1852 Whig National Convention

1852 presidential election
Nominees Scott and Graham
Convention
Date(s)	June 16–19 & 21, 1852
City	Baltimore,Maryland
Venue	Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts (now Maryland Institute College of Art)
Chair	John G. Chapman
Candidates
Presidential nominee	Winfield Scott ofNew Jersey
Vice-presidential nominee	William A. Graham ofNorth Carolina
Voting
Total delegates	296
Votes needed for nomination	149
Results (president)	Scott (NJ): 159 (53.72%) Fillmore (NY): 112 (37.84%) Webster (MA): 21 (7.09%) Blank: 4 (1.35%)
Results (vice president)	Graham (NC): 296 (100%)
Ballots	53
‹ 1848 · 1856 ›

The1852 Whig National Convention was apresidential nominating convention held from June 16 to June 21, inBaltimore,Maryland. It nominated theWhig Party's candidates forpresident andvice president in the1852 election. The convention selected General-in-ChiefWinfield Scott (commanding theUnited States Army and led in the recent war withMexico) forpresident and U.S. secretary of the navyWilliam A. Graham forvice president.

In the aftermath of theMexican–American War (1846–1848) and theCompromise of 1850, the Whig Party was torn over the issue ofslavery. PresidentMillard Fillmore, who had succeeded to the presidency in July 1850 after the death ofZachary Taylor, had the strong backing of Southern Whigs. However, his enforcement of theFugitive Slave Act of 1850 had alienated many Northern Whigs, who supported either Scott or secretary of stateDaniel Webster. Scott and Fillmore essentially tied on the first presidential ballot, while a smaller fraction of the vote went to Webster. There was little delegate movement over the next 46 ballots, but Scott gained momentum on the 48th ballot and clinched the nomination on the 53rd ballot.

Graham,Edward Bates of Missouri, andJames Pearce of Maryland all won significant support on the first vice presidential ballot, but Graham clinched the nomination on the second ballot. In the general election, Scott and Graham were defeated by theDemocratic candidates,Franklin Pierce andWilliam R. King, who took office the following March 1853. This 1852 convention was the last Whig Party presidential convention to be held independent of other parties, as the1856 Whig National Convention was held by a rump faction of Whigs and nominated the ticket previously selected by the competing1856 American National Convention.

The congressional Whig caucus, led by SenatorWillie P. Mangum, a supporter of Scott, met on April 9, 1852, to decide the date and location for the 1852 convention.^[1] The party chose to hold the convention in Baltimore, Maryland, at theMaryland Institute Hall, from June 16 to 21. The convention was temporarily chaired byGeorge C. Evans and permanently chaired byJohn G. Chapman.^[2]

In late 1851 and early 1852, state conventions began to meet to select delegates to the national convention. The party was split between those who felt that Fillmore could not win the election and those who favored the president's nomination. Northern Whigs favored Scott while Southern Whigs tended to prefer Fillmore.

The party was also torn on the issue of slavery. Most in the party wanted to prevent slavery from becoming the dominating issue in the election. However, the Whigs were split on the issue of theCompromise of 1850, proposed and designed by Whig senatorHenry Clay ofKentucky. PresidentZachary Taylor, a Southern Whig, had tried to avoid the issue altogether by proposing thatCalifornia andNew Mexico be admitted as free states immediately. After Taylor's death in July 1850, Fillmore, a moderate Whig, had supported Clay's compromise and was instrumental as president in its passage. Northern Whigs, led byWilliam Henry Seward ofNew York, (a formergovernor and senator),adamantly opposed the compromise because it did not apply theWilmot Proviso (which banned slavery in any federal territory acquired from Mexico after theMexican–American War) to the western territories.

Northern Whigs launched an effort to associate Scott with theFree Soil wing of the party. Scott did not agree with the Free Soilers, who opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories. Just days before the convention was scheduled to begin, Southern Whigs warned that they would not support Scott unless he pledged to disavow the Free Soilers and to exclude them from his administration if he was elected.

Encouraged by Fillmore's professed lack of desire to pursue the Whig nomination, Webster launched another campaign for the presidency in 1851.^[3] Fillmore was sympathetic to the ambitions of his secretary of state, but he was unwilling to completely rule out accepting the party's 1852 nomination, as he feared doing so would allow Seward to gain control of the party through Scott.^[4] Scott had supported the Compromise of 1850, but his association with Seward made him unacceptable to Southern Whigs.^[4] As Southerners retained a lingering distrust of Webster, they threw their backing behind Fillmore.^[5] Thus, Scott emerged as the preferred candidate of most Northern Whigs, Fillmore became the main candidate of Southern Whigs, and Webster was only able to win backing from a handful of delegates, most of whom were from New England.^[6]

On the eve of the convention,The New York Times estimated that Fillmore would have the support of 133 delegates, Scott 120 and Webster 40.

