Calendar year
The world in1859 June 24: Napoleon III of France defeats the Austrians at theBattle of Solferino . 1859 by topic Humanities By country Other topics Lists of leaders Birth and death categories Establishments and disestablishments categories Works category
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1859 .
1859 (MDCCCLIX ) was acommon year starting on Saturday of theGregorian calendar and acommon year starting on Thursday of theJulian calendar , the 1859th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 2nd millennium , the 59th year of the19th century , and the 10th and last year of the1850s decade. As of the start of 1859, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
April 13 –The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art is founded byPeter Cooper , a New York industrialist, inventor and philanthropist.April 18 –Indian Rebellion revolutionary,Tantia Tope is hanged for the1857 Rebellion April 25 – Ground is broken for theSuez Canal , in Egypt.[ 4] April 28 – American shipPomona April 29 – Austrian troops begin to cross theTicino River toPiedmont .April 30 –A Tale of Two Cities Charles Dickens is published in England.May 4 – TheCornwall Railway opens across theRoyal Albert Bridge , linking the counties ofDevon andCornwall in England.May 5 – Border Treaty betweenBrazil andVenezuela : The two countries agree their borders should be traced at the water divide, between theAmazon and theOrinoco basins.[ 5] May 18 – The1859 United Kingdom general election concludes. It is the first election fought by the new Liberal Party , in which they win a 28 seat majority, with Liberal leaderViscount Palmerston becoming prime minister.May 20 –Austro-Sardinian War :Battle of Montebello – The Austrian army led byKarl von Urban faces the French-Sardinian combined forces.May 22 –Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies is succeeded by his 23-year-old son,Francis II of the Two Sicilies .May 26 –Austro-Sardinian War :Battle of Varese –Giuseppe Garibaldi 'sHunters of the Alps confront and defeat Austrian forces, led byField Marshal-Lieutenant Karl von Urban .May 26 ,June 2 –Geologist Joseph Prestwich and amateurarchaeologist John Evans report (to theRoyal Society andSociety of Antiquaries of London , respectively) the results of their investigations of gravel-pits in theSomme valley and elsewhere, extendinghuman history back to what will become known as thePaleolithic Era.[ 6] May 30 –Austro-Sardinian War :Battle of Palestro – TheSardinians defeat the Austrian army.May 31 – Big Ben, theGreat Clock at thePalace of Westminster , London, is started.June 4 –Austro-Sardinian War :Battle of Magenta – The French and Sardinians defeat the Austrians.June 6 – The BritishCrown colony ofQueensland in Australia is created, bydevolving part of the territory ofNew South Wales (Queensland Day ).Brisbane is declared the capital.June 8 – The discovery of theComstock Lode in the western Utah Territory sets off the Rush to Washoe.June 15 June 17 – The only recordedsimoom ever in North America hitsGoleta andSanta Barbara, California .June 18 –Aletschhorn , the second summit of theBernese Alps , is first ascended.June 24 –Austro-Sardinian War – Battle of Solferino : TheKingdom of Sardinia and the armies ofNapoleon III of France defeatFranz Joseph I of Austria in northern Italy; the battle inspiresHenri Dunant to found theRed Cross .June 30 –Charles Blondin crossesNiagara Falls on atightrope for the first time.July 1 – The first intercollegiatebaseball game is played, betweenAmherst andWilliams Colleges.July 8 –Charles XV succeeds his fatherOscar I of Sweden andNorway (as Charles IV).July 11 The chimes ofBig Ben ring for the first time in London. Austro-Sardinian War – By the preliminary treaty signed atVillafranca , Italy,Lombardy is ceded to the French (who immediately cede it to Sardinia), while the