This article is about the year 1860. For the Italian film, see
1860 (film).
Calendar year
July 20 :Giuseppe Garibaldi defeats Neapolitan Army in theBattle of Milazzo in war of Italian unification.December 20 : Governor Francis Pickens leads secession ofSouth Carolina from the United States after Lincoln's election.1860 by topic Humanities By country Other topics Lists of leaders Birth and death categories Establishments and disestablishments categories Works category
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1860 .
1860 (MDCCCLX ) was aleap year starting on Sunday of theGregorian calendar and aleap year starting on Friday of theJulian calendar , the 1860th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 2nd millennium , the 60th year of the19th century , and the 1st year of the1860s decade. As of the start of 1860, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
Political map of the world in 1860 October –John Hanning Speke andJames Augustus Grant leaveZanzibar , to search for the source of theNile River .October 1 –Battle of Volturnus : Garibaldi defeats the last organized army of theKingdom of the Two Sicilies .October 5 – Austria, Britain, France,Prussia and theOttoman Empire form a commission to investigate thecauses of the massacres ofMaronite Christians , committed byDruzes inLebanon earlier in the year.October 6 –Section 377 of the British Indian penal code was enacted inBritish India .October 17 –The Open Championship , also known as the British Open, is played for the first time atPrestwick Golf Club inAyrshire , Scotland. The event is won byWillie Park Sr October 18 – The firstConvention of Peking formally ends theSecond Opium War .October 18 –21 – Beijing'sOld Summer Palace is burned to the ground by orders of British generalLord Elgin , in retaliation for mistreatment of severalprisoners of war , during theSecond Opium War .October 19 – A newMāori revolt begins in New Zealand.October 26 December 29 :HMS Warrior (restored).Christians andDruzes clash inDamascus , Syria. InBuenos Aires , leaderBartolomé Mitre subverts theArgentine Confederation and begins to establish a new centralist government, with the help ofUruguayan Colorado party leaderVenancio Flores . China agrees, in anunequal treaty (theConvention of Peking ) imposed on it, to allow missionaries to proselytize throughout the country. Discovery of the chemical elements :Robert Bunsen discoverscaesium andrubidium .German chemistAlbert Niemann makes a detailed analysis of thecoca leaf, isolating and purifying thealkaloid , which he callscocaine .[ 7] Napoleon III , Emperor of the French, andEmpress Eugénie visitAlgiers and stay at theCasbah of Algiers .[ 8] TAG Heuer watchmaker founded inBern Canton ,Switzerland .[ 9] TheRussian Empire has c. 1,250 miles (2,010 km) of railroads. Takaaki Kato Douglas Hyde Anton Chekhov Carl Georg Barth January 3 January 8 –Emma Booth , fourth child ofWilliam andCatherine Booth (d.1903 )January 17 –Douglas Hyde , 1st President of Ireland (d.1949 )January 21 –Karl Staaff , Swedish lawyer, politician, 11th Prime Minister of Sweden (d.1915 )January 25 –Charles Curtis , American politician, 31st Vice President (d.1936 )January 28 –W. G. Read Mullan , American Jesuit, academic (d.1910 )January 29 February 11 –Rachilde , French author (d.1953 )February 14 –Eugen Schiffer , German politician (d.1954 )February 18 –Anders Zorn , Swedish artist (d.1920 )February 25 –Sir William Ashley , English economic historian (d.1927 )February 28 –Carl Georg Barth , Norwegian-Americanmathematician ,mechanical engineer (d.1939 )February 29 –Herman Hollerith , American businessman, inventor (d.1929 )March 2 –Susanna M. Salter , first woman mayor in the United States (d.1961 )March 5 –Sam Thompson , American baseball player (d.1922 )March 13 –Hugo Wolf , Austrian composer (d.1903 )March 19 –William Jennings Bryan , American politician (d.1925 )March 23 –Horatio Bottomley , British politician and businessman (d.1933 )[ 10] April 2 –Zheng Xiaoxu , Chinese statesman, diplomat and calligrapher, firstPrime Minister of Manchukuo (d.1938 )April 7 –Will Keith Kellogg , American industrialist, founder