 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
All 213 seats in theUnited States House of Representatives 107 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Results by party Results by factionResults: Anti-Jacksonian hold Anti-Jacksonian gain | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
The1824–25 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between July 7, 1824, and August 30, 1825. Each state set its own date for its elections to theHouse of Representatives before the first session of the19th United States Congress convened on December 5, 1825. Elections were held for all 213 seats, representing 24 states.
They coincided with the contentious1824 presidential election. After no presidential candidate won anelectoral majority, in February 1825 the House of the outgoing18th Congress chose the President,John Quincy Adams, in acontingent election.[2]
The approach of the 1824 presidential election ended the virtually nonpartisanEra of Good Feelings and motivated major realignment. The weakFederalist Party collapsed and theDemocratic-Republican Party abruptly, catastrophically split.
ThoughAndrew Jackson lost the contingent election, public attitudes toward the charismatic,famous Jackson mainly determined the new alignment. Partisans of Jackson often were called Jacksonians, by 1828 adopting theDemocratic Party label. Opponents of Jackson often were called Anti-Jacksonians, coalescing under the leadership of newly elected PresidentJohn Quincy Adams and soon forming theNational Republican Party.[2]
Though both parties were new, and were not continuations of old parties, Jacksonians were more similar to the former Democratic-Republicans, while National Republicans were more similar to the former Federalists and also were political ancestors to the futureWhig Party. Leadership of the National Republicans in opposition to Jackson later would transition toHenry Clay, whose support of Adams determined the contingent election.
Representatives regrouped into Jackson supporters and Adams supporters (comprising the Adams-Clay faction in thecontingent election), while supporters ofWilliam Crawford, whose ill health and retirement had indirectly helped trigger the realignment, divided between the two factions with 33 going to the Adams-Clay faction and 22 going to the Jackson faction.
| 109 | 104 |
| Anti-Jacksonian | Jacksonian |
| State | Date ↑ | Type | Total seats | Anti-Jacksonian | Jacksonian | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seats | Change | Seats | Change | ||||
| Louisiana | July 7–9, 1824 | Districts | 3 | 2 |  | 1 | |
| Illinois | August 2, 1824 | At-large | 1 | 1 | | 0 | |
| Indiana | August 2, 1824 | Districts | 3 | 2 |  2 | 1 |  2 |
| Kentucky | August 2, 1824 | Districts | 12 | 7 | 1 | 5 | 1 |
| Missouri | August 2, 1824 | At-large | 1 | 1 | | 0 | |
| Mississippi | August 2–3, 1824 | At-large | 1 | 0 | | 1 | |
| Vermont | September 7, 1824[d] | District | 5 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Maine | September 13, 1824[e] | Districts | 7 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Georgia | October 4, 1824 | At-large | 7 | 0 | | 7 | 7 |
| Maryland | October 4, 1824 | Districts | 9 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Delaware | October 5, 1824 | At-large | 1 | 0 | | 1 | 1 |
| South Carolina | October 11–12, 1824 | Districts | 9 | 0 | | 9 | |
| Ohio | October 12, 1824 | Districts | 14 | 12 | 2 | 2 | |
| Pennsylvania | October 12, 1824 | Districts | 26 | 4 | 3 | 22 | 3 |
| Massachusetts | November 1, 1824[f] | Districts | 13 | 12 | | 1 | |
| New Hampshire | November 1, 1824[g] | At-large | 6 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| New Jersey | November 2, 1824 | At-large | 6 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| New York | November 1–3, 1824 | Districts | 34 | 26 | 8 | 8 | 6 |
| Late elections (after the March 4, 1825, beginning of the term) | |||||||
| Connecticut | April 4, 1825 | At-large | 6 | 6 | | 0 | |
| Virginia | April 1825 | Districts | 22 | 7 | 6 | 15 | 14 |
| Alabama | August 1–3, 1825 | Districts | 3 | 0 | | 3 | |
| Tennessee | August 4–5, 1825 | Districts | 9 | 0 | | 9 | |
| North Carolina | August 11, 1825 | Districts | 13 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 9 |
| Rhode Island | August 30, 1825[h] | At-large | 2 | 2 | | 0 | |
| Total | 213 | 109 51.2% | 22 | 104 48.8% | 33 | ||
| Anti-Jacksonian | 51.17% | |||
| Jacksonian | 48.83% | |||
There were special elections in 1824 and 1825 to the18th United States Congress and19th United States Congress.
