Calendar year
June 18 : Napoleon defeated by Wellington at theBattle of Waterloo , bringing an end to the "Hundred Days " crisis after Napoleon's escape from ElbaJune 19 :Congress of Vienna redraws boundaries of the European nations.1815 by topic Humanities By country Other topics Lists of leaders Birth and death categories Establishments and disestablishments categories Works category
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1815 .
February 26 :Napoleon Bonaparte escapes fromElba .1815 (MDCCCXV ) was acommon year starting on Sunday of theGregorian calendar and acommon year starting on Friday of theJulian calendar , the 1815th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 2nd millennium , the 15th year of the19th century , and the 6th year of the1810s decade. As of the start of 1815, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
March 1 March 13 – Participants at theCongress of Vienna declareNapoleon anoutlaw following his escape fromElba [ 3] March 15 –Joachim Murat ,King of Naples , declares war onAustria in an attempt to save his throne, starting theNeapolitan War .March 16 –William I becomesKing of the Netherlands .March 2 –18 –Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Kandy , the last king in Ceylon, is deposed under the terms of theKandyan Convention , which results inCeylon becoming a British colony .March 20 –Napoleonic Wars :Napoleon enters Paris, after escaping fromElba with a regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of around 200,000, beginning hisHundred Days June 9 : The Final Act of theCongress of Vienna is signed.Twelfth Night George Cruikshank .April 10 –Mount Tambora in theDutch East Indies blows its top explosively during its peak eruption , killing more than 92,000 people during week of activity from April 5 to April 12. The blast propels thousands of tons of aerosols (Sulfide gas compounds) into thestratosphere , and the high level gases reflect sunlight, causing widespread cooling from avolcanic winter . During1816 , heavy rains fall arounde the world, snow falls in June and July in theNorthern Hemisphere , crops fail and widespread famine occurs. In later years,1816 will become known as theYear Without a Summer April 21 – In India, the eastern part of the formerGarhwal Kingdom is joined withKumaon division , under the administration of theBritish Raj .April 24 – TheSecond Serbian Uprising againstOttoman rule takes place inTakovo ,Ottoman Serbia . By the end of the year Serbia is acknowledged as a semi-independent state, temporarily achieving the ideals of theFirst Serbian Uprising .June 9 – The Final Act of theCongress of Vienna is signed: A new European political situation is set. TheGerman Confederation andCongress Poland are created, and theneutrality of Switzerland is guaranteed. Also,Luxembourg declares independence from theFrench Empire .June 15 – TheDuchess of Richmond's ball is held inBrussels , "the most famous ball in history".[ 4] [ 5] June 16 –Napoleonic Wars :June 18 –Napoleonic Wars :Battle of Waterloo – Allied forces led byArthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington , andGebhard Leberecht von Blücher decisively, and this time permanently, defeatNapoleon .June 22 –Napoleonic Wars :Napoleon abdicates again;Napoleon II (1811–1832), age 4, nominally rules for two weeks (22 June to 7 July).June 26 –Napoleonic Wars : Wellington's advancing Allied Army takesPéronne, Somme , on its way toParis .August 2 –Napoleonic Wars : Representatives of the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia and Prussia sign a convention at Paris, declaring that Napoleon Bonaparte is "their prisoner" and that "His safe keeping is entrusted to the British Government."[ 6] August 7 –Napoleonic Wars : Napoleon is transferred toHMSNorthumberland , to begin his forced and final second exile, on the remote island ofSaint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.