Calendar year
1861 by topic Humanities By country Other topics Lists of leaders Birth and death categories Establishments and disestablishments categories Works category
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1861 .
1861 (MDCCCLXI ) was acommon year starting on Tuesday of theGregorian calendar and acommon year starting on Sunday of theJulian calendar , the 1861st year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 2nd millennium , the 61st year of the19th century , and the 2nd year of the1860s decade. As of the start of 1861, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
This year saw significant progress in theUnification of Italy , the outbreak of theAmerican Civil War , and theemancipation reform abolishingserfdom in theRussian Empire .
American Civil War :
American Civil War :
February 11 American Civil War : The U.S. House unanimously passes a resolution, guaranteeing non-interference with slavery in any state.About 850 convicts atChatham Dockyard in England take over their prison in a riot.[ 5] February 13 –Unification of Italy : TheSiege of Gaeta , stronghold of the Neapolitan KingFrancis II , is ended by Piedmontese forces. Francis goes into exile.February 18 –American Civil War : In Montgomery, Alabama, Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as the provisional president of the Confederate States of America.February 20 – In Britain, storms damage theCrystal Palace and cause the collapse of the steeple ofChichester Cathedral .[ 6] February 21 –Mariehamn , the capital ofÅland , is founded.[ 7] February 23 – President-electAbraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, D.C. in light ofsuspicions of a conspiracy in Baltimore to kill him .February 24 –Battle of Ky Hoa : the French and the Spanish defeat the Vietnamese.[ 8] February 27 – Russian troops fire upon a crowd inWarsaw protesting Russian rule over Poland, killing 5 protesters.February 28 –Colorado is organized as aUnited States territory .March 2 March 4 :Lincoln inauguratedMarch 4 :Confederate flag 1861:American Civil War April 7 – A populationcensus is taken in the United Kingdom. The population is more than double that of 1801 and those living in urban areas are in a majority.American Civil War :
American Civil War :
August 1 – The first publicweather forecast : measured and predicted correctly by AdmiralRobert FitzRoy in Britain.August 5 –American Civil War :In order to help pay for the war effort, the United States government issues the firstincome tax as part of theRevenue Act of 1861 (3% of all incomes over US$800; rescinded in1872 ). The U.S. Army abolishesflogging . August 6 –Lagos Treaty of Cession between theBritish Empire andDosunmu ,Oba of Lagos , by which the latter, under threat of military bombardment, cedesLagos Island to Britain, whilst retaining his title and powers, subject to English law, and allowing the British Royal Navy'sWest Africa Squadron to have a base there to prevent the slave trade.[ 16] August 10 – American Civil War: The first major battle west of theMississippi River , theBattle of Wilson's Creek , is fought, with aConfederate victory.August 15 – First description ofArchaeopteryx Bavaria ;[ 17] Langenaltheim in Germany.[ 18] August 19 –Weisshorn , the fifth highest summit in the Alps, is first ascended.August 20 –22 – The first modernWelsh National Eisteddfod takes place inAberdare .[ 19] August 27 –Martin Doyle is the last personexecuted in Britain forattempted murder .October 9 :Battle of Santa Rosa Island Helen Herron Taft Rabindranath Tagore January 5 –Robert Lee Bullard , American general (d.1947 )January 6 –Victor Horta , Belgian architect and designer (d.1947 )January 10 –Germogen (Maximov) , Russian Orthodox Metropolitan (d.1945 )January 14 –Mehmed VI ,Ottoman Sultan (d.1926 )January 27 –Constantin Prezan , Romanian general,Marshal of Romania (d.1943 )January 28 January 30 –Charles Martin Loeffler , American composer (d.1935 )February 12 –Lou Andreas-Salomé , Russian-born author (d.1937 )February 15 February 17 –Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont , Duchess of Albany, German-born member of the British royal family (d.1922 )February 19 –Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne , British general (d.1929 )February 22 February 26 – KingFerdinand I of Bulgaria (d.1948 )February 27 –Rudolf Steiner , Austrian philosopher, social reformer and author (d.1925 )March 2 –Nikola Ivanov , Bulgarian general (d.1940 )March 21 –Charles Swickard , German-American film director (d.1929 )April 6 –Stanislas de Guaita , French poet (d.1897 )April 8 –Son Byong-hi ,Korean independence activist (d.1922 )April 15 –Bliss Carman , Canadian poet (d.1929 )April 22 –István Tisza , 2-time prime minister of Hungary (d.1918 )April 22 –Hinke Bergegren , Swedish anarchist and birth control agitator (d. 1936) April 23 –Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby , British soldier, administrator (d.1936 )April 26 –Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten , Austro-Hungarian general and politician (d.1921 )May 5 –Peter Cooper Hewitt , American electrical engineer, inventor (d.1921 )May 7 –Rabindranath Tagore , Poet, novelist, dramatist, essayist, story-writer, composer, painter, philosopher, social reformer, educationist, linguist, grammarian, andNobel Prize in Literature laureate for the collection of poemsGitanjali 1941 )May 11 –Frederick Russell Burnham , American scouter (d.1947 )May 14 –Harro Magnussen , German sculptor (d.1908 )May 16 –Herman Webster Mudgett (alias H. H. Holmes), American serial killer (d.1896 )May 24 –Gerald Strickland , 4th prime minister of Malta, 23rd Governor of New South Wales, 15th Governor of Western Australia and 9th Governor of Tasmania (d.1940 )June 2 –Helen Herron Taft , First Lady of the United States (d.1943 )June 19 –José Rizal , Filipino national hero (d.1896 )June 20 –Frederick Gowland Hopkins , English biochemist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.1947 )June 22 –Maximilian von Spee , German admiral (d.1914 )June 27 –Fanny Davies , Guernesiaise pianist (d.1934 )Kate M. Gordon Edith Roosevelt Myra Belle Martin James Naismith July 7 –Nettie Stevens , American geneticist credited with the discovery ofsex chromosomes (d. 1912)July 14 –Kate M. Gordon , American suffragette (d.1932 )August 2 –Edith Cowan , Australian social reformer and politician (d.1932 )August 4 August 6 –Edith Roosevelt ,First Lady of the United States (d.1948 )August 7 –Spencer S. Wood , United States Navy rear admiral (d.1940 )August 10 –Almroth Wright , British bacteriologist, immunologist (d.1947 )August 24 –Simon de Graaff , Dutch civil servant, politician (d.1948 )[ 27] September 2 –Henrietta Crosman , American stage, film actress (d.1944 )September 7 – PatriarchAmbrosius of Georgia (d.1927 )September 10 –Niels Hansen Jacobsen , Danish sculptor, ceramist (d.1941 )September 11 September 15 September 23 September 30 October 4 –Frederic Remington , American cowboy artist, sculptor (d.1909 )October 6 –Myra Belle Martin , American financier (d.1936 )October 10 –Fridtjof Nansen , Norwegian explorer, scientist and humanitarian, Nobel Prize laureate (d.1930 )October 16 –J. B. Bury , British historian (d.1927 )October 24 –Alexey Kaledin , Russian general (d.1918 )October 30 –Antoine Bourdelle , French sculptor (d.1929 )November 4 November 6 –James Naismith , Canadian inventor of basketball (d.1939 )November 14 November 16 –Georgina Febres-Cordero , Venezuelan nun (d.1925 )November 23 –Clara H. Hazelrigg , American author, educator and reformer (d.1937 )November 24 –August Bier , German surgeon (d.1949 )[ 28] December 4 December 5 –Armando Diaz , Italian general, Marshal of Italy (d.1928 )December 7 –Henri Mathias Berthelot , French general (d.1931 )December 8 December 15 –Pehr Evind Svinhufvud ,Prime Minister andPresident of Finland (d.1944 )December 16 –Antonio de La Gándara , French painter (d.1917 )December 20 –Ivana Kobilca , Slovenian painter (d.1926 )December 29 –Kurt Hensel , German mathematician (d.1941 )Frederick William IV of Prussia Abdülmecid I January 2 – KingFrederick William IV of Prussia (b.1795 )January 17 –Lola Montez , Irish-born dancer, mistress of KingLudwig I of Bavaria (b.1821 )January 19 –Albert Niemann , German chemist (b.1834 )February 5 –Pierre Bosquet , French general,Marshal of France (b.1810 )February 26 –Wojciech Chrzanowski , Polish general (b.1793 )March 10 –Taras Shevchenko ,Ukrainian poet (b.1814 )March 16 –Princess Victoria, Duchess of Kent and Strathearn , mother ofQueen Victoria (b.1786 )April 8 –Elisha Otis , American engineer, Founder ofOtis (b.1811 )April 15 –Isaiah Stillman , U.S. Army Major in theBlack Hawk War (b.1793 )May 29 –Joachim Lelewel , Polish nationalist historian (b.1786 )June 3 –Stephen A. Douglas , American senator from Illinois, Democratic presidential candidate (b.1813 )June 6 –Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour , 1st prime minister of Italy (b.1810 )June 13 –Richard Lawrence , failed assassin ofAndrew Jackson (b.1800 )June 25 –Abdülmecid I ,Ottoman sultan (b.1823 )June 26 –Pavel Jozef Šafárik , Slovak philologist (b.1795 )June 29 –Elizabeth Barrett Browning , English poet (b.1806 )Xianfeng Emperor Ernst Anschütz July 22 –Barnard Elliott Bee Jr. , Confederate general (b.1824 )July 25 –Jonas Furrer , member of theSwiss Federal Council (b.1805 )August 10 –Nathaniel Lyon , firstUnion Army General to die in combat in the American Civil War (b.1818 )August 12 –Eliphalet Remington , American gunsmith, founder ofRemington Arms (b.1793 )August 17 –Alcée Louis la Branche , American politician (b.1806 )August 22 –Xianfeng Emperor , 9th emperor of theQing Dynasty (b.1831 )August 24 –Pierre Berthier , French geologist (b.1782 )August 28 –William Lyon Mackenzie , Scottish journalist, 1st Mayor of Toronto (b.1795 )September 7 –Willie Person Mangum , American politician (b.1792 )October 4 –Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton , British politician (b.1812 )October 5 –Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski , Polish bishop (b.1778 )October 10 –Phoebe Hinsdale Brown , American hymnwriter (b.1783 )October 26 –Edward "Ned" Kendall , American bandleader, instrumentalist (keyed bugle) (b.1808 )October 31 –Guillermo (William) Miller , English-born military leader in Peru (b.1795 )November 7 –Isobel Gunn , Scottish business person (b.1780 )November 11 – KingPedro V of Portugal (b.1837 )November 13 –Arthur Hugh Clough , English poet (b.1819 )November 25 –Rahimullah , Bengali rebel leader[ 29] December 14 –Prince Albert , husband ofQueen Victoria (b.1819 )[ 30] December 18 –Ernst Anschütz , German teacher, organist, poet and composer (b.1780 )^ "Fairground Rides - A Chronological Development" .National Fairground Archive . University of Sheffield. 2007. Archived fromthe original on August 11, 2011. RetrievedAugust 24, 2011 .^ "Biografie Wilhelm I" (in German). Deutsches Historisches Museum. RetrievedJune 12, 2013 .^ "KS - Kansas" .www.senate.gov . RetrievedJuly 18, 2025 .^ Webster, John Edward (1911)."History" .Eastern Bengal and Assam District Gazetteers . Vol. 4. Noakhali.Allahabad : The Pioneer Press. p. 30. ^ BBC History Magazine (February 2011) p. 11.^ Penguin Pocket On This Day . Penguin Reference Library. 2006.ISBN 0-14-102715-0 ^ Mann, Robert (2011). Żaboklicki, Paweł (ed.). "Mariehamn Celebrates".Union of the Baltic Cities (1). The UBC Bulletin: 34. ^ Weider History Group: 1861 French Conquest of Saigon: Battle of the Ky Hoa Forts . Accessed 11 March 2013^ "The Lincoln Bible" .World Digital Library . RetrievedSeptember 2, 2013 .^ http://education.cambridge.org/media/577146 "Imperial Russia, revolutions_and_the_emergence_of_the_Soviet_state" . Accessed 11 March 2013^ Sellick, Douglas R. G. (2010).Pirate Outrages: True Stories of Terror on the China Seas . Fremantle Press.ISBN 978-1-921696-07-7 ^ Frost, K. A. (May 24, 2016)."Thomas Cook's great expedition of 1861" .The Guardian . London. RetrievedMay 10, 2025 . ^ "1861 - The first colour photograph" .Photo Museum Ireland . RetrievedOctober 23, 2025 .^ Michael R. Auslin (2009).Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy ISBN 978-0-674-02031-3 ^ Schamberger, Karen (2017). "Difficult History in a Local Museum: The Lambing Flat Riots at Young, New South Wales".Australian Historical Studies .48 (3):436– 441.doi :10.1080/1031461X.2017.1331693 . ^ Smith, Robert S. (1978).The Lagos Consulate 1851–1861 . London: Macmillan.ISBN 978-0-33324053-3 ^ Meyer, Hermann von (August 15, 1861)."Vogel-Federn und Palpipes priscus von Solenhofen" .Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde : 561.^ Natural History Museum, London BMNH 37001.Chiappe, Luis M. (2007).Glorified Dinosaurs . Sydney: UNSW Press. pp. 118– 146.ISBN 978-0-471-24723-4 ^ "Establishing a National Body, 1860" .National Museum Wales .^ "Cullin-La-Ringo Massacre Recalled" .Morning Bulletin . No. 29, 625. Rockhampton, Queensland. September 4, 1954. p. 6. RetrievedAugust 14, 2024 – via National Library of Australia.^ US Department of State - Office of the Historian: Milestones: 1861-1865 Archived October 23, 2013, at theWayback Machine . Accessed 11 March 2013^ Subodh Chandra Sengupta ; Basu, Anjali, eds. (2002).সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান (in Bengali). Vol. 1. Sahitya Sangsad. p. 463.^ Ferris, Norman B. (1977).The Trent Affair: a Diplomatic Crisis . University of Tennessee Press. pp. 52– 53.ISBN 0-87049-169-5 ^ Kaiser, Brooks."The transition from whale oil to petroleum" (PDF) . ^ The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies ^ Dunn, Elwood D.; Beyan, Amos J.; Burrowes, Carl Patrick (2000).Historical Dictionary of Liberia 167– 168.ISBN 9781461659310 ^ "S. (Simon) de Graaff" (in Dutch).Parlementair Documentatie Centrum . Archived fromthe original on October 31, 2019. RetrievedMay 9, 2024 .^ "August Karl Gustav Bier (1861–1949) | the Embryo Project Encyclopedia" .^ Subodh Chandra Sengupta ; Basu, Anjali, eds. (2002).সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান (in Bengali). Vol. 1. Sahitya Sangsad. p. 463.^ "Albert, Prince Consort | Biography, Children, & Facts" .Encyclopedia Britannica . RetrievedApril 10, 2021 .
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