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1804 French constitutional referendum

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Plebiscite establishing Napoleon as Emperor
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Areferendum concerning the establishment of theFrench Empire was held in France in June 1804.[1] The result showed a virtually unanimous French electorate approving the change inNapoleon Bonaparte's status fromFirst Consul toEmperor of the French, although the votes are assumed to have been manipulated.[2][3][4]

Background

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The plebiscite, provided for by article 142 of theSénatus-consulte, relates to the question of the imperial succession as defined in theConstitution of 1804, which established the First Empire. The vote was public, permitting neither blank votes nor invalid ones.

Results

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The counting of the votes ended in 2 August and the results were announced in 6 November.[1] Acoronation ceremony was held a month later, on 2 December.

1804 French Constitutional Referendum
ChoiceVotes%
Referendum passedYes3,521,67599.93
No2,5790.07
Total votes3,524,254100.00
Source:[5]
No :
2,579(0.07%)
Yes :
3,521,675(99.93%)

References

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  1. ^abFrankreich, ??. Juni 1804 : Napoleon als erblicher Kaiser. Database and Search Engine for Direct Democracy
  2. ^Tierney, Stephen (2012).Constitutional Referendums: The Theory and Practice of Republican Deliberation. OUP Oxford. p. 100.ISBN 978-0-19-162908-2.
  3. ^Rosner, Lisa; Theibault, John (2015).A Short History of Europe, 1600-1815: Search for a Reasonable World. Routledge. p. 385.ISBN 978-1-317-47792-1.
  4. ^Nolan, Cathal J. (2017).The Allure of Battle: A History of how Wars Have Been Won and Lost. Oxford University Press. p. 208.ISBN 978-0-19-538378-2.
  5. ^"Référendum 1804, Empire, France, MJP, université de Perpignan".mjp.univ-perp.fr. Retrieved18 May 2019.
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