Austrians keepVenetia , and the French promise to restore the Central Italian rulers expelled in the course of the war. This brings the Austro-Sardinian War effectively to a close.July 28 TheBishop Cotton school (Shimla) (BCS) was founded on July 28, 1859,July 30 –Grand Combin , one of the highest summits in the Alps, is first ascended.July August 16 – The Tuscan National Assembly formally deposes theHouse of Habsburg-Lorraine , ending an ascendancy of 109 years.August 27 –Edwin Drake drills the firstoil well in the United States, nearTitusville, Pennsylvania , starting thePennsylvania oil rush .August 28 –September 2 – Thesolar storm of 1859 ,the largest geomagnetic solar storm on record, causes theNorthern lights to be visible as far south asMontería ,Colombia and knocks outtelegraph communication (this is also called theCarrington EventSeptember 17 – InSan Francisco ,Joshua Norton proclaims himself to be His Imperial Majesty Emperor Norton I,Emperor of the United States andProtector of Mexico .September – British merchantThomas Blake Glover begins business inNagasaki , Japan.October 16 –John Brown raids theHarpers Ferry Armory inHarper's Ferry ,Virginia , in an unsuccessful bid to spark a general slave rebellion.October 18 – Troops under ColonelRobert E. Lee overpowerJohn Brown at the Federal arsenal.October 26 – The steamshipRoyal Charter Anglesey , Wales, with 454 dead.November 1 – The currentCape Lookout ,North Carolina ,lighthouse is lighted for the first time (its first-orderFresnel lens can be seen for 19 miles).November 10 – TheTreaty of Zürich , reaffirming the terms of theTreaty of Villafranca , brings theAustro-Sardinian War to an official close.November 15 – The firstZappas Olympics open in Greece.November 24 November –Bernhard Riemann publishesOn the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude Riemann Hypothesis , one of the most important unsolved problems in Mathematics. December 2 – Militantabolitionist leaderJohn Brown is hanged for hisOctober 16 raid onHarpers Ferry, West Virginia .December 10 – TheAteneo de Manila University is founded, as theEscuela Municipal de Manila .Wilhelm II of Germany Louise DeKoven Bowen Jacqueline Comerre-Paton Arthur Conan Doyle January 6 –Hugh Rodman , American admiral (d.1940 )January 8 –Fanny Bullock Workman , American geographer, writer and mountain climber (d.1925 )January 11 –George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston , British statesman,Viceroy of India (d.1925 )January 27 January 29 –Virginie Amélie Avegno Gautreau , American-born Parisian socialite, model for the paintingPortrait of Madame X 1915 )February 1 February 3 –Hugo Junkers , German industrialist, aircraft designer (d.1935 )February 4 –Gus Leonard , American-born movie actor (d.1939 )February 5 February 9 –Akiyama Yoshifuru , Japanese general (d.1930 )February 10 –Alexandre Millerand , President of France (d.1943 )February 14 February 19 –Svante Arrhenius , Swedish chemist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1927 )February 24 –George Edwin Patey , British admiral (d.1935 )February 25 –Vasil Kutinchev , Bulgarian general (d.1941 )February 26 –Louise DeKoven Bowen , American philanthropist, activist (d.1953 )February 28 –Florian Cajori , Swiss historian of mathematics (d.1930 )March 2 –Sholem Aleichem , Ukrainian Yiddish novelist (d.1916 )March 8 –Kenneth Grahame , English author (d.1932 )March 9 –Alexandru Averescu , Romanian general and politician, 24thPrime Minister of Romania (d.1938 )March 12 –Abraham H. Cannon , American Mormon apostle (d.1896 )March 13 –Alice Bellvadore Sams Turner , American physician (d.1915 )March 16 [O.S. March 4] –Alexander Stepanovich Popov , Russian physicist (d.1906 [O.S. 1905])[ 9] March 25 –Hendrik Wortman , Dutch civil engineer (d.1939 )[ 10] March 26 –A. E. Housman , English poet (d.1936 )April 3 –Reginald De Koven , American