Special elections are sorted by date then district.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Indiana 1 | William Prince | Democratic- Republican | 1822 | Incumbent died September 8, 1824. New memberelected in 1824 and seated December 23, 1824.[3] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner not elected to the next term;see below. |
|
| Vermont at-large | Charles Rich | Democratic- Republican | 1812 1814(lost) 1816 | Incumbent died October 15, 1824, having already either retired or lost re-election. New memberelected in 1824 and seated December 13, 1824.[3] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner was not a candidate to the next term;see below. |
|
| Virginia 13 | William Lee Ball | Democratic- Republican | 1817 | Incumbent died February 29, 1824. New memberelected in 1824 and seated April 8, 1824.[3] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner later re-elected to the next term;see below. |
|
| Pennsylvania 8 | Thomas J. Rogers | Democratic- Republican | 1818(special) | Incumbent resigned April 20, 1824. New memberelected October 12, 1824 and seated December 23, 1824.[3] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner also elected to the next term;see below. |
|
| Pennsylvania 13 | John Tod | Democratic- Republican | 1820 | Incumbent resigned sometime in 1824. New memberelected October 12, 1824 and seated December 6, 1824.[3] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner also elected to the next term;see below. |
|
| Massachusetts 10 | Vacant | John Bailey (D-R) declared not entitled to seat in previous election. Bailey wasre-elected November 29, 1824 and seated December 13, 1824.[3] Democratic-Republican gain. Winner later elected to the next term;see below. | First ballot(August 30, 1824)
Second ballot(November 1, 1824)
| ||
| Georgia at-large | Thomas W. Cobb | Democratic- Republican | 1816 1820(retired) 1822 | Incumbent resigned December 6, 1824, whenelected U.S. Senator. New memberelected in 1824 and seated February 7, 1825.[3] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner was not a candidate for the next term;see below. |
|
| North Carolina 2 | Hutchins G. Burton | Democratic- Republican | 1819 | Incumbent resigned March 23, 1824, when electedGovernor of North Carolina. New memberelected January 6, 1825 and seated January 19, 1825.[3] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner later elected to the next term;see below. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| New Hampshire at-large | Vacant | Representative-electJames Miller declined to serve. New memberelected March 8, 1825 and seated December 5, 1825 with the rest of the Congress. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
| ||
| South Carolina 1 | Joel R. Poinsett | Jacksonian | 1820 | Incumbent resigned March 7, 1825, when appointedU.S. Minister to Mexico. New memberelected May 17, 1825 and seated December 5, 1825.[4] Jacksonian hold. |
|
| Kentucky 3 | Henry Clay | Anti-Jacksonian | 1810 1814(resigned) 1814 1815(seat declared vacant) 1815(special) 1820(retired) 1822 | Incumbent resigned March 6, 1825, when appointedU.S. Secretary of State. New memberelected August 1, 1825 and seated December 5, 1825.[4] Anti-Jacksonian hold. |
|
| Pennsylvania 16 | James Allison Jr. | Jacksonian | 1822 | Incumbent resigned August 26, 1825, before Congress met. New memberelected in 1825 and seated December 5, 1825.[4] Jacksonian hold. |
|
Alabama elected its members August 1–3, 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Alabama 1 "Northern district" | Gabriel Moore | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Alabama 2 "Middle district" | John McKee | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Alabama 3 "Southern district" | George W. Owen | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
SeeNon-voting delegates, below.
