Calendar year
March 30 :The Congress of Paris Édouard Dubufe . TheTreaty of Paris is signed, ending theCrimean War .May 22 :Senator Charles Sumner is seriously injured by Congressman Preston Brooks on the floor of the U.S. Senate 1856 by topic Humanities By country Other topics Lists of leaders Birth and death categories Establishments and disestablishments categories Works category
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1856 .
1856 (MDCCCLVI ) was aleap year starting on Tuesday of theGregorian calendar and aleap year starting on Sunday of theJulian calendar , the 1856th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 2nd millennium , the 56th year of the19th century , and the 7th year of the1850s decade. As of the start of 1856, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
January 8 –Borax deposits are discovered in large quantities byJohn Veatch inCalifornia .[ 1] [ 2] January 23 – The Americansidewheel steamer SSPacific leavesLiverpool (England) for a transatlantic voyage on which she will be lost with all 186 on board.[ 3] January 24 – U.S. PresidentFranklin Pierce declares the newFree-State Topeka government in "Bleeding Kansas " to be in rebellion.January 26 – FirstBattle of Seattle : Marines from theUSS Decatur suppress an indigenous uprising, in response to Governor Stevens' declaration of a "war of extermination" on Native communities.January 29 February February 1 –Auburn University is first chartered, as the East Alabama Male College.February 2 –Dallas, Texas , is incorporated as a city.February 7 – TheNawab of Oudh ,Wajid Ali Shah , is exiled toMetiabruz and the state is annexed by the BritishEast India Company .February 12 – Americanclipper shipsDriver Ocean Queen leaveLiverpool and London respectively; both will be lost without trace in the Atlantic, perhaps due to ice, killing 374 and 123 respectively.[ 5] February 18 – The AmericanKnow Nothing Party convenes inPhiladelphia to nominate their firstPresidential candidate, former PresidentMillard Fillmore .March March –Nepalese–Tibetan War : The signing of theTreaty of Thapathali concludes the war.March 5 – Fire destroys theCovent Garden Theatre in London.[ 7] March 6 –Maryland Agricultural College (modern-dayUniversity of Maryland, College Park ) is chartered.March 20 –Filibuster War :Battle of Santa Rosa : –Costa Rican troops routWalker 's soldiers.March 24 –Taiping Rebellion : Suspecting treachery on the part of East KingYang Xiuqing ,Shi Dakai garrisonsAnhui and begins his march back to the Heavenly Capital, having defeated a strong Xiang Army detachment.March 31 – TheTreaty of Paris is signed, ending theCrimean War .March 5 :Covent Garden Theatre fire.April – TheXhosa cattle-killing movement and famine begins inCape Colony .April 7 –Nelson College is founded inNelson, New Zealand .April 10 –Theta Chi international college fraternity is founded at Norwich University in Vermont.April 16 – TheParis Declaration Respecting Maritime Law abolishesprivateering , and regulates the relationship between neutral and belligerent shipping on the high seas.April 17 – TheChicago Historical Society Museum is established at 1601 N.Clark Street, Chicago .April 21 – Building workers agitate for theeight-hour day inMelbourne , Australia.April 29 – The iron-hulledpaddle steamer RMS Persia concludes a 9-day 16 hour westboundtransatlantic crossing , at an average 13.11 knots (24.28 km/h), regaining theBlue Riband for theCunard Line .April 30 - The founding of theAssociação Naval de Lisboa byKing Pedro V , the oldest nautical association in theIberian Peninsula .May 1 – The province ofIsabela is created in thePhilippines , in honor of QueenIsabella II of Spain .May 3 –Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom givesNorfolk Island to the population of the colony atPitcairn Island , most being descendants of theMutiny on theBounty . They first settle on Norfolk Island onJune 8 .Women's suffrage , as practiced on Pitcairn, is extended to Norfolk Island.May 14 – TheSan Francisco Committee of Vigilance is founded in the United States. It lynches twogangsters , arrests mostDemocratic Party officials, and disbands itself onAugust 18 .May 20 –David Livingstone arrives atQuelimane on the Indian Ocean, having completed a 2-year transcontinental journey across Africa fromLuanda .