Calendar year
May 10 : TheSepoy Mutiny breaks out in British India.1857 by topic Humanities By country Other topics Lists of leaders Birth and death categories Establishments and disestablishments categories Works category
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1857 .
1857 (MDCCCLVII ) was acommon year starting on Thursday of theGregorian calendar and acommon year starting on Tuesday of theJulian calendar , the 1857th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 2nd millennium , the 57th year of the19th century , and the 8th year of the1850s decade. As of the start of 1857, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
January 1 – The biggestEstonian newspaper,Postimees Johann Voldemar Jannsen .[ 1] January 7 – The partly French-ownedLondon General Omnibus Company begins operating.[ 2] January 9 – The 7.9 Mw Fort Tejon earthquake shakesCentral andSouthern California , with a maximumMercalli intensity of IX (Violent ).[ 3] January 24 – TheUniversity of Calcutta is established inCalcutta , as the first multidisciplinary modern university inSouth Asia . TheUniversity of Bombay is also established inBombay ,British India , this year.February 3 – The National Deaf Mute College (later renamedGallaudet University ) is established in Washington, D.C., becoming the first school for the advanced education of the deaf.February 5 – TheFederal Constitution of the United Mexican States is promulgated.[ 4] March – The Austrian garrison leavesBucharest .March 3 March 6 –Dred Scott v. Sandford Supreme Court of the United States rules that blacks are not citizens and slaves can not sue for freedom, driving the U.S. further towards theAmerican Civil War (the ruling is not overturned until the14th Amendment is adopted in1868 ).March 8 –12 –Spirit Lake Massacre , nearOkoboji andSpirit lakes in the northwestern territory ofIowa near theMinnesota border.March 12 –Elizabeth Blackwell opens a hospital, theNew York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children .March 14 –Youssef Bey Karam [ 6] Ehden andBsharri , to be the region's ruler.March 23 –Elisha Otis ' firstelevator is installed (at 488Broadway , New York City).March 25 – Thephonautograph is patented by French typesetterÉdouard-Léon Scott de Martinville . It is the earliest known device for recordingsound .[ 7] April 4 – TheAnglo-Persian War ends.April 8 –Mangal Pandey is hanged formutiny against theBritish East India Company army; the execution is a precursor event to theIndian Rebellion of 1857 .April 14 –Princess Beatrice , the fifth daughter and the youngest child ofQueen Victoria andPrince Albert , is born.April 18 –The Spirits' Book Le Livre des Esprits ), one of theFive Fundamental Works ofSpiritism , is published by French educatorAllan Kardec .April 27 – First horse race run atLongchamp Racecourse in Paris.May 5 –October 17 –The Art Treasures of Great Britain exhibition is held inManchester , one of the largest such displays of all time.[ 8] May 10 –Indian Rebellion of 1857 : The 3rd Light Cavalry of theBritish East India Company 's army rebels against its British officers, thus beginning the rebellion.May 11 –Indian Rebellion of 1857 : Indian combatants captureDelhi from the British East India Company.May 15 –Spanish financial group ,Banco Santander founded inCantabria , Spain.May 28 – Banco de Bilbao, as predecessor ofBBVA is founded in Spain.June 1 –Second Anglo-Chinese War :Battle of Fatshan Creek – The British Royal Navy defeats the Cantonese fleet of Qing dynasty China.June 6 –Sophia of Nassau marries the future KingOscar II ofSweden–Norway .June 12 – U.S. mercenaryWilliam Walker is overthrown as ruler ofNicaragua by Honduran generalFlorencio Xatruch .June 20 – TheVictoria and Albert Museum in London is officially opened byQueen Victoria .June 26 – At a ceremony in London,Queen Victoria awards the first 66Victoria Crosses toBritish troops, for actions during theCrimean War .