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24 of the 72 seats in theUnited States Senate (with special elections) 25 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Results of the elections: Democratic gain Democratic hold Republican gain Republican hold Confederacy Barred from being seated | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The1864–65 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. They occurred during theAmerican Civil War andAbraham Lincoln'sre-election. As theseU.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of theSeventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen bystate legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1864 and 1865, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due tolegislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators inClass 2.
TheRepublican Party gained two seats. Most of the Southern states were absent because of the Civil War.
Senate party division,39th Congress (1865–1867)
| V5 Seceded | V4 Seceded | V3 Seceded | V2 | V1 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V6 Seceded | V7 Seceded | V8 Seceded | V9 Seceded | V10 Seceded | V11 Seceded | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 |
| UU5 Ran | U1 | U2 | U3 Retired | D10 Ran | D9 Retired | D8 Unknown | D7 Retired | D6 | D5 |
| UU4 | UU3 | UU2 | UU1 | R31 Ran | R30 Ran | R29 Retired | R28 Ran | R27 Ran | R26 Retired |
| Majority → | R25 Unknown | ||||||||
| R16 | R17 | R18 | R19 | R20 | R21 | R22 | R23 Ran | R24 Ran | |
| R15 | R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 | R10 | R9 | R8 | R7 | R6 |
| V16 | V15 | V14 | V13 | V12 | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 |
| V17 | V18 | V19 | V20 | V21 | |||||
| V5 Seceded | V4 Seceded | V3 Seceded | V2 | V1 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V6 Seceded | V7 Seceded | V8 Seceded | V9 Seceded | V10 Seceded | V11 Seceded | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 |
| UU2 | UU3 | UU4 | U1 | U2 | D9 Gain | D8 Hold | D7 Re-elected | D6 | D5 |
| UU1 | R33 Gain | R32 Gain | R31 Re-elected new party | R30 Hold | R29 Hold | R28 Hold | R27 Re-elected | R26 Re-elected | R25 Re-elected |
| Majority → | |||||||||
| R15 | R16 | R17 | R18 | R19 | R20 | R21 | R22 | R23 Re-elected | R24 Re-elected |
| R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 | R10 | R9 | R8 | R7 | R6 | R5 |
| V17 | V16 | V15 | V14 | V13 | V12 U Loss | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 |
| V18 | V19 | V20 | V21 | V22 | |||||
| V6 | V5 | V4 | V3 | V2 | V1 | ||||
| V7 | V8 | V9 | V10 | V11 | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 |
| R36 Changed | R37 Changed | UU1 | V13 UU Loss | U1 | V12 D Loss | D9 Gain | D8 | D7 | D6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R35 New state | R34 New state | R33 | R32 | R31 | R30 | R29 | R28 | R27 | R26 |
| Majority → | R25 | ||||||||
| R16 | R17 | R18 | R19 | R20 | R21 | R22 | R23 | R24 | |
| R15 | R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 | R10 | R9 | R8 | R7 | R6 |
| V18 | V17 | V16 | V15 | V14 | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 |
| V19 | V20 | V21 | V22 | V23 | V24 | ||||
| Key: |
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In these elections — some special and some initial — the winners were seated during 1864 or in 1865 before March 4; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Maryland (Class 3) | Thomas Holliday Hicks | Unconditional Unionist | 1862(appointed) | Interim appointeeelected January 11, 1864[2] to finish the term. |
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| Delaware (Class 1) | James A. Bayard Jr. | Democratic | 1851 1857 1863 | Incumbent resigned January 29, 1864. Winnerelected January 29, 1864. Democratic hold. |
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| Nevada (Class 1) | None (new state) | Nevada's first Senators wereelected February 1, 1865. Republican gain. |
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| Nevada (Class 3) | Nevada's first Senators wereelected February 1, 1865. Republican gain. |
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| Virginia (Class 1) | Lemuel J. Bowden | Unionist | 1863 | Incumbent died January 2, 1864. Winnerelected sometime in 1865. The Senate refused to seat him to avoid setting a precedent for allowing premature re-entry of Confederate states.[3] Unionist loss. Seat remained vacant until1870. |
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In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1865; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Alabama | Vacant since January 21, 1861 whenClement Claiborne Clay (D) withdrew. | Legislature failed to elect duringCivil War andReconstruction. Seat remained vacant until1868. | None. | ||
| Arkansas | Vacant since July 11, 1861 whenWilliam K. Sebastian (D) was expelled. | Legislature failed to elect duringCivil War andReconstruction. Seat remained vacant until1868. | None. | ||
| Delaware | Willard Saulsbury Sr. | Democratic | 1858 | Incumbentre-elected in 1864. |
|
| Georgia | Vacant since February 4, 1861 whenRobert Toombs (D) withdrew. | Legislature failed to elect duringCivil War andReconstruction. Seat remained vacant until1871. | None. | ||
| Illinois | William A. Richardson | Democratic | 1863(special) | Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1864 or 1865. Republican gain. |
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| Iowa | James W. Grimes | Republican | 1858 | Incumbentre-elected January 11, 1864. |