composer, music critic (d.1920 )April 7 –Jacques Loeb , German–American physiologist, biologist (d.1924 )April 8 –Edmund Husserl , Austrian philosopher (d.1938 )[ 11] April 14 –Luigi Capello , Italian general (d.1941 )April 17 –Willis Van Devanter ,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d.1941 )May 1 –Jacqueline Comerre-Paton , French artist (d.1955 )May 15 –Pierre Curie , French physicist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1906 )May 22 – SirArthur Conan Doyle , Scottish writer (d.1930 )June 5 –Belle Archer , American actress (d.1900 )June 9 –Doveton Sturdee , British admiral (d.1925 )June 21 –Henry Ossawa Tanner , American artist (d.1937 )Dora Knowlton Ranous July 6 July 13 –Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield , British co-founder of theLondon School of Economics (d.1947 )[ 13] July 25 –Albert Parker Niblack , American admiral (d.1929 )[ 14] July 28 –Mary Anderson , American stage actress (d.1940 )[ 15] July 29 –Francisco Rodrigues da Cruz , Portuguese priest (d.1948 )[ 16] August 2 –Auguste Adib Pacha , 2-time prime minister of Lebanon (d.1936 )August 4 –Knut Hamsun , Norwegian author,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1952 )August 16 –Dora Knowlton Ranous , American actress, author and translator (d.1916 )August 18 –Anna Ancher , Danish painter (d.1935 )September 3 –Jean Jaurès , French socialist (d.1914 )September 7 –Margaret Crosfield , British palaeontologist, geologist (d.1952 )September 16 –Yuan Shikai , Chinese dictator (d.1916 )September 17 September 18 –Lincoln Loy McCandless , Hawaiian politician, rancher (d.1940 )September 19 –Marshall Pinckney Wilder , American actor, humorist, comedian and monologist (d.1915 )September 21 –Francesc Macià , Catalan politician (d.1933 )September 24 –Radko Dimitriev , Bulgarian and Russian general (d.1918 )September 28 –Alfredo Baquerizo , 19th President of Ecuador (d.1951 )October 6 –Frank Seiberling , American inventor, co-founder ofGoodyear Tire & Rubber Company (d.1955 )October 9 –Alfred Dreyfus , French military officer, subject of theDreyfus affair (d.1935 )October 12 –Diana Abgar , Armenian diplomat (d.1937 )October 18 –Henri Bergson , French philosopher, recipient of theNobel Prize in Literature (d.1941 )[ 17] October 20 –John Dewey , American philosopher, psychologist and educator (d.1952 )November 10 –Gustav Globočnik Edler von Vojka , Austro-Hungarian nobleman and field marshal (d.1946 )November 11 –Belle Gunness , born Brynhild Paulsdatter Størseth, Norwegian-born serial killer (d.1908 ?)November 14 –Alexander Samsonov , Russian general (d.1914 )November 15 November 19 –Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov , Russian composer (d.1935 )November 24 –Cass Gilbert , American architect (Woolworth Building ,United States Supreme Court building ) (d.1934 )November 27 –William Bliss Baker , American painter (d.1886 )November 29 –Jesse Pomeroy , youngest convicted murderer in Massachusetts (d.1932 )December 2 –Georges Seurat , French painter (d.1891 )December 5 –John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe , British admiral (d.1935 )December 15 –L. L. Zamenhof , Polish creator of Esperanto (d.1917 )December 17 –Paul César Helleu , French artist (d.1927 )December 17 –Wilmer W. MacElree , American lawyer and author (d.1960 )December 24 –Olive E. Dana , American author (d.1904 )December 29 –Venustiano Carranza , 37th President of Mexico (d.1920 )January 19 –George Schonswar , British politician (b.1775 )January 21 –Henry Hallam , English historian (b.1777 )January 28 –F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich ,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b.1782 )February 13 –Eliza Acton , English poet, cookery writer (b.1799 )[ 19] February 27 –Philip Barton Key , U.S.District Attorney (b.1818 )April 8 –Sir Joseph Thackwell , British army general (b.1781 )April 16 –Alexis de Tocqueville , French historian (b.1805 )May 6 –Alexander von Humboldt , German naturalist and geographer (b.1769 )[ 20] May 13 –Bakht Khan , commander-in-chief ofIndian rebel forces in theIndian Rebellion of 1857 (b.1797 )June 11 –Klemens Wenzel von Metternich , Austrian diplomat (b.1773 )June 13 –Angélique Brûlon , French soldier, first female Knight of the French Legion of Honour (b.1772 )June 23 –Maria Pavlovna, Dowager Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (b.1786 )June 27 –Jean Chrétien Baud ,Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b.1789 )Wilhelm Grimm July 8 July 16 –Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart , British army general and colonial administrator (b.1783 )July 17 –Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen ,Queen consort of Portugal (b.1837 )[ 22] July 30 –Richard Rush ,United States Attorney General underJames Madison ,United States Secretary of the Treasury under PresidentJohn Quincy Adams (b.1780 )August 2 –Horace Mann , American educator, abolitionist (b.1796 )August 4 –John Vianney , French saint known as theCuré de Ars (b.1786 )August 15 –Nathaniel Claiborne , U.S. politician (b.1777 )August 28 September 15 –Isambard Kingdom Brunel , British engineer (b.1806 )September 19 –George Bush (biblical scholar) , American professor of Asian languages (b.1796 )September 28 –Carl Ritter , German geographer (b.1779 )October 4 –Karl Baedeker , German author, publisher (b.1801 )October 12 –Robert Stephenson , English civil engineer (b.1803 )October 22 –Louis Spohr , German violinist, composer (b.1784 )November 28 –Washington Irving , American author (b.1783 )[ 23] December 2 –John Brown , American abolitionist (hanged) (b.1800 )December 8 –Thomas de Quincey , English writer (b.1785 )December 16 –Wilhelm Grimm , German philologist, folklorist (b.1786 )^ "JOSÉ MARIANO SALAS" .Calderon Presidencia de la Republica (in Spanish). 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London:277– 317.doi :10.1098/rstl.1860.0018 .hdl :2027/chi.098241705 S2CID 111126826 . ^ Onslow, Richard (1927)."Grierson, James Moncrieff" Dictionary of National Biography (3rd supplement)228– 230.^ "Historic Figures: Wilhelm II (1859–1941)" .BBC History . Retrieved22 August 2018 .^ Radovsky, M. (2001)."From childhood to university" .Alexander Popov Inventor of Radio . Translated by Yankovsky, G. Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific. p. 5.ISBN 978-0-89875-307-3 ^ Horn-van Nispen, Marie-Louise ten (2004)."Hendrik Wortman" .Tijdschrift voor Waterstaatsgeschiedenis .13 (2). Vereniging voor Waterstaatsgeschiedenis: 60. ^ John K. Roth; Christina J. Moose; Rowena Wildin (2000).World Philosophers and Their Works: Freud, Sigmund - Oakeshott, Michael ISBN 978-0-89356-880-1 ^ Glenn, J. R. (1983). "De Lancey W. Gill: Photographer for the Bureau of American Ethnology".History of Photography 7 (1):7– 22.doi :10.1080/03087298.1983.10442742 . ^ "Sidney and Beatrice Webb | British economists" .Encyclopedia Britannica . RetrievedFebruary 24, 2021 .^ "Obituary".The Manchester Guardian ^ Thomas William Herringshaw (1914).Herringshaw's National Library of American Biography ^ Livro de Registo de Baptismos 1860/1865 (fl. 7–7v.), Paróquia de São João Baptista, Alcochete – Arquivo Distrital de Setúbal^ Spencer Tucker; Laura Matysek Wood; Justin D. Murphy (1999).The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia ISBN 978-0-8153-3351-7 ^ Polonia: Lewandowski, Stanisław Roman (in Polish) ^ An encyclopedia of British women writers (Rev. and expanded ed.). New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. 1998. p. 1.ISBN 0813525438 ^ Stearn, William T. (30 April 1959)."Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) and plant geography" .New Scientist . Reed Business Information: 957. 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