Connecticut elected its members April 4, 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Connecticut at-large 6 seats on ageneral ticket | Gideon Tomlinson | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1818 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
Others
|
| Ansel Sterling | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian hold. | ||
| Samuel A. Foote | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Jacksonian hold. | ||
| Lemuel Whitman | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian hold. | ||
| Noyes Barber | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. | ||
| Ebenezer Stoddard | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian hold. | ||
Delaware elected its member October 5, 1824.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Delaware at-large | Louis McLane | Crawford Federalist | 1816 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. |
|
SeeNon-voting delegates, below.
Georgia elected its members October 4, 1824. There were only 7 candidates who ran statewide in 1824. There were several other candidates who received votes in a small number of states, but vote totals were only available for the seven winning candidates. The minor candidates only received a few hundred votes each.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Georgia at-large 7 seats on ageneral ticket | Joel Abbot | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1816 | Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Alfred Cuthbert | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. | ||
| George Cary | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. | ||
| Edward F. Tattnall | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. | ||
| John Forsyth | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. | ||
| Wiley Thompson | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. | ||
| Thomas W. Cobb | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain. | ||
Illinois elected its member August 2, 1824.
In 1824 a proposal was made to hold a convention to make Illinois a slave state. The Pro-Slavery Party was led by former GovernorBond and others, while the Anti-Slavery Party was led by GovernorColes and others. The election took place on August 2, resulting in Illinois voting against the convention and electing the anti-slavery candidate,Daniel P. Cook. Despite the failure of the plan to officially make Illinois a slave state, the state effectively continued the practice through laws that classified Black individuals as "indentured servants," which in practice made them slaves.[7]
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Illinois at-large | Daniel P. Cook | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1819 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
Indiana elected its members August 2, 1824.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Indiana 1 | Jacob Call | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1824 | Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold. Incumbent then died September 8, 1824, leading to aspecial election to finish the term. |
|
| Indiana 2 | Jonathan Jennings | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1822(special) | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Indiana 3 | John Test | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
Kentucky elected its members August 2, 1824.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Kentucky 1 | David Trimble | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1816 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Kentucky 2 | Thomas Metcalfe | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1818 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Kentucky 3 | Henry Clay | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1810 1814(resigned) 1814 1815(seat declared vacant) 1815(special) 1820(retired) 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. Incumbent later resigned to becomeU.S. Secretary of State and was replaced in aspecial election. |
|
| Kentucky 4 | Robert P. Letcher | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Kentucky 5 | John T. Johnson | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold. |
|
| Kentucky 6 | David White | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Kentucky 7 | Thomas P. Moore | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Kentucky 8 | Richard A. Buckner | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Kentucky 9 | Charles A. Wickliffe | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Kentucky 10 | Francis Johnson | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1820(special) | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Kentucky 11 | Philip Thompson | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Jacksonian hold. |
|
| Kentucky 12 | Robert P. Henry | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
Louisiana elected its members July 7–9, 1824.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Louisiana 1 | Edward Livingston | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Louisiana 2 | Henry H. Gurley | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Louisiana 3 | William L. Brent | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
Maine elected its members September 13, 1824. Maine law required a majority vote for election, n Maine law required a majority vote for electionecessitating additional ballots in the 3rd and 4th districts on January 3, 1825, April 4, 1825, and September 12, 1825.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Maine 1 | William Burleigh | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Maine 2 | Stephen Longfellow | Adams-Clay Federalist | 1823 | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Maine 3 | Ebenezer Herrick | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. | First ballot(September 13, 1824)
Second ballot(January 3, 1825)
Third ballot(April 4, 1825)
|
| Maine 4 | Joshua Cushman | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1818[k] | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Jacksonian hold. | First ballot(September 13, 1824)
Second ballot(January 3, 1825)
|
| Maine 5 | Enoch Lincoln | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1818(special)[l] | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Maine 6 | Jeremiah O'Brien | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Maine 7 | David Kidder | Adams-Clay Federalist | 1823 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
Maryland elected its members October 4, 1824.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Maryland 1 | Raphael Neale | Adams-Clay Federalist | 1818 | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Jacksonian hold. |
|
| Maryland 2 | Joseph Kent | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1810 1814(lost) 1818 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Maryland 3 | Henry R. Warfield | Adams-Clay Federalist | 1820 | Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Maryland 4 | John Lee | Jackson Federalist | 1822 | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Maryland 5 Plural district with 2 seats | Isaac McKim | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1823(special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Peter Little | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1810 1812(lost) 1816 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. | ||
| Maryland 6 | George E. Mitchell | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Maryland 7 | William Hayward Jr. | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Maryland 8 | John S. Spence | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Jacksonian hold. |
|
Massachusetts elected its members November 1, 1824. Massachusetts had a majority requirement for election, which necessitated additional elections held January 3, 1825, April 1, 1825, and August 1, 1825.