of theKellogg Company (d.1951 )April 23 –Archibald Murray , British general (d.1945 )[ 11] May 2 –Theodor Herzl , Austrian founder of modern political Zionism (d.1904 )May 7 –Tom Norman , English freakshowman (d.1930 )May 9 –J. M. Barrie , Scottish author (d.1937 )May 15 –Ellen Axson Wilson ,First Lady of the United States (d.1914 )May 20 –Eduard Buchner , German chemist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1917 )May 21 –Willem Einthoven , Dutch inventor, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.1927 )May 25 –James McKeen Cattell , American psychologist (d.1944 )May 27 –Manuel Teixeira Gomes , 7th President of Portugal (d.1941 )May 29 –Isaac Albéniz , Spanish composer (d.1909 )June 20 –Jack Worrall , Australian cricketer, footballer, and coach (d.1937 )June 25 –Gustave Charpentier , French composer (d.1956 )Lizzie Borden Annie Oakley Joseph Cook Georgina Fraser Newhall July 3 –Charlotte Perkins Gilman , American feminist (d.1935 )July 7 –Gustav Mahler , Austrian composer (d.1911 )July 13 –Gustav Bachmann , German admiral (d.1943 )[ 12] July 16 –Otto Jespersen , Danish linguist, creator ofIdo andNovial languages (d.1943 )July 19 –Lizzie Borden , American murder suspect (d.1927 )July 31 –Sir George Warrender, 7th Baronet , British admiral (d.1917 )August 1 –Bazil Assan , Romanian engineer and explorer (d.1918 )August 3 –William Kennedy Dickson , Scottish inventor, cinema pioneer, and film director (d.1935 )August 5 –Louis Wain , English artist (d.1939 )August 7 –Alan Leo , British astrologer (d.1917 )August 10 –Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande , Indian musician (d.1936 )August 13 –Annie Oakley , American Wild West show performer (d.1926 )August 15 August 16 –Jules Laforgue , French poet (d.1887 )August 20 –Raymond Poincaré , French president (d.1934 )August 22 –Alfred Ploetz , German physician, biologist, and eugenicist (d.1940 )August 25 –George Fawcett , American actor (d.1939 )August 26 –Eudora Stone Bumstead , American poet and hymnwriter (d.1892 )September 1 –Mary E. C. Bancker , American author (d.1921 )September 5 –Andrew Volstead , American politician (d.1947 )September 6 –Jane Addams , American social worker, recipient of theNobel Peace Prize (d.1935 )September 7 – Anna Mary Robertson Moses (akaGrandma Moses ), American painter (d.1961 )September 13 –John J. Pershing , American general (d.1948 )September 16 –Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten , Austro-Hungarian general (d.1934 )Juliette Gordon Low Hjalmar Branting October 31 –Juliette Gordon Low , American founder of the Girl Scouts (d.1927 )November 1 –Boies Penrose , United States Senator from Pennsylvania (d.1921 )November 2 –Soapy Smith , American con artist and gangster (d.1898 )November 6 –Ignacy Jan Paderewski , Polish pianist and composer, 3rdPrime Minister of Poland (d.1941 )November 16 –John Henry Kirby , Texas legislator, American businessman (d.1940 )November 23 –Hjalmar Branting ,Prime Minister of Sweden , recipient of theNobel Peace Prize (d.1925 )November 26 –Gabrielle Petit , French feminist activist (d.1952 )November 27 –Yui Mitsue , Japanese general (d.1925 )December 4 –Charles de Broqueville ,Prime Minister of Belgium (d.1940 )December 7 –Joseph Cook , 6thPrime Minister of Australia (d.1947 )December 15 –Niels Ryberg Finsen , Danish physician, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.1904 )December 16 –Ion Dragalina , Romanian general (d.1916 )December 25 –Manuel Dimech , Maltese philosopher, social reformer (d.1921 )December 31 Anne Isabella Milbanke January 1 –Thomas Hobbes Scott , English clergyman (b.1783 )January 5 –John Neumann ,Saint andRoman Catholic Bishop of Philadelphia (b.1811 )January 10 –Ezequiel Zamora , leader of the Federalist Army inVenezuela (b.1817 )January 13 –William Mason , American politician (b.1786 )January 18 –John Nelson (lawyer) , American lawyer (b.1791 )January 27 January 29 –February 29 –George Bridgetower , Afro-Polish violinist (b.1778 )March 6 –Justus Johann Friedrich Dotzauer , German cellist, composer (b.1783 )March 14 –Carl Ritter von Ghega , Albanian-born Venetian road engineer (b.1802 )March 17 –Anna Brownell Jameson , British art historian (b.1794 )[ 14] March 25 –James Braid , Scottish surgeon (b.1795 )May 1 –Anders Sandøe Ørsted , 3rd Prime Minister of Denmark (b.1778 )May 10 –Theodore Parker , American preacher, Transcendentalist, and abolitionist (b.1810 )May 12 – SirCharles Barry , English architect (b.1795 )[ 15] May 21 –Phineas Gage , improbable American head injury survivor (b.1823 )June 26 –George Montgomery White , American politician (b.1828 )[ 16] June 30 –Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert , German naturalist (b.1780 )Charles Goodyear Arthur Schopenhauer July 1 –Charles Goodyear , American inventor (b.1800 )August 25 –Johan Ludvig Heiberg , Danish poet and critic (born1791 )[ 17] September 12 –William Walker , American filibuster who was briefly President ofNicaragua (executed) (b.1824 )September 21 –Arthur Schopenhauer , German philosopher (b.1788 )[ 18] October 12 –Sir Harry Smith , English soldier, military commander (b.1787 )October 25 –Alexander Maconchie , Scottish penal reformer (b.1787 )October 31 –Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald , British admiral (b.1775 )November 1 –Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia) , Empress Consort of Russian EmperorNicholas I (b.1798 )December 2 –Ferdinand Christian Baur , German theologian (b.1792 )[ 19] December 14 –George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen ,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b.1784 )^ Dumézil, Georges (1996) [1966].Archaic Roman Religion: Volume One . trans. Philip Krapp. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 320– 321.ISBN 978-0-8018-5482-8 ^ Proctor, Richard A. (September 30, 1877)."Leverrier and the Discovery of Neptune" .The New York Times ^ "SS Hungarian - 1860" .On the Rocks . Maritime Museum of the Atlantic. 2007-10-05.Archived from the original on 2007-07-13. Retrieved2021-05-18 .^ Bryan, Amanda (2024-02-20)."Abraham Lincoln's Speech at Cooper Union | February 27, 1860" .Teaching American History . Retrieved2025-07-18 . ^ "José Ignacio Pavón" .Presidentes.mx (in Spanish). Archived fromthe original on June 8, 2019. RetrievedJune 8, 2019 .^ "Miguel Miramón" .Presidentes.mx (in Spanish). Archived fromthe original on June 8, 2019. RetrievedJune 8, 2019 .^ Niemann, Albert (1860).On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves ^ "Interior of Governors Palace, Algiers, Algeria" .World Digital Library . Retrieved2013-09-25 .^ "TAG Heuer's History" . TAG Heuer. Retrieved2020-12-07 .^ Morris, A.J.A. (January 2011)."Bottomley, Horatio William" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/31981 .Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved16 June 2014 . (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.) ^ Edmonds, , J.; Bunton, M. (3 January 2008). "Sir Archibald Murray".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/35155 . {{cite encyclopedia }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link )(Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.) ^ Duffy, Michael."Who's Who- Gustav Bachmann" .First World War.com . RetrievedAugust 4, 2015 . ^ Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920)."Arndt, Ernst Moritz" Encyclopedia Americana ^ public domain : Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). "Jameson, Anna Brownell ".Encyclopædia Britannica ^ "Sir Charles Barry | British architect" .Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved6 November 2021 .^ "George Montgomery White's death notice" .The Wilmington Journal .Wilmington, North Carolina . July 19, 1860.^ Stewart, Jon (2015).The cultural crisis of the Danish golden age: Heiberg, Martensen and Kierkegaard . Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 39.ISBN 9788763542692 ^ Schopenhauer, Arthur (1999).Prize essay on the freedom of the will . Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. p. xi.ISBN 9780521577663 ^ Overbeck, Franz (2002).On the Christianity of Theology Translated with an Introduction and Notes . Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 58.ISBN 9781725242128 
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