Two weeks before the Whig convention was set to begin, the Democrats nominatedFranklin Pierce, a northerner fromNew Hampshire. Supporters of Webster in the North decided that Scott, not Fillmore, could defeat Pierce in the general election, and several switched their support.

The convention met from June 17 to June 20.

Delegates to the fourth Whig Party National Convention assembled also in the sameMaryland Institute auditorium, above "Centre Market" at Market Place/South Frederick and East Baltimore Streets, alongside theJones Falls stream in eastern downtownBaltimore, Maryland. Although each state was granted one delegate for each of theirelectoral votes, several sent more than their allotted number.

The convention convened on June 17, 15 minutes before the scheduled time. Delegates quickly selected former senatorGeorge Evans ofMaine as temporary chairman. Because a large number of delegates had not yet arrived, many on the floor objected to the selection. The delegates also appointed the Whig Party's National Committee, as well as a Committee on Credentials and a Committee on Permanent Organization, before adjourning.

An evening session was held later in the day. The Credentials Committee submitted a report which was adopted and the Committee on Permanent Organization was assembled.^[7]

The second day began with the organization of the convention. Several states had sent delegations that far outnumbered their allowed size. Virginia was allotted 15 votes and sent 45 delegates. Delegates voted to restrict states to one delegate for each of its electoral votes. The convention also adopted the party's platform. Southern delegates submitted a platform, but it was rejected in favor of a relatively weak one which caused little controversy and was easily passed by a vote of 227 to 66.^[8]

• 
  Commanding General
  Winfield Scott
  fromNew Jersey
• 
  President
  Millard Fillmore ofNew York
• 
  Secretary of State
  Daniel Webster
  ofMassachusetts

The divided convention began the process of nominating a candidate. Fillmore led on the first ballot, receiving 133 votes. Scott placed a close second with 131 votes. Webster received 29 votes. Five more ballots were held with little change in the vote before the convention adjourned for the weekend.

Although both Webster and Fillmore were willing to withdraw in favor of the other, their respective delegates at the convention were unable to unite around either candidate during the weekend adjournment.^[9]

The delegates resumed voting on Monday. On the 8th ballot, Scott took the lead with 133 votes to 131 for Fillmore, but neither received the necessary majority for nomination. The convention was deadlocked, and a number of delegates unsuccessfully moved to allow a nomination with a plurality, rather than a majority, of votes. After the 46th ballot, with Scott ahead by seven votes (but still without a majority), the delegates voted to adjourn for the night.On the first ballot of the final day of the convention, the 47th overall, Scott still had not received the majority of votes necessary for nomination. Several more votes were taken. Fillmore lost votes on each successive ballot.^{[citation needed]} On the 52nd ballot, Scott received exactly half of the vote. Scott was finally nominated on the next ballot, obtaining a majority when several delegates from New England and Virginia switched their support.

• 
  1st presidential ballot (Fillmore's peak)
• 
  53rd presidential ballot (Scott nominated)

Observers at the convention noted that "there seemed to be no anxiety to get to the business of selecting the vice-presidential candidate, and when the nominations began, no candidates seemed to want them."^[10]: 50 While various candidates were informally approached, each refused consideration in turn. Former representativeEdward Bates and navy secretaryWilliam Alexander Graham were the two main candidates for the nomination. Bates led on the first ballot at the convention^[11] and even had an editorial endorsement from a fellow Missourian who was just starting his career,Mark Twain.^[12] But Bates' known Free-Soil sentiments were used against him^[13] and Graham was selected on the second ballot.^[14] Graham accepted the nomination and he was accepted as the party's candidate by Chapman, the convention chairman.^{[2][10]: 50}

• 
  1st vice presidential ballot
• 
  2nd vice presidential ballot

• U.S. presidential nomination convention
• 1852 United States presidential election
• 1852 Democratic National Convention

• Holt, Michael (1999).The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-977203-2.
• Remini, Robert V. (1997).Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time. W.W. Norton & Company.ISBN 0-393-04552-8.
• Smith, Elbert B. (1988).The Presidencies of Zachary Taylor & Millard Fillmore. University Press of Kansas.ISBN 978-0-7006-0362-6.

• Chester, Edward WA guide to political platforms (1977)online
• Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds.National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965)online 1840-1956

• 1852 United States presidential election
• 1852 in Maryland
• 1852 conferences
• June 1852
• 19th-century political conferences
• 1850s in Baltimore
• Whig National Conventions
• Political conventions in Baltimore
• Millard Fillmore

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