The1758 papal conclave (15 May – 6 July) was convoked after the death ofPope Benedict XIV on 3 May 1758 and ended with the election of CardinalCarlo di Rezzonico, whotook the nameClement XIII.
TheCollege of Cardinals was divided into several factions, which initially formed two blocs:[1]
Curial group – it included two factions of curial Cardinals:anziani – the small party of the Cardinals created byPope Clement XII with hisCardinal-nephewNeri Maria Corsini as leader; andzelanti – the group of the conservative Cardinals, headed by CardinalGiuseppe Spinelli,[2] who generally opposed any secular influence on the Church.
Many cardinals created by Benedict XIV (called "Juniors") did not belong to any faction, but majority of them aligned themselves with "Union of Crowns", particularly with Spanish protector Portocarrero.
During the conclave, however, these two groups mixed with each other. Near the end of the conclave, on the one side there was the Imperial faction together withzelanti, and on the other sideAnziani, together with the Bourbon faction (defending the interests of theBourbon crowns).
Because of the absence of the political representatives of the main Catholic courts the ambassadors of France and the Empire asked the electors for delay voting until their arrival. This demand was rejected before the conclave began.
Only twenty-seven cardinals entered the conclave on May 15.[3] Eighteen more cardinals arrived in Rome by June 29. In the meantime, however, Cardinal Bardi had to leave the conclave due to illness.
No serious candidates were proposed in the early ballots. In the first scrutiny on May 16 the greatest number of votes (eight in the ballot and three more in theaccessus) were receivedDean of the College of CardinalsRainiero d'Elci, who was 88 years old.[4] It does not mean, however, that no efforts to obtain the support for the candidates were made by the leaders present in the conclave. In particular Corsini worked vigorously for the election ofGiuseppe Spinelli, leader of thezelanti, but met with the strong opposition of Orsini, Cardinal Protector of the Kingdom of Naples. The protector of Spain, Portocarrero, also rejected Spinelli, and was able to join many of the "Juniors" to his party. Finally, the candidature of Spinelli had to be withdrawn.[5]
The first candidate with serious chances for election wasAlberico Archinto, Secretary of State and Vice-Chancellor of the deceased pope. He had a strong support both amongzelanti and some of the "Crown-Cardinals", but the faction of Corsini did not agree to support him and produced as counter-candidate Marcello Crescenzi. Eventually, as had occurred many times before and later, the candidatures of Archinto and Crescenzi eliminated each other.[5]
Gradually, the representatives of royal courts arrived in Rome with instructions from their monarchs. On June 4 entered Cardinal Luynes with the instructions ofLouis XV of France. Five days later he officially announced the nomination of Cardinal Prospero Colonna di Sciarra to the post of Protector of France.[6] But the Imperial Cardinal von Rodt was still awaited.
During the next days the new candidateCarlo Alberto Guidobono Cavalchini, received still more votes, promoted by Corsini and Portocarrero working together. On June 19 he obtained twenty-one votes, on June 21 twenty-six, and in the evening of June 22 as many as twenty-eight out of forty-three, which meant that he was only one vote short of being elected. But after that ballot Cardinal Luynes informed theDean of the Sacred College Rainiero d’Elci of theofficial veto of the King of France against Cavalchini. France opposed Cavalchini because of his support of the beatification ofRobert Bellarmine and in the matters connected with the anti-Jansenist bullUnigenitus.[7] The exclusion met with strong protests, but Cavalchini himself said, "It is a manifest proof that God deems me unworthy to fill the functions of his vicar upon earth".[8]
After the collapse of Cavalchini's candidacy, Portocarrero advanced as a new candidate Paolucci, but he was rejected by French, who – together with the faction of Corsini, voted again for Crescenzi.[9]
The arrival of Cardinal von Rodt on June 29 with the instructions of the Imperial Court was the turning point of the conclave. He initially tried to achieve an agreement with the French, but having failed, he turned toward thezelanti faction. Direct negotiations between von Rodt and Spinelli resulted in the proposal for election of the Venetian Cardinal Carlo Rezzonico, bishop ofPadua. On July 6 in the morning the bishop of Padua received eight votes in the ballot and four additional in theaccessus. Portocarrero, Albani and the French cardinals initially opposed, but finally agreed for him. After the consultations of French Cardinals with ambassador Laon it became clear that Rezzonico would be elected to thePapacy.[10]
On July 6 in the evening Carlo Rezzonico was electedPope, receiving thirty-one votes out of forty-four, one more than the required majority of two-thirds. The remaining thirteen (including his own) fell to Cardinal DeanRainiero d'Elci.[8] Rezzonico accepted his election and took the name of Clement XIII, in honour ofPope Clement XII, who had elevated him to the cardinalate in 1737.[11] He was crowned on July 16 in the loggia of the patriarchalVatican Basilica byprotodeaconAlessandro Albani.[12]
Pope Benedict XIV died on 3 May 1758. Forty-five out of fifty-five cardinals participated in the subsequent conclave. Only forty-four, however, voted in the final ballot, because Cardinal Bardi left the conclave because of illness on June 24:[13]
Domenico Passionei (June 23, 1738) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Prassede;commendatario of S. Bartolomeo all’Isola; Secretary of Apostolic Briefs; Librarian of the Holy Roman Church
Camillo Paolucci (September 9, 1743) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere;commendatario of SS. Giovanni e Paolo; Cardinal-protector of the OrderCarmelites
Carlo Alberto Guidobono Cavalchini (September 9, 1743) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria della Pace; Prefect of the S.C. of Bishops and Regulars
Henry Benedict Stuart (July 3, 1747) – Cardinal-Priest of SS. XII Apostoli;commendatario of S. Maria in Portico; Archpriest of the patriarchalVatican Basilica; Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals
Prospero Colonna di Sciarra (September 9, 1743) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria ad Martyres; Prefect of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Grace; Cardinal-protector of theKingdom of France
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
Data from Wikidata