[ 8] May 21 –Sacking of Lawrence :Lawrence, Kansas , is captured and burned by pro-slavery forces.May 22 –Caning of Charles Sumner :United States Congressman Preston Brooks ofSouth Carolina beatsSenator Charles Sumner with a cane in the hall of theUnited States Senate for a speech Sumner had made attacking pro-slavery Southerners, especially elderly South Carolina SenatorAndrew Butler , a relative of Brooks. Sumner is unable to return to duty for three years while he recovers; Brooks becomes a hero across the South.May 24 –Pottawatomie massacre : A group of followers of radicalabolitionist John Brown kill 5 homesteaders inFranklin County, Kansas .June 2 –Battle of Black Jack : Antislavery forces, led byJohn Brown , defeat proslavery forces inBleeding Kansas .June 9 – 500Mormon handcart pioneers leaveIowa City and head west forSalt Lake City, Utah , carrying all their possessions in two-wheeled handcarts.June 13 –Taiping Rebellion :Shi Dakai arrives atNanjing .June 20 –General Mills is founded inMinneapolis, Minnesota , United States, as the Minneapolis Milling Company.[ 9] July 9 –Natal becomes a BritishCrown colony .[ 10] July 14 –15 – In Spain, GeneralLeopoldo O'Donnell takes control of the government, bringing an end to thebienio progresista July 17 – TheGreat Train Wreck (the worst railroad calamity in the world to date) occurs nearPhiladelphia ,Pennsylvania , United States.July 31 –Christchurch , New Zealand, is chartered as a city.August –Pre-human remains are found in theNeanderthal Valley inPrussia .August 10 – TheLast Island hurricane destroysLast Island, Louisiana , leaving 400 dead. The whole island is broken up into several smaller islands by the storm.August 30 –Battle of Osawatomie : Proslavery forces defeat antislavery forces inBleeding Kansas .September 1 –Seton Hall University is founded inSouth Orange, New Jersey , by the first bishop of the Diocese of Newark,James Roosevelt Bayley , a cousin of future U.S. PresidentTheodore Roosevelt and nephew of the first American-born Catholic saint,Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton . Seton Hall University is the oldest and largest Catholic diocesan university in the United States and the first institution named in honor of St. Elizabeth Ann Seton.September 2 –Taiping Rebellion :Wei Changhui andQin Rigang assassinateYang Xiuqing .September 7 – TheSaimaa Canal was inaugurated.[ 11] October 8 – TheSecond Opium War between several Western powers and China begins with theArrow Incident on thePearl River .October 12 –1856 Heraklion earthquake : A powerful earthquake rocks the Mediterranean, killing hundreds on the island of Crete and many more in the Middle East.October 13 – American mercenaryWilliam Walker effectively takes control ofNicaragua .November 1 –Anglo-Persian War : War is declared between Great Britain andPersia .November 4 –1856 United States presidential election :Democrat James Buchanan defeats former PresidentMillard Fillmore , representing a coalition ofKnow Nothings andWhigs , andJohn C. Frémont of the fledglingRepublican Party , to become the 15thPresident of the United States .November 11 –Taiping Rebellion :Shi Dakai arrives at the Heavenly Capital once more with 100,000 men, and demands thatWei Changhui and Qin Rigang be executed. Shi subsequently becomes head of the government.November 17 –American Old West : On theSonoita River in modern-day southernArizona , theUnited States Army establishesFort Buchanan , in order to help control new land acquired in theGadsden Purchase .November 21 –Niagara University is founded inNiagara Falls, New York .November 27 – TheCoup of 1856 leads toLuxembourg 's unilateral adoption of a new, reactionaryconstitution , asKing-Grand Duke William III signs the new constitution without theChamber of Deputies ' consent.December 1 – Under theCounty and Borough Police Act , in any county or area ofEngland and Wales where a police force has not already been established, theJustices of the Peace must from this date take steps to create one according to nationally defined standards.