[ 7] Edward Clark January 11 –John A. Macdonald , 1st Prime Minister of Canada,Father of Confederation (d.1891 )January 15 –Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann , German photographer (d.1901 )January 16 –Henry Halleck , American general (d.1872 )January 21 –Horace Wells , American dentist, anesthesia pioneer (d.1848 )February 2 –Mathilde Esch , Austrian genre painter (d.1904 )February 3 –Edward James Roye , 5th President of Liberia (d.1872 )[ 14] February 10 –Constantin Bosianu , 4th Prime Minister of Romania (d.1882 )February 15 –Constantin von Tischendorf , German Biblical scholar (d.1874 )March 9 –David Davis , American politician,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d.1886 )March 11 –Anna Bochkoltz , German operatic soprano, voice teacher and composer (d.1879 )March 12 –Louis-Jules Trochu , French general and politician, 26thPrime Minister of France (d.1896 )April 1 April 6 –Robert Volkmann , German composer (d.1883 )April 24 –Anthony Trollope , English novelist (d.1882 )[ 15] May 11 –Richard Ansdell , English painter and engraver (d.1885 )May 19 –Thomas Thornycroft , English sculptor and engineer (d.1885 )May 27 – SirHenry Parkes , father of the Australian Federation (d.1896 )June 18 –Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen , Bavarian general (d.1881 )June 30 –Wilhelm von Ramming , Austrian general (d.1876 )Elizabeth Cady Stanton Ada Lovelace July 26 –Robert Remak , German embryologist, physiologist and neurologist (d.1865 )August 5 –Edward John Eyre , English explorer, colonial governor (d.1901 )August 16 – SaintJohn Bosco , Italian priest, educator (d.1888 )August 26 –Bernard Jauréguiberry , French admiral and statesman (d.1887 )October 16 –Francis Lubbock ,Governor of Texas (d.1905 )October 23 –João Maurício Vanderlei, Baron of Cotejipe , Brazilian magistrate, politician (d.1889 )October 31 –Karl Weierstrass , German mathematician (d.1897 )September 12 –Richard S. Rust , American abolitionist (d.1906 )November 2 –George Boole , English mathematician, philosopher (d.1864 )November 5 – Luís CarlosMartins Pena , Brazilian playwright (d.1848 )[ 16] November 12 –Elizabeth Cady Stanton , American women's rights activist (d.1902 )November 20 December 2 –Juan Javier Espinosa , 9th President of Ecuador (d.1870 )December 8 –Adolph Menzel , German painter (d.1905 )December 10 –Ada Lovelace , English computer pioneer, daughter ofLord Byron (d.1852 )December 13 –Pálné Veres , Hungarian educator, women's rights activist (d.1895 )December 21 –Thomas Couture , French painter (d.1879 )December 30 –Joseph Toynbee , English otologist (d.1866 )December 31 –George Meade , American general (d.1872 )Emma, Lady Hamilton José de Córdoba y Ramos William Howe De Lancey January 8 –Edward Pakenham , British general (killed in battle) (b.1778 )January 16 –Emma, Lady Hamilton , politically active British courtesan, lover ofHoratio Nelson (b.1765 )January 24 –Sir Charles Malet, 1st Baronet , British East India Company official (b.1752 )February 9 –Ellen Hutchins , Irish botanist (b.1785 )February 22 –Smithson Tennant , English chemist, discovered the elementsiridium andosmium (b.1761 )February 24 –Robert Fulton , American inventor (b.1765 )February 26 –Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld , Austrian general (b.1737 )March 4 –Frances Abington , English actress (b.1737 )March 5 –Franz Mesmer , German developer of animal magnetism (b.1734 )April 3 –José de Córdoba y Ramos , Spanish explorer and naval commander (b.1732 )April 21 –Joseph Winston , American patriot, Congressman from North Carolina (b.1746 )May 11 –Aletta Haniel , German business person (b.1742 )May 25 –Domenico Puccini , Italian composer (b.1772 )June 1 –Louis-Alexandre Berthier , French marshal (b.1753 )June 16 –Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel , German noble, general (killed in battle) (b.1771 )June 17 –Louis-Michel Letort de Lorville , French general (b.1773 )June 18 (killed at the Battle of Waterloo):June 26 –William Howe De Lancey , British quartermaster-general (mortally wounded at Waterloo) (b.1778 )June 27 –Jean-Baptiste Girard , French general (mortally wounded at Ligny) (b.1775 )John Singleton Copley July 3 –Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden , German pioneer in mining and metallurgy (b.1752 )August 2 –Guillaume Marie-Anne Brune , French marshal (murdered) (b.1763 )August 6 –James A. Bayard , U.S. Senator from Delaware (b.1767 )August 25 –Stephen Badlam , American artisan and military officer (b.1751 )[ 18] September 9 –John Singleton Copley , American painter (b.1738 )September 20 –Nicolas Desmarest , French geologist (b.1725 )October 13 –Joachim Murat , French marshal, King of Naples (executed) (b.1767 )October 19 –Paolo Mascagni , Italian anatomist (b.1755 )October 22 –Claude Lecourbe , French general (b.1759 )December 3 –John Carroll , first American Roman Catholic Archbishop (b.1735 )December 7 –Michel Ney , French marshal (executed) (b.1769 )December 8 –Mary Bosanquet Fletcher , EnglishMethodist preacher and philanthropist (b. 1739)December 22 –José María Morelos , leader ofMexican War of Independence , executed (b. 1765)[ 19] December 29 –Saartjie Baartman , South Africansideshow performer^ Judith Bailey Slagle, ed. (1999).The Collected Letters of Joanna Baillie . Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 734.ISBN 9780838638163 ^ "Where was the world's first commercial cheese factory established?" .Grateful American® Foundation . 2016-02-01. Retrieved2025-07-13 .^ Price, Munro.Napoleon: The End of Glory . Oxford University Press, 2014. ^ Longford, Elizabeth (1986)."194" . InHastings, Max (ed.).The Oxford Book of Military Anecdotes . Oxford University Press. pp. 230– 234.ISBN 9780195205282 ^ Sutherland, John ; Fender, Stephen (2011). "15 June".Love, Sex, Death & Words: surprising tales from a year in literature . London: Icon. pp. 228– 9.ISBN 978-184831-247-0 ^ Charles Jean Tristan, Count Montholon,History of the Captivity of Napoleon at St. Helen (E. Ferrett & Company, 1846) p83 ^ Andrew Roberts,Napoleon and Wellington: The Battle of Waterloo- and the Great Commanders who Fought it (Simon and Schuster, 2001) p199 ^ Tim Chapman,The Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 (Routledge, 2006) p60 ^ Adams, Charles Hansford (2005).The Narrative of Robert Adams: A Barbary Captive . New York: Cambridge University Press. p. x. ^ To a meeting of theRoyal Society inNewcastle upon Tyne . ^ "Icons, a portrait of England 1800-1820" . icons.org.uk. Archived fromthe original on October 16, 2009. Retrieved2007-09-11 .^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History . London: Century Ltd. pp. 247– 248.ISBN 0-7126-5616-2 ^ Johnson, H. Earle (1986)."Handel and Haydn Society" The New Grove Dictionary of American Music . Vol. II. London: Macmillan Press. p. 318 .ISBN 0-943818-36-2 ^ Dunn, Elwood D.; Beyan, Amos J.; Burrowes, Carl Patrick (2000).Historical Dictionary of Liberia ISBN 9781461659310 ^ Garnett, Richard (1899)."Trollope, Anthony" Lee, Sidney (ed.).Dictionary of National Biography Smith, Elder & Co . pp. 238– 242. ^ Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture . Charles Scribner's Sons [Simon & Schuster and Prentice Hall]. 1996. p. 340.^ "Franz Freiherr von John" .austro-hungarian-army.co.uk . Austro-Hungarian Land Forces 1848-1918. Retrieved17 November 2024 .^ Nash, Susan Higginson (January 26, 1958)."Badlam Famed Dorchester Cabinet Maker" .Boston Herald ^ "Biografía de José María Morelos" (in Spanish). Historia del Nuevo Mundo. August 2, 2018. RetrievedMay 30, 2019 .
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