[ 2] Liberia annexes theRepublic of Maryland as native groups (notablyGrebo people andKru people ) continually attack and kill settlers inCape Palmas .Bustling tourist attraction Sunny Lane in Falmouth, United Kingdom, is built. The first commercialtea plantation in theBritish Raj is opened in theMulnicherra Estate inSylhet .[ 14] TheMormons abandonLas Vegas . Kuala Lumpur , the future capital ofMalaysia , is founded as atin mining settlement.La Tène culture artifacts are discovered in Switzerland, byHansli Kopp .Illinois State University , the first public university inIllinois , is established inNormal, Illinois .San Jose State , the first public U.S. university west of the Mississippi River, opens in San Francisco asMinn's Evening School .Bucharest becomes the world's first city to have its streets illuminated bykerosene lamps .[ 15] U.S. politicianWilliam Daniel proposes theLocal Option forProhibition . U.S. composerJames Lord Pierpont composes "Jingle Bells ", originally entitled "The One Horse Open Sleigh". SuzumotoVaudeville Theater officially opens in Ueno region,Edo (modern-dayTokyo ) in Japan. Otto von Below Heinrich Hertz Pope Pius XI Annie Maria Barnes January 2 –Uryū Sotokichi , Japanese admiral (d.1937 )January 4 –Émile Courtet , French caricaturist, animator (d.1938 )January 12 January 13 –Anastasios Papoulas , Greek general (d.1935 )January 18 –Otto von Below , German general (d.1944 )January 26 – The12th Dalai Lama of Tibet (d.1875 )January 31 –George Jackson Churchward , British chief mechanical engineer of theGreat Western Railway (d.1933 )February 1 –Lucy Wheelock , American early childhood education pioneer within the kindergarten movement (d.1946 )February 13 –Almanzo James Wilder , American writer (d.1949 )February 18 –Dmitry Shcherbachev , Russian general (d.1932 )February 22 March 4 March 6 –George Dayton , American businessman, founder ofTarget Corporation (d.1938 )March 7 March 13 –Herbert Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer , British general (d.1932 )March 15 –Christian Michelsen , 1st Prime Minister of Norway (d.1925 )March 18 –Harriet Converse Moody , American businesswoman and arts patron (d.1932 )[ 16] March 21 –Hunter Liggett , American general (d.1935 )March 22 –Paul Doumer , President of France (d.1932 )March 26 –Théodore Tuffier , French surgeon (d.1929 )March 27 March 30 –Léon Charles Thévenin , French telegraph engineer (d.1926 )April 5 –Alexander of Battenberg , first Prince of Bulgaria (d.1893 )April 14 April 22 –Paul Dresser , American songwriter (d.1906 )April 23 –Ruggero Leoncavallo , Italian composer (d.1919 )April 30 –Walter Simon , German philanthropist (d.1920 )May 1 –Theo van Gogh , Dutch art dealer (d.1891 )May 7 –William A. MacCorkle , Governor of West Virginia (d.1930 )May 10 –Viktor Graf von Scheuchenstuel , Austro-Hungarian general (d.1938 )May 13 –Ronald Ross , English physician, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.1932 )May 15 –Williamina Fleming , Scottish astronomer (d.1911 )[ 17] May 19 –John Jacob Abel , American pharmacologist (d.1938 )May 24 –Richard Mansfield , Anglo-American stage actor (d.1907 )May 27 –Theodor Curtius , German chemist (d.1928 )May 28 June 2 June 8 –Lawrence Marston , American actor, playwright and film director (d.1939 )June 10 – Caroline Louise Dudley (laterMrs. Leslie Carter ), American stage actress (d.1937 )June 12 –Kate Lester , English stage & silent screen actress (d.1924 )June 16 –Arthur Arz von Straußenburg , Austro-Hungarian general (d.1935 )June 20 –Mary Gage Day , American physician (d.1935 )June 30 –Friedrich von Ingenohl , German admiral (d.1933 )Dorothea Rhodes Lummis Moore July 1 –Martha Hughes Cannon , American politician (d.1932 )July 5 –Clara Zetkin , German-born Marxist theorist, activist and women's rights advocate (d.1933 )July 11 –Alfred Binet , French psychologist (Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales ) (d.1911 )July 14 –Vittorio Ranuzzi de' Bianchi , ItalianRoman Catholic cardinal (d.1927 )July 22 –Shams-ul-haq Azeemabadi , Indian Islamic scholar (d.1911 )July 23 –Carl Meinhof , German linguist (d.1944 )July 24 July 25 –Nat Goodwin , American actor (d.1919 )July 28 –Ballington Booth , British-born AmericanSalvation Army officer, co-founder ofVolunteers of America (d.1940 )July 30 August 8 –Henry Fairfield Osborn , American geologist, paleontologist and eugenist (d.1935 )August 14 –Max Wagenknecht , German composer (d.1922 )August 15 –Albert Ballin , German shipping magnate, owner of theHamburg America Line (d.1918 )August 16 –Ioan Popovici , Romanian general (d.1956 )August 18 –Sergei Sheydeman , Russian general (d.1922 )August 27 –Oskar von Hutier , German general (d.1934 )September 5 –Konstantin Tsiolkovsky , Russian scientist, inventor (d.1935 )September 8 –Georg Michaelis , 6thChancellor of Germany (d.1936 )September 13 –Milton S. Hershey , American chocolate manufacturer (d.1945 )September 15 –William Howard Taft , 27thPresident of the United States and 10thChief Justice of the United States (d.1930 )September 18 –John Hessin Clarke ,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d.1945 )September 20 –Antoine de Mitry , French general (d.1924 )September 28 –Lewis Bayly , British admiral (d.1938 )October 2 October 5 –Peadar Toner Mac Fhionnlaoich , Irish language writer (d.1942 )October 14 –Joseph Rucker Lamar ,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d.1916 )October 24 –Ned Williamson , American baseball player (d.1894 )October 27 –Ernst Trygger , 19th Prime Minister of Sweden (d.1943 )November 5 November 9 –Dorothea Rhodes Lummis Moore , American physician (d.1942 )November 14 –Mihail Savov , Bulgarian general (d.1928 )November 15 –Mikhail Alekseyev , Russian general (d.1918 )November 17 –George Marchant , English-born inventor, manufacturer and philanthropist (d.1941 )November 26 –Ferdinand de Saussure , Swiss linguist (d.1913 )November 27 –Charles Scott Sherrington , English physiologist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1952 )November 28 – KingAlfonso XII of Spain (d.1885 )November 29 –Theodor Escherich , German pediatrician (d.1911 )December 3 –Joseph Conrad , Polish-British novelist (d.1924 )December 4 –Julia Evelyn Ditto Young , American poet and novelist (d.1915 )January 27 –Dorothea Lieven , Baltic-German diplomat in Russian services (b.1785 )February 10 –David Thompson , British-Canadian explorer (b.1770 )February 15 –Mikhail Glinka , Russian composer (b.1804 )[ 18] February 16 –Elisha Kent Kane , American explorer of the Arctic regions (b.1820 )March 9 –Dominic Savio , Italian adolescent saint (b.1842 )March 11 –Manuel José Quintana , Spanish poet (b.1772 )March 19 –William Henry Playfair , Scottish architect (b.1790 )[ 19] April 8 –Mangal Pandey , Indian soldier (executed; b. 1827)[ 20] May 2 –Alfred de Musset , French poet (b.1810 )[ 21] May 11 –Eugène François Vidocq , French criminal, private detective (b.1775 )May 13 –Parley P. Pratt , early AmericanLatter Day Saint movement leader (murdered) (b.1807 )May 16 –Vasily Tropinin , Russian Romantic painter (b.1776 )May 23 –Augustin-Louis Cauchy , French mathematician (b.1789 )May 29 Joseph Eichendorff July 4 –Henry Lawrence , British soldier, statesman (b.1806 )July 15 –Carl Czerny , Austrian composer (b.1791 )July 19 –Stefano Franscini ,member of the Swiss Federal Council (b.1796 )July 29 –Charles Lucien Bonaparte , French naturalist, ornithologist (b.1803 )[ 22] August 3 –Eugène Sue , French novelist (b.1804 )[ 23] September 3 –John McLoughlin , Canadian trapper (b.1784 )September 5 –Auguste Comte , French philosopher (b.1798 )November 12 November 26 –Joseph von Eichendorff , German poet (b.1788 )December 3 –Christian Daniel Rauch , German sculptor (b.1777 )December 15 –Sir George Cayley , English aviation pioneer (b.1773 )[ 24] December 27 –Lucien Baudens , French military surgeon (b.1804 )^ A Bertricau, Antoine Chalvin L'Estonie: identité et indépendance -- 2001 - Page 349 "1857 Johann Voldemar Jannsen fonde le Perno Postimees (devenu Eesti Postimees en 1864, puis Postimees en 1891)." ^a b Penguin Pocket On This Day . Penguin Reference Library. 2006.ISBN 0-14-102715-0 ^ Stover, C. W.; Coffman, J. L. (1993),Seismicity of the United States, 1568–1989 (Revised) – U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1527 United States Government Printing Office , pp. 72, 101, 102 ^ "Día de la Constitución Mexicana (5 de Febrero)" .Guia de San Miguel . 2001. Archived fromthe original on August 11, 2003. RetrievedAugust 26, 2011 .^ "The Weeping Time" .Africans in America .Public Broadcasting Service . RetrievedAugust 26, 2011 .^ "Youssef KARAM, I b. May 1823 d. 7 Apr 1889: Ehden Family Tree" .^ Flatow, Ira (April 4, 2008)."1860 'Phonautograph' Is Earliest Known Recording" .Talk of the Nation . NPR. RetrievedSeptember 19, 2017 . ^ Exhibition of art treasures of the United Kingdom, held at Manchester in 1857: report of the Executive Committee ^ Gossett, William Patrick (1986).The lost ships of the Royal Navy, 1793–1900 . Mansell. p. 114.ISBN 0-7201-1816-6 ^a b Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History . London: Century Ltd. pp. 277– 278.ISBN 0-7126-5616-2 ^ "Treasures from "Ship of Gold" wreckage up for auction 165 years after iconic ship sank in hurricane - CBS News" .www.cbsnews.com . December 1, 2022. RetrievedJuly 18, 2025 .^ Reinfeldt, G. A."On the Wreck of the Warship Le Fort" (in Russian). Archived fromthe original on August 27, 2011. RetrievedSeptember 22, 2021 . ^ "Victoria Cross Registers" . The National Archives (UK). RetrievedApril 11, 2008 .^ "Tea cultivation" .The Independent (Bangladesh) ^ "Romanian Inventions".The Reminder (46): 3 (suppl.). June 1983. ^ Albertine, Susan (February 2000) [1999]."Moody, Harriet Converse" American National Biography Oxford University Press .doi :10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1603351 . ^ Todd, Deborah; Angelo, Joseph (2003).A to Z of Scientists in Space and Astronomy . New York: Facts of File. p. 118.ISBN 978-0-81604-639-3 ^ James M Keller (2011).Chamber Music: A Listener's Guide . Oxford University Press. p. 202.ISBN 9780195382532 ^ McKean, Charles (2004)."Playfair, William Henry (1790–1857), architect" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/22371 . (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.) ^ Wagner, Kim A. (May 31, 2024).The Great Fear of 1857. Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising . Dev Publishers & Distributors. p. 87.ISBN 978-93-81406-34-2 ^ Alfred de Musset (2001).Twelve Plays . E. Mellen Press. p. 1.ISBN 9780773474161 ^ "Charles-Lucien Bonaparte, prince di Canino e di Musignano - French scientist" . July 25, 2023.^ "Eugène Sue | French author" .Encyclopedia Britannica . RetrievedDecember 10, 2020 .^ Bagley, John A. "Cayley, Sir George, sixth baronet".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/37271 . (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.) ^ Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey ;Harvey, Joy Dorothy , eds. (2000).The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science ISBN 9780415920384 
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