[ 12] December 2 – TheNational Portrait Gallery, London , is established.[ 13] December 9 –Bushehr surrenders to theBritish .Henri Philippe Pétain Elizabeth Marney Conner January 6 –Martin von Feuerstein , German painter (d.1931 )January 7 –Evald Relander , Finnish teacher, agronomist and banker (d.1926 )[ 17] January 9 –Lizette Woodworth Reese , American poet and teacher (d.1935 )January 11 –Christian Sinding , Norwegian composer (d.1941 )January 12 –John Singer Sargent , American artist (d.1925 )January 27 –Telémaco Susini , Argentinian physician (d.1936 )[ 18] January 31 –Hermann von François , German general (d.1933 )February 2 –Frederick William Vanderbilt , American railway magnate (d.1938 )February 4 –Otani Kikuzo , Japanese general (d.1923 )February 5 –Frank Podmore , British psychical researcher (d.1910 )February 9 –Hara Takashi , Japanese politician, 10thPrime Minister of Japan (d.1921 )February 12 –Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli , Austrian general, German field marshal (d.1941 )February 14 –Frank Harris , Irish author, editor (d.1931 )February 15 –Emil Kraepelin , German psychiatrist (d.1926 )February 17 –Arnold von Winckler , German general (d.1945 )February 21 February 26 –Elizabeth Marney Conner , American elocutionist (unknown year of death)March 2 –Louis Dartige du Fournet , French admiral (d.1940 )March 4 March 8 March 9 March 16 –Napoléon, Prince Imperial of France (k.1879 )[ 19] March 20 March 26 –William Massey , Irish-born 19th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d.1925 )April 4 –Washington Irving Chambers , American naval officer (d.1934 )April 5 –Booker T. Washington , American educator (d.1915 )April 6 –Maurice Sarrail , French general (d.1929 )April 12 –Martin Conway , British art critic, mountaineer (d.1937 )April 14 –Albert W. Grant , American admiral (d.1930 )April 18 –Hammerton Killick , Haitian admiral (d.1902 )April 23 –Granville Woods , African-American inventor (d.1910 )April 24 –Philippe Pétain , French soldier, statesman (d.1951 )April 26 – SirJoseph Ward , 17thPrime Minister of New Zealand (d.1930 )April 27 –Tongzhi Emperor of China (d.1875 )May 6 May 8 –Pedro Lascuráin , 34thPresident of Mexico (d.1952 )May 15 –L. Frank Baum , American author, poet, playwright, actor and independent filmmaker (The Wizard of Oz ) (d.1919 )May 18 –Guglielmo Pecori Giraldi , Italian nobleman, general and politician (d.1941 )May 21 –José Batlle y Ordóñez , Twice President of Uruguay (d.1929 )May 25 June 14 –Andrey Markov , Russian mathematician (d.1922 )June 22 –H. Rider Haggard , English novelist (d.1925 )June 29 –Maria Cederschiöld , Swedish journalist (d.1935 )Nikola Tesla Alfred Deakin Kate Douglas Wiggin George McClellan Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg J. J. Thomson Woodrow Wilson July 7 –Georg von der Marwitz , German general (d.1929 )July 10 –Nikola Tesla , Serbian-American inventor (d.1943 )July 11 –Georgiana Drew , American stage actress, marriedMaurice Barrymore in 1876 (d.1893 )July 23 –Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Indian political activist (d.1920 )July 24 –Franklin Ware Mann , American inventor (d.1916 )July 26 –George Bernard Shaw , Irish writer,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1950 )July 27 –Nathan Francis Mossell , physician, 1st African American graduate of theUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and founder of theFrederick Douglass Memorial Hospital and Training School (d.1946 )July 30 –Harriet Bates , American author (d.1886 )August 3 –Alfred Deakin , 2ndPrime Minister of Australia (d.1919 )August 10 –William Willett , British promoter of Daylight Saving Time (d.1915 )August 12 –Diamond Jim Brady , American businessman and philanthropist (d.1917 )August 15 September 1 –Sergei Winogradsky , Russian scientist (d.1953 )September 3 –Louis Sullivan , American architect (d.1924 )September 18 –Wilhelm von Gloeden , German photographer (d.1931 )September 19 –Miguel R. Dávila , Honduranian general, 21stPresident of Honduras (d.1927 )September 28 –Kate Douglas Wiggin , American author ofRebecca of Sunnybrook Farm 1923 )October 15 –Robert Nivelle , French general (d.1924 )October 21 –Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete , Mexican archaeologist and Archbishop ofRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Monterrey (d. June 2,1920 )[ 20] October 23 –William Thomas Turner , British ship's captain withCunard Steamship Company (d.1933 )October 30 –Charles Leroux , American balloonist, parachutist (d.1889 )November 9 –Andrei Eberhardt , Russian admiral (d.1919 )November 13 –Louis Brandeis ,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d.1941 )November 14 –J. M. Robertson , BritishLiberal Party politician, writer and journalist,Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade (d.1933 )November 17 –Demetrio Castillo Duany , Cuban revolutionary, soldier and politician (d.1922 )November 21 –William Emerson Ritter , American biologist (d.1944 )November 22 November 24 –Bat Masterson , American lawman (d.1921 )November 28 –Mary Catherine Crowley , American author (d.1920 )November 29 –Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg ,Chancellor of Germany (d.1921 )December 2 –Robert Kajanus , Finnish conductor, composer (d.1933 )December 6 –Hans Molisch , Czech-Austrian botanist (d.1937 )December 10 –Dewa Shigetō , Japanese admiral (d.1930 )December 11 –Georgi Plekhanov , Russian revolutionary, Marxist theoretician (d.1918 )December 13 –Svetozar Boroević , Austrian field marshal (d.1920 )December 18 December 22 –Frank B. Kellogg ,United States Secretary of State , recipient of theNobel Peace Prize (d.1937 )December 23 –James Buchanan Duke , American tobacco and electric power industrialist (d.1925 )December 25 –Hans von Bartels , German painter (d.1913 )December 28 –Woodrow Wilson , 28thPresident of the United States , recipient of theNobel Peace Prize (d.1924 )Heinrich Heine January 4 –Charles Brudenell-Bruce, 1st Marquess of Ailesbury , British politician (b.1773 )January 14 –Janko Drašković , Croatian politician, reformer (b.1770 )January 16 –Thaddeus William Harris , American naturalist (b.1795 )January 31 –Khedrup Gyatso, 11th Dalai Lama (b.1838 )February 4 –Anna Gottlieb , Austrian operatic soprano (b.1774 )February 17 –Heinrich Heine , German writer (b.1797 )May 3 June 23 –Ivan Kireyevsky , Russian literary critic, philosopher (b.1806 )June 26 –Max Stirner , German philosopher (b.1806 )Amedeo Avogadro Robert Schumann July 9 –Amedeo Avogadro , Italian chemist (b.1776 )July 11 –Norberto Ramírez , Central American politicianJuly 14 –Edward Vernon Utterson , English lawyer, literary antiquary, collector and editor (b.1775 /1776 )July 20 –Anna Nielsen , Danish mezzo-soprano (b.1803 )July 29 August 6 –Robert Lucas de Pearsall , English composer; setting of "In dulce jubilo" (b.1795 )August 14 –William Buckland , English geologist, palaeontologist (b.1784 )August 19 –Anna Maria Rüttimann-Meyer von Schauensee , politically active Swiss salonist (b.1772 )August 29 –Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck , British Christian writer (b.1778 )August 30 –Gilbert Abbott à Beckett , English writer (b.1811 )September 3 –Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná , Brazilian politician (b.1801 )October 19 October 29 –Carel Sirardus Willem van Hogendorp , ActingGovernor-General of Dutch East Indies (b.1788 )November 23 –Manuela Sáenz , Colombian national heroine (b.1797 )December 20 –Francesco Bentivegna , Italian revolutionary (b.1820 )