District numbers vary between sources.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Massachusetts 1 "Suffolk district" | Daniel Webster | Adams-Clay Federalist | 1812[m] 1816(retired) 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Massachusetts 2 "Essex South district" | Benjamin W. Crowninshield | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Massachusetts 3 "Essex North district" | Jeremiah Nelson | Adams-Clay Federalist | 1804 1806(retired) 1814 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian hold. | First ballot(November 1, 1824)
|
| Massachusetts 4 "Middlesex district" | Timothy Fuller | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1816 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian hold. |
|
| Massachusetts 5 "Hampden district" | Samuel Lathrop | Adams-Clay Federalist | 1819 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. | First ballot(November 1, 1824)
Second ballot(January 3, 1825)
|
| Massachusetts 6 "Franklin district" | Samuel C. Allen | Adams-Clay Federalist | 1816 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. | First ballot(November 1, 1824)
|
| Massachusetts 7 "Berkshire district" | Henry W. Dwight | Adams-Clay Federalist | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Massachusetts 8 "Worcester South district" | Jonas Sibley | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Jacksonian hold. | First ballot(November 1, 1824)
Second ballot(January 3, 1825)
Third ballot(April 1, 1825)
|
| Massachusetts 9 "Worcester North" | John Locke | Adams-Clay Federalist | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Massachusetts 10 "Norfolk district" | John Bailey | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1823(special) | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. | First ballot(November 1, 1824)
|
| Massachusetts 11 "Plymouth district" | Aaron Hobart | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Massachusetts 12 "Bristol district" | Francis Baylies | Jackson Federalist | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. | First ballot(November 1, 1824)
|
| Massachusetts 13 "Barnstable district" | John Reed Jr. | Adams-Clay Federalist | 1812 1816(lost) 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
SeeNon-voting delegates, below.
Mississippi elected its member August 2–3, 1824.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Mississippi at-large | Christopher Rankin | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1819 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
Missouri elected its member August 2, 1824.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Missouri at-large | John Scott | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
New Hampshire elected its members between November 1, 1824, and March 8, 1825. New Hampshire law required candidates to receive votes from a majority of voters for election. As only five candidates received votes from a majority of voters, a run-off election had to be held for the sixth seat on March 8, 1825.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| New Hampshire at-large 6 seats on ageneral ticket | Ichabod Bartlett | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. | First ballot(November 1, 1824)
|
| Arthur Livermore | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1816 1820(lost) 1822 | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain. | ||
| Matthew Harvey | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian hold. Winner (Miller) declined to serve, leading to aspecial election. | ||
| Aaron Matson | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian hold. | ||
| Thomas Whipple Jr. | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. | ||
| William Plumer Jr. | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1818 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian hold. | ||
New Jersey elected its members November 2, 1824.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| New Jersey at-large 6 seats on ageneral ticket | Lewis Condict | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| George Holcombe | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. | ||
| George Cassedy | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. | ||
| Daniel Garrison | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. | ||
| Samuel Swan | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. | ||
| James Matlack | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian hold. | ||
New York elected its members November 1–3, 1824.
