Erlenmeyer, Emil (1866)."Studien über die s. g. aromatischen Säuren".Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie.137 (3):327–359.doi:10.1002/jlac.18661370309.
^Edwards, Ralph W. (1951). "The First Woman Dentist Lucy Hobbs Taylor, D.D.S. (1833–1910)".Bulletin of the History of Medicine.25 (3):277–283.JSTOR 44443642.PMID 14848611.
^^a ^b ^c ^dEverett, Jason M., ed. (2006). "1866".The People's Chronology. Thomson Gale.
^Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Retina.
^Down, J. Langdon H. (1866). "Observations on the Ethnic Classification of Idiots".Clinical Lectures and Reports by the Medical and Surgical Staff of the London Hospital.3:259–62.
^Holtz, Thomas R. (2004). "Tyrannosauroidea". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.).The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 111–136.ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
^Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006.ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
^McNeill, Ian (1972).Hydraulic Power. London: Longman.ISBN 0-582-12797-1.
^"Copley Medal | British scientific award".Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved23 July 2020.
^Jules Bergeron, Alexandre Wauthier."François Mêlier".cths.fr (in French). Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques. Retrieved2020-10-27.

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