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10 of the 30 seats in theUnited States Senate (as well as special elections) 16 seats needed for a majority | ||||
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Results: Pro-Administration hold Pro-Administration gain Anti-Administration hold Anti-Administration gain | ||||
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The1792–93 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, coinciding with PresidentGeorge Washington'sunanimous re-election. As theseU.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of theSeventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen bystate legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1792 and 1793, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due tolegislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the ten senators inClass 2.
Formal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of Senators who supported George Washington's administration were known as the Pro-Administration Party, and the Senators against him as theAnti-Administration Party.
Senate party division,3rd Congress (1793–1795)
Note: There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.[2]
Virginia's elections are considered a single race here.
After the June 1792 admission of Kentucky.
| A5 | A4 | A3 | A2 | A1 | |||||
| A6 | A7 Ga. Ran | A8 Ky. Ran | A9 N.H. Ran | A10 R.I. Unknown | A11 S.C. Ran | A12 Va. Resigned/Ran | V1 Pa. | P15 N.C. Ran | P17 N.J. Retired |
| Majority → | |||||||||
| P6 | P7 | P8 | P9 | P10 | P11 | P12 | P16 Del. Unknown | P13 Md. (sp) Resigned | P14 Mass. Ran |
| P5 | P4 | P3 | P2 | P1 | |||||
| A5 | A4 | A3 | A2 | A1 | |||||
| A6 | A7 Ga. Hold | A8 Ky. Re-elected | A9 N.C. Gain | A10 S.C. Re-elected | A11 Va. Ran/Re-elected | V1 Pa. | P18 R.I. Gain | P16 N.J. Hold | P17 N.H. Gain |
| Majority → | |||||||||
| P6 | P7 | P8 | P9 | P10 | P11 | P12 | P15 Del. Hold | P13 Md. (sp) Hold | P14 Mass. Re-elected |
| P5 | P4 | P3 | P2 | P1 | |||||
Two Pro-Administration senators (Benjamin Hawkins ofNorth Carolina andJohn Langdon ofNew Hampshire) changed to Anti-Administration.
The vacant seat inPennsylvania was filled February 28, 1793 by an Anti-Administration senator.
| A5 | A4 | A3 | A2 | A1 | |||||
| A6 | A7 | A8 | A9 | A10 | A11 | A12 N.H. (cl. 1) Changed | A13 N.C. (cl. 3) Changed | A14 Pa. Late | P16 |
| Majority → | |||||||||
| P6 | P7 | P8 | P9 | P10 | P11 | P12 | P13 | P14 | P15 |
| P5 | P4 | P3 | P2 | P1 | |||||
| Key: |
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In these elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1793; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | First elected | |||
| Kentucky (Class 2) | None (new state) | Kentucky was admitted to the Union June 1, 1792. Winnerelected June 18, 1792. Anti-Administration gain. |
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| Kentucky (Class 3) | None (new state) | Kentucky was admitted to the Union June 1, 1792. Winnerelected June 18, 1792. Anti-Administration gain. |
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| Virginia (Class 2) | Richard Henry Lee | Anti-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent resigned October 8, 1792. Winnerelected October 18, 1792. Anti-Administration hold. |
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| Maryland (Class 1) | Charles Carroll | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent resigned November 30, 1792. Winnerelected January 10, 1793. Pro-Administration hold. |
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| Pennsylvania (Class 1) | Vacant | Legislature failed to elect in 1791–1792, leaving the seat vacant. Winnerelected February 28, 1793. Anti-Administration gain. |
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In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1793; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | First elected | |||
| Delaware | Richard Bassett | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winnerelected in 1793. Pro-Administration hold. |
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| Georgia | William Few | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent lost re-election. Winnerelected in 1793. Anti-Administration hold. |
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| Kentucky | John Brown | Anti-Administration | 1792 (new state) | Incumbentre-elected December 11, 1792. |
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| Massachusetts | Caleb Strong | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbentre-elected in 1793. |
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| New Hampshire | Paine Wingate | Anti-Administration | 1788 | Incumbentlost re-election in 1792. Pro-Administration gain. |
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| New Jersey | Philemon Dickinson | Pro-Administration | 1790 (special) | Incumbent retired. Winner's election date unknown. Pro-Administration hold. |
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| North Carolina | Samuel Johnston | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent lost re-election. Winnerelected in 1792.[9] Anti-Administration gain. |
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| Rhode Island | Joseph Stanton Jr. | Anti-Administration | 1790 | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winnerelected in 1793. Pro-Administration gain. |
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| South Carolina | Pierce Butler | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbentre-elected December 5, 1792. |
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| Virginia | John Taylor | Anti-Administration | 1792 (special) | Incumbentre-elected in 1793. |
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In this special election, the winner was seated after March 4, 1793, the beginning of the next Congress.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | First elected | |||
| Connecticut (Class 3) | Roger Sherman | Pro-Administration | 1791 (special) | Incumbent died July 23, 1793. Winnerelected December 2, 1793. Pro-Administration hold. |
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One-termAnti-FederalistWilliam Few was defeated by fellow Anti-Federalist,James Jackson. Jackson won 24 votes in theGeorgia House of Representatives and 11 in theState Senate for a combined total of 35. Few won 3 in the House and 2 in the Senate for a combined total of 5. Jackson took office as a member of the3rd United States Congress on March 4, 1793. He would later resign in 1795 to run for hisstate's legislature.
