| 1860 United States census | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||
 1860 U.S. census from the state ofNew York | ||||
| General information | ||||
| Country | United States | |||
| Authority | Census Office | |||
| Results | ||||
| Total population | 31,443,321[1] ( 35.6%) | |||
| Most populous | New York 3,880,735 | |||
| Least populous | Oregon 52,465 | |||
The1860 United States census was the eighthcensus conducted in the United States, starting June 1, 1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321[1] in 33 states and 10 organized territories. This was an increase of 35.6 percent[1] over the 23,191,876[2] personsenumerated during the1850 census. The total population included 3,953,760[3] slaves.
By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, the nation was sinking into theAmerican Civil War. As a result, census superintendentJoseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the census staff to produce a cartographic display, including preparing maps of Southern states, for Union field commanders. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including the white population, slave population, predominant agricultural products (by county), and rail andpost road transportation routes.
This census sawPhiladelphia regain its position as the second-most-populous American city (which it had lost toBaltimore in 1820), due to theAct of Consolidation, 1854, merging many smaller surrounding townships, such asSpring Garden,Northern Liberties, andKensington, into the main city of Philadelphia. Philadelphia would lose its position as the second-most-populous American city toChicago in 1890.
The 1860 census Schedule 1 (Free Inhabitants) was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States; the other was Schedule 2 (Slave Inhabitants).
Schedule 1 collected the following information:[4]
| Column | Title | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Dwelling-houses – numbered in the order of visitation. | |
| 2 | Families numbered in the order of visitation | |
| 3 | The name of every person whose usual place of abode on the first day of June 1860, was in this family. | |
| 4 | Description: Age. | |
| 5 | Description: Sex. | M or F |
| 6 | Description: Color, (White, black, or mulatto). | W, B or M |
| 7 | Profession, Occupation, or Trade of each person, male and female, over 15 years of age. | |
| 8 | Value of Estate Owned: Value of Real Estate. | |
| 9 | Value of Estate Owned: Value of Personal Estate. | |
| 10 | Place of Birth, Naming the State, Territory, or Country. | |
| 11 | Married within the year. | Marked with '/' |
| 12 | Attended School within the year. | Marked with '/' |
| 13 | Persons over 20 years of age who can not read and write. | Marked with '/' |
| 14 | Whether deaf and dumb, blind, insane, idiotic, pauper, or convict. |
Schedule 2 (Slave Inhabitants) collected the following information:[5]
| Column | Title | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Name of slave owner | |
| 2 | Number of slaves | |
| 3 | Age | |
| 4 | Sex | |
| 5 | Color | |
| 6 | Fugitive from the state | Marked with '/' |
| 7 | Number Manumitted | |
| 8 | Deaf and dumb, blind, insane, or idiotic | |
| 9 | Number of slave houses |
Full documentation for the 1860 population census, includingmicrodata, census forms and enumerator instructions, is available from theIntegrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS).Aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from theNational Historical Geographic Information System.
National data reveals that farmers (owners and tenants) made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations. Farm laborers (wage workers) represent the next highest percent with 3.2%, followed by general laborers at 3.0%.[6]
More localized data shows that other occupations were common. In the town ofEssex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making.[7] This heavy demand of shoe-related labor reinforces the high demand for rigorous physical laborers in the economy, as supported by the data of very large amounts of farm related work as compared to most other labor options.
IPUMS' data also notes that the share of the population that had been enrolled in school or marked as "Student" stood at 0.2%. This demonstrates a small rate of growth, if any, in the proficiency of thehuman capital of the time—the skill set a worker has to apply to the labor force, which can increase total output through increased efficiency.
The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property.
| Rank | State | Free Population | Slave Population | Population | Percentage Enslaved |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | New York | 3,880,735 | 0 | 3,880,735 | 0 |
| 02 | Pennsylvania | 2,906,215 | 0 | 2,906,215 | 0 |
| 03 | Ohio | 2,339,511 | 0 | 2,339,511 | 0 |
| 04 | Illinois | 1,711,951 | 0 | 1,711,951 | 0 |
| 05 | Virginia | 1,105,453 | 490,865 | 1,596,318 | 30.7 |
| 06 | Indiana | 1,350,428 | 0 | 1,350,428 | 0 |
| 07 | Massachusetts | 1,231,066 | 0 | 1,231,066 | 0 |
| 08 | Missouri | 1,067,081 | 114,931 | 1,182,012 | 9.7 |
| 09 | Kentucky | 930,201 | 225,483 | 1,155,684 | 19.5 |
| 10 | Tennessee | 834,082 | 275,719 | 1,109,801 | 24.8 |
| 11 | Georgia | 595,088 | 462,198 | 1,057,286 | 43.7 |
| 12 | North Carolina | 661,563 | 331,059 | 992,622 | 33.4 |
| 13 | Alabama | 529,121 | 435,080 | 964,201 | 45.1 |
| 14 | Mississippi | 354,674 | 436,631 | 791,305 | 55.2 |
| 15 | Wisconsin | 775,881 | 0 | 775,881 | 0 |
| 16 | Michigan | 749,113 | 0 | 749,113 | 0 |
| 17 | Louisiana | 376,276 | 331,726 | 708,002 | 46.9 |
| 18 | South Carolina | 301,302 | 402,406 | 703,708 | 57.2 |
| 19 | Maryland | 599,860 | 87,189 | 687,049 | 12.7 |
| 20 | Iowa | 674,913 | 0 | 674,913 | 0 |
| 21 | New Jersey | 672,017 | 18 | 672,035 | 0.01 |
| 22 | Maine | 628,279 | 0 | 628,279 | 0 |
| 23 | Texas | 421,649 | 182,566 | 604,215 | 30.2 |
| 24 | Connecticut | 460,147 | 0 | 460,147 | 0 |
| 25 | Arkansas | 324,335 | 111,115 | 435,450 | 25.5 |
| 26 | California | 379,994 | 0 | 379,994 | 0 |
| 27 | New Hampshire | 326,073 | 0 | 326,073 | 0 |
| 28 | Vermont | 315,098 | 0 | 315,098 | 0 |
| 29 | Rhode Island | 174,620 | 0 | 174,620 | 0 |
| 30 | Minnesota | 172,023 | 0 | 172,023 | 0 |
| 31 | Florida | 78,679 | 61,745 | 140,424 | 44.0 |
| 32 | Delaware | 110,418 | 1,798 | 112,216 | 1.6 |
| 33 | Oregon | 52,465 | 0 | 52,465 | 0 |
| X | Kansas Territory[12] | 107,204 | 2 | 107,206 | 0.01 |
| X | New Mexico Territory | 93,516 | 0 | 93,516 | 0 |
| X | District of Columbia | 71,985 | 3,185 | 75,080 | 4.4 |
| X | Utah Territory | 40,184 | 29 | 40,273 | 0.07 |
| X | Colorado Territory | 34,277 | 0 | 34,277 | 0 |
| X | Nebraska Territory | 28,826 | 15 | 28,841 | 0.01 |
| X | Washington Territory | 11,594 | 0 | 11,594 | 0 |
| X | Nevada Territory | 6,857 | 0 | 6,857 | 0 |
| X | Dakota Territory | 4,837 | 0 | 4,837 | 0 |
