| 1856 presidential election | |
  Nominees Frémont and Dayton | |
| Convention | |
|---|---|
| Date(s) | June 17–19, 1856 |
| City | Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Venue | Musical Fund Hall at 808Locust Street,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Candidates | |
| Presidential nominee | John C. Frémont of California |
| Vice-presidential nominee | William L. Dayton of New Jersey |
| 1860 › | |
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The1856 Republican National Convention was apresidential nominating convention that met from June 17 to June 19, 1856, atMusical Fund Hall at 808Locust Street inPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania.[1] It was the first national nominating convention of theRepublican Party, founded two years earlier in 1854. It was held to nominate the party's candidates forpresident andvice president in the1856 election. The convention selectedJohn C. Frémont, a formerUnited States Senator fromCalifornia, forpresident, and former SenatorWilliam L. Dayton ofNew Jersey forvice president. The convention also appointed members of the newly establishedRepublican National Committee.
The Republican Party had been organized by opponents of the expansion ofslavery in theterritories following the passage of the 1854Kansas–Nebraska Act. WithWilliam Seward,Salmon P. Chase, andCharles Sumner all taking their names out of consideration, Frémont entered the Republican convention as the front-runner for the presidential nomination. Frémont had previously been nominated by the North American Party, which consisted of anti-slavery members of theAmerican Party who were unwilling to support the American Party candidate,Millard Fillmore. Though Associate JusticeJohn McLean of Ohio had the backing of some delegates, Frémont clinched the presidential nomination on the first formal ballot of the Republican convention.
Dayton was nominated on the first formal vice-presidential ballot, defeating former CongressmanAbraham Lincoln of Illinois and several other candidates. The Republican ticket carried several Northern states in the general election, but theDemocratic ticket ofJames Buchanan andJohn C. Breckinridge won the 1856 election.
On June 19, 1855, a small gathering of like-minded individuals met inWashington, D.C. where they passed a resolution noting the recent abrogation of "all compromises, real or imaginary" by the opening ofKansas Territory andNebraska Territory to the possible institution ofslavery.[2][3] These proclaimed themselves the "Republican Association of Washington, District of Columbia" and passed a simple four plank platform including the demand that "There should be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except for the punishment of crime, in any of the Territories of the United States."[4] A number of state organizations were soon established along similar lines and theRepublican Party was effectively born.
On January 17, 1856, representatives of Republican Party organizations inOhio,Massachusetts,Pennsylvania,Vermont, andWisconsin, all Northern states in which slavery was prohibited, issued a joint call for an "informal Convention" to be held inPittsburgh, on February 22, 1856, in order to perfect the national organization and to call a formal, properly delegated national convention to nominate candidates forPresident andVice-President of the United States for the forthcoming November 1856 election.[4] The gathering elected a governing National Executive Committee and passed various resolutions calling for the repeal of laws enabling slaveholding in free territories and "resistance by Constitutional means of Slavery in any Territory," defense of anti-slavery individuals in Kansas who were coming under physical attack, and a call to "resist and overthrow the present National Administration" ofFranklin Pierce, "as it is identified with the progress of the Slave power to national supremacy."[5] One speaker fromKansas wasSamuel Newitt Wood who was central to all of theBleeding Kansas events and according toThe New York Times was the "lion of the evening."[6]
The 22-memberRepublican National Committee, which included one representative from each state attending the Pittsburgh Convention, met in plenary session on March 27, 1856, at theWillard Hotel in Washington, D.C., and issued a call for a formal presidential nominating convention.[7] This was slated to begin on June 17, 1856, inPhiladelphia.[7] Each state organization was to be allocated six at-large delegates, plus three delegates for each congressional district.[7]
The candidates to be nominated by the new Republican party were first nominated by the anti-slavery rump of theAmerican Party.