| Party | Candidate | Votes in the House | Votes in the Senate | Total | % |
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| Anti-Federalist | James Jackson | 24 | 11 | 35 | 85.4% |
| Anti-Federalist | William Few (incumbent) | 3 | 2 | 5 | 12.2% |
| Anti-Federalist | George Mathews | 1 | - | 1 | 2.4% |
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IncumbentJohn Brown, who had previously been elected in a special election was easily reelected with no opposition and 100% of votes from the legislators.
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80 members of theMaryland General Assembly | ||||||||||||||||
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Richard Potts won election to fill the seat vacated byCharles Carroll over Josh Hoskins Stone by a margin of 21.84%, or 19 votes, for the Class 1 seat.[12]
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Incumbent U.S. SenatorPaine Wingate was not reelected. TheNew Hampshire General Court instead electedFederalistSamuel Livermore, a U.S. Representative, to the seat. Livermore, like his fellow senator,John Langdon, would go on to serve asPresident Pro-Tempore during this term.
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Pro-AdministrationSamuel Johnston lost re-election to Anti-AdministrationAlexander Martin for the class 2 seat. The other senator,Benjamin Hawkins, switched his support from Pro- to Anti-Administration.
There was a special election on February 28, 1793, for the Class 1 seat from Pennsylvania. IncumbentWilliam Maclay's term had ended on March 3, 1791, but the legislature failed to elect a successor due to a disagreement on the procedure to be followed in the election.
The seat remained vacant untilAlbert Gallatin was elected by thePennsylvania General Assembly to the seat during this election.[13]
Upon agreement between the two houses of the Pennsylvania General Assembly, theHouse of Representatives and theSenate, regarding the procedure to elect a new Senator, an election was finally held on February 28, 1793. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-Administration | Albert Gallatin | 45 | 51.72% | |
| Lua error in Module:Political_party/P at line 1226: attempt to call global 'abbrev' (a nil value). | Henry Miller | 35 | 40.23% | |
| Lua error in Module:Political_party/P at line 1226: attempt to call global 'abbrev' (a nil value). | Arthur St. Clair | 1 | 1.15% | |
| Lua error in Module:Political_party/P at line 1226: attempt to call global 'abbrev' (a nil value). | William Irvine | 1 | 1.15% | |
| N/A | Not voting | 5 | 5.75% | |
| Total votes | 87 | 100% | ||
On February 28, 1794, the Senate determined that Gallatin did not satisfy the citizenship requirement for service and he was removed from office. He later went on to serve in theU.S. House of Representatives. Gallatin was replaced in the Senate by aspecial election in 1794.[14]
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Anti-Administration senatorRichard Henry Lee resigned October 8, 1792, just before the March 3, 1793 end of term. Anti-administrationJohn Taylor of Caroline was elected October 18, 1792 to finish Lee's term and then re-elected in 1793 to the next term.
| Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| John Taylor of Caroline | 90 | 55.6 | |
| Arthur Lee | 39 | 24.1 | |
| Francis Corbin | 33 | 20.4 | |
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