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| Kansas | James H. Lane | Republican | 1861 | Incumbentre-elected in 1865. |
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| Kentucky | Lazarus W. Powell | Democratic | 1858 | Incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senatorelected January 11, 1865. Democratic hold. |
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| Louisiana | Vacant since February 4, 1861 whenJudah P. Benjamin (D) withdrew. | Legislature failed to elect duringCivil War andReconstruction. Seat remained vacant until1868. | None. | ||
| Maine | Nathan A. Farwell | Republican | 1864(appointed) | Interim appointee retired. New senator elected in 1864 or 1865. Republican hold. |
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| Massachusetts | Henry Wilson | Republican | 1855(special) 1859 | Incumbentre-elected in 1865. |
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| Michigan | Jacob M. Howard | Republican | 1862(special) | Incumbentre-elected in 1865. |
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| Minnesota | Morton S. Wilkinson | Republican | 1858 or 1859 | Incumbent retired. New senatorelected in 1865. Republican hold. |
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| Mississippi | Vacant since January 12, 1861 whenAlbert G. Brown (D) withdrew. | Legislature failed to elect duringCivil War andReconstruction. Seat remained vacant until1870. | None. | ||
| New Hampshire | John P. Hale | Republican | 1846 1853(retired) 1855(special) | Incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senatorelected in 1864. Republican hold. |
|
| New Jersey | John C. Ten Eyck | Republican | 1858 | Incumbent lost re-election. New senatorelected in 1864. Democratic gain. Election was later disputed and seat declared vacant. |
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| North Carolina | Vacant since March 6, 1861 whenThomas Bragg (D) resigned. | Legislature failed to elect duringCivil War andReconstruction. Seat remained vacant until1868. | None. | ||
| Oregon | Benjamin F. Harding | Democratic | 1862(special) | Incumbent retired. New senatorelected in 1864. Republican gain. |
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| Rhode Island | Henry B. Anthony | Republican | 1858 | Incumbentre-elected in 1864. |
|
| South Carolina | Vacant since November 10, 1860 whenJames Chesnut Jr. (D) withdrew. | Legislature failed to elect duringCivil War andReconstruction. Seat remained vacant until1868. | None. | ||
| Tennessee | Vacant since March 3, 1861 whenAlfred O. P. Nicholson (D) withdrew. | Legislature failed to elect duringCivil War andReconstruction. Seat remained vacant until1866. | None. | ||
| Texas | Vacant since July 11, 1861 whenJohn Hemphill (D) was expelled. | Legislature failed to elect duringCivil War andReconstruction. Seat remained vacant until1870. | None. | ||
| Virginia | John S. Carlile | Unionist | 1861 | Incumbent retired. Winnerelected in 1865. The Senate refused to seat him to avoid setting a precedent for allowing premature re-entry of Confederate states.[3] Unionist loss. Seat remained vacant until1870. |
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| West Virginia | Waitman T. Willey | Unconditional Unionist | 1863 | Incumbentre-elected in 1865 as a Republican. Republican gain. |
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In this election, the winner was elected in 1865 after March 4.
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80 members of theMaryland General Assembly | ||||||||||||||||
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| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Maryland (Class 3) | Thomas Holliday Hicks | Unconditional Unionist | 1862(appointed) 1864(special) | Incumbent died February 14, 1865. New senatorelected March 9, 1865. Unconditional Unionist hold. |
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James Pearce died, andThomas Holliday Hicks was appointed to his seat. He then won election to finish the rest of the term by an unknown margin of votes, for the Class 3 seat.[6]
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80 members of theMaryland General Assembly | ||||||||||||||||
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| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(November 2022) |
Thomas Holliday Hicks died, andJohn Creswell was appointed to his seat. He then won election to finish the rest of the term by an unknown margin of votes, for the Class 3 seat.[7]
IncumbentWaitman T. Willey was re-elected by the legislature to his first full term as United States Senator, with Willey being elected as a Republican. Willey would serve his term until 1871.
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Needed to win: Majority of votes cast jointly by the Legislature 69 votes cast; 35 votes needed | |||||||||||||
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Willey was the only candidate to be formally nominated, though attempted nominations were made ofArchibald Campbell and House Speaker Lee Roy Kramer. Campbell's nomination was promptly withdrawn, and Kramer declined his.[8]
| Party | Candidate | 1st Ballot | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | |||
| Republican | Waitman Willey | 53 | 76.8 | |
| Republican | Lee Roy Kramer | 7 | 10.1 | |
| Republican | Daniel Polsley | 6 | 8.7 | |
| Republican | Archibald Campbell | 2 | 2.9 | |
| Republican | David Hunter Strother | 1 | 1.4 | |
| Total | 69 | 100 | ||
| Needed to win | 35 | >50 | ||
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