During this time in New York politics, two factions of the Democratic-Republicans existed: theBucktails, opponents of GovernorDeWitt Clinton, and the Clintonians, supporters of Clinton. The Bucktails were led byMartin Van Buren, who supported Crawford in the 1824 presidential election, though many members were not united in this support, especially after Crawford's debilitating stroke. In the contingency election, Van Buren was outmaneuvered by Clay and Adams, and thepolitical machine he had worked to build broke down. Less than a year after this defeat, Van Buren restored unity within the Bucktail faction and shifted his support to Jackson.[25]
Data source only states each candidate's political faction. For party affiliation the US House history, arts, and archive is used.[26]
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| New York 1 | Silas Wood | Clintonian Federalist | 1818 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| New York 2 | Jacob Tyson | Bucktail Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| New York 3 Plural district with 3 seats | Churchill C. Cambreleng | Bucktail Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Peter Sharpe | Clintonian Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain. | ||
| John J. Morgan | Bucktail Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold. | ||
| New York 4 | Joel Frost | Bucktail Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| New York 5 | William W. Van Wyck | Bucktail Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian hold. |
|
| New York 6 | Hector Craig | Clintonian Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian hold. |
|
| New York 7 | Lemuel Jenkins | Bucktail Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| New York 8 | James Strong | Clintonian Federalist | 1818 1821(retired) 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| New York 9 | James L. Hogeboom | Bucktail Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| New York 10 | Stephen Van Rensselaer | Clintonian Democratic-Republican | 1822(special) | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| New York 11 | Charles A. Foote | Bucktail Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| New York 12 | Lewis Eaton | Bucktail Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| New York 13 | Isaac Williams Jr. | Bucktail Democratic-Republican | 1812 1814(retired) 1816 1818(retired) 1822 | Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| New York 14 | Henry R. Storrs | Clintonian Federalist | 1816 1821(retired) 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| New York 15 | John Herkimer | Clintonian Democratic-Republican | 1816 1818(retired) 1822 | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| New York 16 | John W. Cady | Clintonian Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian hold. |
|
| New York 17 | John W. Taylor | Clintonian Democratic-Republican | 1812 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| New York 18 | Henry C. Martindale | Clintonian Federalist | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| New York 19 | John Richards | Bucktail Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| New York 20 Plural district with 2 seats | Ela Collins | Bucktail Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Egbert Ten Eyck | Bucktail Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. | ||
| Election successfully contested.[o] Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
| ||||
| New York 21 | Lot Clark | Bucktail Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| New York 22 | Justin Dwinell | Bucktail Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| New York 23 | Elisha Litchfield | Bucktail Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| New York 24 | Rowland Day | Bucktail Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| New York 25 | Samuel Lawrence | Clintonian Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian hold. |
|
| New York 26 Plural district with 2 seats | Dudley Marvin | Clintonian Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Robert S. Rose | Clintonian Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. | ||
| New York 27 | Moses Hayden | Clintonian Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| New York 28 | William Woods | Bucktail Democratic-Republican | 1823(special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Jacksonian hold. |
|
| New York 29 | Parmenio Adams | Clintonian Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| New York 30 | Albert H. Tracy | Clintonian Democratic-Republican | 1818 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian hold. |
|
North Carolina elected its members August 11, 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.