^ Veatch, John Allen, Texas State Historical Association ^ Linsley, Judith; Rienstrad, Ellen; Stiles, Jo (2002).Giant Under the Hill, A History of the Spindletop Oil Discovery at Beaumont, Texas in 1901 . Austin: Texas State Historical Association. pp. 9– 11.ISBN 9780876112366 ^ "Reminisecence of the Lost Steamship Pacific.; INTERESTING STATEMENT" .The New York Times . London Shipping Gazette. August 7, 1861.ISSN 0362-4331 . RetrievedOctober 30, 2020 .Our readers may have observed recently, amongst our maritime extracts, the copy of the contents of a slip of paper, found in a bottle some weeks ago, on the western coast of Uls, in the Hebrides, and forwarded to us by our agent at Sternoway. The paper in question, apparently the leaf of a pocketbook, used in the hurry of the moment, was covered on both sides with pencil marks, from which the following was with difficulty deciphered:On board the Pacific, from L'pool to N. York. Ship going down. (Great) confusion on board. Icebergs around us on every side. I know I cannot escape. I write the cause of our loss, that friends may not live in suspense. The finder of this will please get it published, WM. GRAHAM. If we are right in our conjecture, the ship here named is the Pacific, one of the Collins line of steamers, which vessel left Liverpool on Jan. 23, 1856, three days before the Persia, and has not since been heard of; and this slip of paper, three inches by two, is probably the only record of the fate of that missing ship. ^ "Railroads — prior to the Civil War" .North Carolina Business History . 2006. Archived fromthe original on July 26, 2011. RetrievedAugust 26, 2011 .^ "Missing Ships – The Gales of the Past Winter - A Melancholy Catalogue" .TheNew York Herald . June 3, 1856. p. 12. RetrievedJune 18, 2019 – viaLibrary of Congress .^ Garfield, Simon (2000).Mauve: How One Man Invented a Colour that Changed the World . London: Faber.ISBN 0-571-20197-0 ^ "Destruction of Covent Garden Theatre by Fire" .Geelong Advertiser and Intelligencer . June 2, 1856. RetrievedJuly 18, 2025 .^ "Central Africa, explored" .Unimaps.com . 2005. RetrievedAugust 26, 2011 .^ "Mill City Timeline" .millcitymuseum.org . Archived fromthe original on April 1, 2018. RetrievedSeptember 13, 2014 .^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History . London: Century Ltd. pp. 276– 277.ISBN 0-7126-5616-2 ^ "Saiman kanawa walmistunut".Sanomia Turusta (in Finnish). No. 36. September 2, 1856. p. 5. ^ Friar, Stephen (2001).The Sutton Companion to Local History (rev. ed.). Stroud: Sutton Publishing. p. 243.ISBN 0-7509-2723-2 ^ "Gallery history" . National Portrait Gallery. Archived fromthe original on September 20, 2016. RetrievedAugust 26, 2011 .^ Carlton, R. Scott (1997).The International Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Philatelics . Iola, WI: Krause. p. 36.ISBN 0-87341-448-9 ^ "Credit Suisse. Our company" .credit-suisse.com . RetrievedApril 28, 2021 .^ "History of Casino Monte Carlo" .History of Monte Carlo . Progress Publishing. 2006. RetrievedMay 27, 2021 .^ "Relander, Evald Kristian" .kurkijoki.fi (in Finnish). RetrievedJune 9, 2025 .^ Saller, Lucas."Telémaco Susini" .muba.uba.ar (in Spanish). MUBA. RetrievedDecember 13, 2023 . ^ Gilman, Daniel Coit; Peck, Harry Thurston; Colby, Frank Moore, eds. (1906)."NAPOLEON, Eugène Louis Jean Joseph" .The New International Encyclopaedia . New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. p. 246. RetrievedOctober 10, 2021 . ^ "Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete, Pionero de la Arqueología Nacional" [Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete, Pioneer of National Archaeology] (in Spanish). Consejo Ciudadano de la Cronica de Zamora. September 8, 2017. RetrievedFebruary 10, 2019 .1856 at Wikimedia Commons
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