American party members from the North who were opposed to slavery formed their own party after the nomination of former PresidentMillard Fillmore inPhiladelphia. This party called for its national convention to be held inNew York, New York, just before the Republican National Convention. Party leaders hoped to nominate a joint ticket with the Republicans to defeat Buchanan. The national convention was held on June 12 to 20, 1856 in New York. As John C. Frémont was the favorite to attain the Republican nomination there was a considerable desire for the North American party to nominate him, but it was feared that in doing so they may possibly injure his chances to actually become the Republican nominee. The delegates voted repeatedly on a nominee for president without a result.Nathaniel P. Banks was nominated for president on the 10th ballot overJohn C. Frémont andJohn McLean, with the understanding that he would withdraw from the race and endorse John C. Frémont once he had won the Republican nomination. The delegates, preparing to return home, unanimously nominated Frémont on the 11th ballot shortly after his nomination by the Republican Party in Philadelphia. The chairman of the convention, William F. Johnston, had been nominated to run for vice-president, but later withdrew when the North Americans and the Republicans failed to find an acceptable accommodation between him and the Republican nominee,William Dayton.[8]
| Presidential ballots | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | Vice-presidential ballot | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nathaniel P. Banks | 43 | 48 | 46 | 47 | 46 | 45 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 53 | 0 | William F. Johnston | 59 |
| John C. Frémont | 34 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 31 | 29 | 29 | 27 | 28 | 18 | 92 | Thomas Ford | 16 |
| John McLean | 19 | 10 | 2 | 29 | 33 | 40 | 41 | 40 | 30 | 24 | 0 | John C. Frémont | 12 |
| Robert F. Stockton | 14 | 20 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Scattering | 21 |
| William F. Johnston | 6 | 1 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Scattering | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
The first Republican National Convention was held in the Musical Fund Hall inPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 17–19, 1856. It was led by Robert Emmet as temporary chairman andHenry S. Lane as the permanent chairman.[9] The convention approved an anti-slavery platform that called for congressional sovereignty in the territories, an end topolygamy in Mormon settlements, and federal assistance for atranscontinental railroad.[10] Kentucky was the only southern state to have a delegation at the convention.[11]
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John C. Frémont, John McLean, Nathaniel Banks, William Seward, Salmon Chase, and Charles Sumner all were considered by those at the convention, but the latter three requested that their names be withdrawn. The Massachusetts delegation resolved in a morning meeting to vote unanimously for Banks. However, the name of Banks was then authoritatively and peremptorily withdrawn and the delegation resolved as a unit to support Frémont. McLean's name was initially withdrawn by his managerRufus Spalding, but the withdrawal was rescinded at the strong behest of the Pennsylvania delegation led byThaddeus Stevens.[12] Frémont was nominated for president overwhelmingly on the formal ballot.
| Presidential ballot | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1st (informal) | 1st (formal) | |
| Frémont | 359 | 520 |
| McLean | 190 | 37 |
| Sumner | 2 | 0 |
| Banks | 1 | 0 |
| Seward | 1 | 1 |
| Not Represented | 336 | 336 |
| Not Voting | 8 | 3 |
Presidential balloting / 2nd day of convention (June 18, 1856)
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William L. Dayton was nominated for vice president overAbraham Lincoln.[13]
| Vice-presidential ballot | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (informal) | 1st (formal) | Unanimous | |
| Dayton | 253 | 523 | 561 |
| Lincoln | 110 | 20 | |
| Banks | 46 | 4 | |
| Wilmot | 43 | 0 | |
| Sumner | 35 | 4 | |
| Collamer | 15 | 0 | |
| King | 9 | 1 | |
| Pomeroy | 8 | 0 | |
| Ford | 7 | 1 | |
| Carey | 3 | 0 | |
| Clay | 3 | 0 | |
| Giddings | 2 | 0 | |
| Johnson | 2 | 0 | |
| Pennington | 1 | 0 | |
| Wilson | 1 | 0 | |
| Elder | 0 | 1 | |
| Not represented | 336 | 336 | 336 |
| Not voting | 23 | 7 | |
Vice-presidential balloting / 3rd day of convention (June 19, 1856)
| Preceded by - | Republican National Conventions | Succeeded by 1860 Chicago |