This election saw the brief rise of two regional factions within the Democratic-Republican Party: the Caucus and Anti-Caucus factions. The Anti-Caucus faction was opposed the existing nomination process, which included closed meetings, conventions, and caucuses, and ran candidates against incumbents who had been nominated by such systems.[28]
Data source only states each candidate's political faction. For party affiliation the US House history, arts, and archive is used.[26]
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| North Carolina 1 | Alfred M. Gatlin | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| North Carolina 2 | George Outlaw | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1825(special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| North Carolina 3 | Thomas H. Hall | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1817 | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| North Carolina 4 | Richard D. Spaight Jr. | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| North Carolina 5 | Charles Hooks | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1816(special) 1817(lost) 1819 | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| North Carolina 6 | Weldon N. Edwards | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1816(special) | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| North Carolina 7 | John Culpepper | Adams-Clay Federalist | 1806 1808(contest) 1808(special) 1813 1816(lost) 1819 1821(lost) 1823 | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| North Carolina 8 | Willie P. Mangum | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| North Carolina 9 | Romulus M. Saunders | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| North Carolina 10 | John Long | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| North Carolina 11 | Henry W. Connor | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| North Carolina 12 | Robert B. Vance | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian hold. |
|
| North Carolina 13 | Lewis Williams | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1815 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
Ohio elected its members October 12, 1824.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Ohio 1 | James W. Gazlay | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian hold. |
|
| Ohio 2 | Thomas R. Ross | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1818 | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Ohio 3 | William McLean | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Ohio 4 | Joseph Vance | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Ohio 5 | John W. Campbell | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1816 | Incumbent switched factions and re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Ohio 6 | Duncan McArthur | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1812 1813(resigned) 1822 | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Ohio 7 | Samuel F. Vinton | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Ohio 8 | William Wilson | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent switched factions and re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Ohio 9 | Philemon Beecher | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1816 1820(lost) 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Ohio 10 | John Patterson | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Jacksonian hold. |
|
| Ohio 11 | John C. Wright | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Ohio 12 | John Sloane | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1818 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Ohio 13 | Elisha Whittlesey | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Ohio 14 | Mordecai Bartley | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
Pennsylvania elected its members October 12, 1824.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[31] | |
| Pennsylvania 1 | Samuel Breck | Adams-Clay Federalist | 1822 | Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Pennsylvania 2 | Joseph Hemphill | Jackson Federalist | 1800 1802(lost) 1818 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Pennsylvania 3 | Daniel H. Miller | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Pennsylvania 4 Plural district with 3 seats | James Buchanan | Jackson Federalist | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Samuel Edwards | Jackson Federalist | 1818 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. | ||
| Isaac Wayne | Jackson Federalist | 1822 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian gain. | ||
| Pennsylvania 5 | Philip S. Markley | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent switched factions and re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Pennsylvania 6 | Robert Harris | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Pennsylvania 7 Plural district with 2 seats | Daniel Udree | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1813(special) 1822(special) | Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold. |
|
| Henry Wilson | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. | ||
| Pennsylvania 8 Plural district with 2 seats | Samuel D. Ingham | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1812 1818(resigned) 1822(special) | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Thomas Jones Rogers | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1818(special) | Incumbent resigned April 20, 1824. Jacksonian hold. Winner alsoelected to the next term. | ||
| Pennsylvania 9 Plural district with 3 seats | Samuel McKean | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| George Kremer | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. | ||
| William Cox Ellis | Jackson Federalist | 1820 1821(resigned) 1822 | Incumbent lost re-election as an Independent. New member elected. | ||
| Pennsylvania 10 | James S. Mitchell | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Pennsylvania 11 Plural district with 2 seats | James Wilson | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent switched factions and re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| John Findlay | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1821(special) | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. | ||
| Pennsylvania 12 | John Brown | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian hold. |
|
| Pennsylvania 13 | John Tod | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent resigned sometime in 1824. Jacksonian hold. Successor alsoelected the same day to the next term. |
|
| Pennsylvania 14 | Andrew Stewart | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Pennsylvania 15 | Thomas Patterson | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1816 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Pennsylvania 16 Plural district with 2 seats | James Allison Jr. | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Walter Forward | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1822(special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian hold. | ||
| Pennsylvania 17 | George Plumer | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Pennsylvania 18 | Patrick Farrelly | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
Rhode Island elected its members August 30, 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened. Rhode Island law required a candidate receive votes from a majority of voters for election. As only one candidate received a majority in this election, a second election was held for the remaining seat.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Rhode Island at-large 2 seats on ageneral ticket | Samuel Eddy | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1818 | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Jacksonianhold. | First ballot(August 30, 1825)
|
| Job Durfee | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Jacksonian hold. | ||
South Carolina elected its members October 11–12, 1824.
