Calendar year
April 13 :James Cook arrives inTahiti on theEndeavour October 23 :Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrates first steam-powered vehicle.1769 by topic Arts and science Countries Lists of leaders Birth and death categories Establishments and disestablishments categories Works category
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1769 .
1769 (MDCCLXIX ) was acommon year starting on Sunday of theGregorian calendar and acommon year starting on Thursday of theJulian calendar , the 1769th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 2nd millennium , the 69th year of the18th century , and the 10th and last year of the1760s decade. As of the start of 1769, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
April 13 –James Cook arrives inTahiti , on the shipHM BarkEndeavour , preparing for the1769 Transit of Venus observed from Tahiti onJune 3 . After the voyage, the data is found to be inaccurate in determining the distance between the Sun and Earth.April 29 – Scottish inventorJames Watt is granted aBritish patent for "A method of lessening the consumption of steam insteam engines " – the separate condenser,[ 4] Watt steam engine which stimulates theIndustrial Revolution .[ 5] [ 6] May 9 –France conquers Corsica .May 14 –Charles III of Spain sends Spanish missionaries, who foundCalifornia missions inSan Diego ,Santa Barbara ,San Francisco andMonterey , and begin the settlement ofCalifornia .May 19 – Cardinal Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli is elected as the 249th pope, succeeding the late Clement XIII and choosing to take the regnal name ofPope Clement XIV .[ 1] June 3 – Atransit of Venus is followed five hours later by a totalsolar eclipse , the shortest such interval in historical times. The transit is viewed by KingGeorge III of Great Britain , at theKew Observatory .June 7 –Frontiersman Daniel Boone first begins to explore modern-dayKentucky .July 3 –Richard Arkwright patents aspinning frame in England, able to spin threads mechanically.[ 7] July 16 – FatherJunípero Serra foundsMission San Diego de Alcalá , the first of the 21California missions .July 20 – Recently appointed as the Governor ofSpanish Louisiana , Irish-born soldier of fortuneAlejandro O'Reilly sails into the French fort ofLa Balize with 21 Spanish ships, along with 2,056 soldiers, cannons and ammunition, and informsFrench Louisiana GovernorCharles Philippe Aubry of his royal commission to take Louisiana on behalf of the King of Spain.[ 8] August 3 – The party ofGaspar de Portolà becomes the firstwhite group to set foot in the area now known asSanta Monica, California .August 18 –Brescia Explosion : The city ofBrescia , Italy is devastated when the Church of San Nazaro is struck by lightning. The resulting fire ignites 200,000 lb (90,000 kg) ofgunpowder being stored there, causing a massive explosion, which destroys 1/6 of the city and kills 3,000 people.[ 9] September – Massive droughts inBengal lead to theBengal famine of 1770 , in which ten million people, a third of the population, will die, the worst natural disaster in human history (in terms of lives lost).September 6 –9 –David Garrick holds aShakespeare Jubilee Stratford-upon-Avon in England.September 10 –Russo-Turkish War (1768–74) : Russian forces take the Ottoman fortress ofChocim inBukovina .Princess Pauline of Anhalt-Bernburg Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington Napoleon Alexander von Humboldt January 1 January 2 –Nannette Streicher , German piano maker, composer, music educator and writer (d.1833 )January 10 –Michel Ney , French marshal (d.1815 )February 23 –Princess Pauline of Anhalt-Bernburg ; German regent and social reformer (d.1820 )March 1 –François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers , French general (d.1796 )March 2 –DeWitt Clinton , American politician and naturalist, 6thGovernor of New York (d.1828 )March 4 –Muhammad Ali of Egypt , Egyptian ruler (d.1849 )March 8 –Samuel Richards , American ironmaster (d.1842 )March 10 –Joseph Williamson , English philanthropist, builder of theWilliamson Tunnels (d.1840 )March 23 –William Smith , English geologist, cartographer (d.1839 )March 29 –Jean-de-Dieu Soult , French marshal (d.1851 )April 3 –Christian Günther von Bernstorff , Danish and Prussian statesman and diplomat (d.1835 )April 9 –Jakob Heinrich Laspeyres , Germanlepidopterist (d.1809 )April 10 –Jean Lannes , French marshal (d.1809 )April 13 –Thomas Lawrence , English painter (d.1830 )April 14 –Barthélemy Catherine Joubert , French general (d.1799 )April 25 –Marc Isambard Brunel , French-British engineer (d.1849 )May 1 –Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington , British general,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d.1852 )May 6 –Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d.1824 )June 5 –Marianne Kirchgessner , German musician (d.1808 )June 18 –Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh , British statesman, diplomat, and soldier (suicide1822 )July 28 –Hudson Lowe , Irish-born soldier and future jailer of Napoleon onSaint Helena (d.1831 )August 15 –Napoleon Bonaparte , French Emperor (d.1821 )[ 14] August 23 –Georges Cuvier , French naturalist and zoologist; known as theFather of Paleontology (d.1832 )August 31 –David Hosack American physician and botanist, a Hamilton family doctor (d.1835 )September 14 October 6 –Isaac Brock , British general, administrator (d.1812 )December 13 –James Scarlett Abinger , English judge (d.1844 )December 23 –Martin Archer Shee , Irish painter (d.1850 )December 26 –Ernst Moritz Arndt , German writer, poet (d.1860 )date unknown probable Pope Clement XIII PrinceConstantine Mavrocordatos Joseph Friedrich Ernst, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen January 5 –Charles Sackville, 2nd Duke of Dorset , English cricketer (b.1711 )February 2 –Pope Clement XIII (b.1693 )[ 15] March 6 –Andrew Lauder , Burgess of the Royal Burgh of Lauder (1 August 1737) (b.1702 )March 28 –Johann Friedrich Endersch , German cartographer (b.1705 )April 5 –Marc-Antoine Laugier , French Jesuit priest, architectural theorist (b.1713 )April 13 –Anna Canalis di Cumiana ,morganatic spouse ofVictor Amadeus II of Savoy (b.1680 )April 20 –Chief Pontiac , Ottawa chief (murdered) (b. c.1719 )April 21 –John Gilbert Cooper , British poet and writer (b.1722 )May 14 –Iyoas I , Emperor of Ethiopia.June 1 –Edward Holyoke , American President of Harvard University (b.1689 )June 28 –Elisabeth Stierncrona , Swedish noble (b.1714 )August 1 –Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche , French astronomer (b.1722 )August 2 –Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea , English politician (b.1689 )August 29 –Edmond Hoyle , English game expert (b.1672 )September 22 –Antonio Genovesi , Italian philosopher (b.1712 )September 23 –Michel Ferdinand d'Albert d'Ailly , French astronomer (b.1714 )September 27 –Anna Karolina Orzelska , Polish adventurer (b.1707 )November 3 –Diane Adélaïde de Mailly , third of the five famous Frenchde Nesle sisters (b.1713 )November 16 –Henry Paget, 2nd Earl of Uxbridge (b.1719 )November 23 –Constantine Mavrocordatos , Prince of Wallachia and Prince of Moldavia (b.1711 )November 27 –Kamo no Mabuchi , Japanese poet, philologist (b.1697 )December 8 –Joseph Friedrich Ernst, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (b.1702 )December 13 –Christian Fürchtegott Gellert , German poet (b.1715 )December 30 –Nicholas Taaffe, 6th Viscount Taaffe , Austrian soldier (b.1685 )date unknown ^a b Denis De Lucca,Jesuits and Fortifications: The Contribution of the Jesuits to Military Architecture in the Baroque Age (BRILL, 2012) pp315-316 ^ "The Ethics and Philosophy of By-Elections", by J.G. Swift MacNeill, inThe Fortnightly Review (April 1, 1920) p557 ^ Gutman, Robert W. (1999).Mozart: A Cultural Biography . San Diego: Harcourt. p. 309.ISBN 0-15-601171-9 ^ Patent 913; specification accepted January 5. ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History . London: Century Ltd. pp. 224– 225.ISBN 0-7126-5616-2 ^ Roll, Eric (1930).An Early Experiment in Industrial Organization: History of the Firm of Boulton and Watt 1775-1805 . London: Frank Cass and Company. p. 13.^ Williams, Hywel (2005).Cassell's Chronology of World History 325 .ISBN 0-304-35730-8 ^ Joan Garvey and Mary Lou Widmer,Beautiful Crescent: A History of New Orleans (Pelican Publishing, 2012) pp62-63 ^ The Nautical Magazine: A Journal of Papers on Subjects Connected with Maritime Affairs ^ Terry, Martin; Hall, Susan (2008).Cook's Endeavour Journal: The Inside Story . Canberra: National Library of Australia. p. 90. ^ Jones, Oakah L. Jr. (1997). "Spanish Penetrations to the North of New Spain". In Allen, John Logan (ed.).North American Exploration, Volume2 : A Continent Defined . Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 62. ^ Barrow, John (1807).Some Account of the Public Life, and a Selection from the Unpublished Writings of the Earl of Macartney . Vol. II. London: Cadell and Davies. p. 151.^ Merriam-Webster - Did We Change the Definition of 'Literally'? ^ "Napoleon I | Biography, Achievements, & Facts" .Encyclopedia Britannica . RetrievedJuly 11, 2021 .^ "Clement XIII | Pope, Italian Statesman & Patron of the Arts | Britannica" .www.britannica.com . March 3, 2025. RetrievedMarch 11, 2025 .