District numbers vary between sources.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| South Carolina 1 | Joel R. Poinsett | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| South Carolina 2 | James Hamilton Jr. | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1822(special) | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| South Carolina 3 | Robert B. Campbell | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold. |
|
| South Carolina 4 | Andrew R. Govan | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1822(special) | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| South Carolina 5 | George McDuffie | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| South Carolina 6 | John Wilson | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| South Carolina 7 | Joseph Gist | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| South Carolina 8 | John Carter | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1822(special) | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| South Carolina 9 | Starling Tucker | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1816 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
Tennessee elected its members August 4–5, 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Tennessee 1 | John Blair | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Tennessee 2 | John Cocke | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1819 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Tennessee 3 | James I. Standifer | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian hold. |
|
| Tennessee 4 | Jacob C. Isacks | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Tennessee 5 | Robert Allen | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1819 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Tennessee 6 | James T. Sandford | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian hold. |
|
| Tennessee 7 | Sam Houston | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Tennessee 8 | James B. Reynolds | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1815 1817(lost) 1823 | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian hold. |
|
| Tennessee 9 | Adam R. Alexander | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
Vermont elected its members September 7, 1824.Congressional districts were re-established in Vermont for the 1824 election. Vermont had used anat-large district 1812-1818 and 1822. A majority was required for election, which was not met in the 1st district, necessitating a second election December 6, 1824.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[33] | |
| Vermont 1 | William C. Bradley Redistricted from theat-large district | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1812 1814(lost) 1822 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. | First ballot(September 7, 1824)
|
| Vermont 2 | Rollin C. Mallary Redistricted from theat-large district | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1818 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Charles Rich Redistricted from theat-large district | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1812 1814(lost) 1816 | Incumbent lost re-election, then died October 15, 1824, leading to aspecial election. Democratic-Republican loss. | ||
| Vermont 3 | None (District created) | New seat. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
| ||
| Vermont 4 | Samuel C. Crafts Redistricted from theat-large district | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1816 | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Vermont 5 | D. Azro A. Buck Redistricted from theat-large district | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1822 | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Jacksonian hold. |
|
Virginia elected its members in April 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[34] | |
| Virginia 1 | Thomas Newton Jr. | Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican | 1801 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. |
|
| Virginia 2 | Arthur Smith | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Virginia 3 | William S. Archer | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1820(special) | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Virginia 4 | Mark Alexander | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1819 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Virginia 5 | John Randolph | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1799 1813(lost) 1815 1817(lost) 1819 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Virginia 6 | George Tucker | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1819 | Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Virginia 7 | Jabez Leftwich | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Virginia 8 | Burwell Bassett | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1805 1812(lost) 1815 1819(retired) 1821 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Virginia 9 | Andrew Stevenson | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Virginia 10 | William C. Rives | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Virginia 11 | Philip P. Barbour | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1814(special) | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Virginia 12 | Robert S. Garnett | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1817 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Virginia 13 | John Taliaferro | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1824(special) | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Virginia 14 | Charles F. Mercer | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1817 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Jacksonian. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Virginia 15 | John S. Barbour | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Virginia 16 | James Stephenson | Crawford Federalist | 1821 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Virginia 17 | Jared Williams | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1819 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Virginia 18 | Joseph Johnson | Jackson Democratic-Republican | 1823 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. |
|
| Virginia 19 | William McCoy | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1811 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Virginia 20 | John Floyd | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1817 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Virginia 21 | William Smith | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent re-elected as Jacksonian. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Virginia 22 | Alexander Smyth | Crawford Democratic-Republican | 1817 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delegate | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Arkansas Territory at-large | Henry Conway | Democratic- Republican | 1822 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Florida Territory at-large | Richard Keith Call | Unknown | 1822 | Incumbent retired. |
|
| Michigan Territory at-large | Gabriel Richard | Independent | 1823 | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
