January 12 – TheBasque witch trials are started inSpain as the court of theInquisition atLogroño receives a letter from the commissioner of the village ofZugarramurdi, and orders the arrest of four women, including María de Jureteguía and María Chipía de Barrenetxea.[1]
March 11 – The Swedish Army, under the command of GeneralJacob De la Gardie, begins marching east fromVyborg (at this time, part of the Swedish Empire, modern-day Russia) in order to defend the Russian Empire against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the course of thePolish–Muscovite War.
March 19 – TheDutch warshipMauritius sinks off the coast of the Cape of Cape Lopes Gonçalves on the modern-day West African nation ofGabon. The wreckage of theMauritius will not be located until 375 years later, in1985.
March 24 – Led by the Grand Hetman of Lithuania,Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, the Lithuanian Navy breaks the blockade ofRiga by sinking two Swedish Navy warships off the coast ofSalacgrīva.
May 23 – TheSecond Virginia Charter is officially ratified; it is intended to replace the council with a governor, who has absolute control in the colony.
June 2 – With theSea Venture as its flagship, a fleet of nine English ships and more than 500 passengers altogether, departs from England to bring supplies to the English settlement inJamestown, Virginia. The fleet runs into a storm in July and theSea Venture is wrecked in the Bermuda islands on July 24.
June 29 – A fleet of ships from the Kingdom ofSpain, assisted by a French warship, fights a battle in the Mediterranean Sea against a larger fleet of 23 ships from the North AfricanEyalet of Tunisia and sinks 21 of them. The other two Tunisian ships are captured.
July 23 – A three-day hurricane begins in the Caribbean Sea and separates the nineLondon Company's ships and their 600 passengers who areen route to relieve theJamestown settlement. One ship sinks, and the flagship is wrecked. Less than 300 settlers make it to Virginia.
TheSea Venture, flagship of the nine-ship fleet of theLondon Company is deliberately wrecked atBermuda during a storm, as AdmiralGeorge Somers drives the ship into the reefs of Discovery Bay in order to prevent the ship from sinking. A group of 153 survivors stay, making the first English settlement of the island.[5]
After a fight on November 30 inPortuguese Macau between Japanese traders and Portuguese soldiers, Japan's ruling shogun,Tokugawa Ieyasu, strictly prohibits further trade between Japan and Portugal.[6]
August 10 – The Spanish galleonSan Francisco sinks in a storm off the coast of Japan, with the loss of 56 men. Clinging to floating wreckage, the survivors are able to reach Yubanda, nearOnjuku in modern-dayChiba Prefecture.
August 11 – Four ships arrive at the colony ofJamestown, Virginia, with almost 300 men, women and children, to bring supplies for the starving English colonists. They are followed days later by the other three ships remaining from theLondon Company. Most of the supplies, however, are spoiled by rain and seawater, and many of the passengers are ill with the bubonic plague.[7]
August 15 (August 5 O.S.) – English astronomerThomas Harriot becomes the first person to make a detailed drawing of theMoon, based on his observations through a telescope.
December 8 – One of the firstpublic libraries, theBiblioteca Ambrosiana, is opened in the Italian city ofMilan, founded by Cardinal Federico Borromeo. Unlike other reading rooms, the library houses its collection on shelves along the walls, rather than chained to reading tables.
Dutch entrepreneurIsaac Le Maire devizes the concept of sellingshort shares in order to benefit from a falling Dutch East India Company share price.[14]
^"A Historical, Topographical & Agricultural Survey of the County of Washington", by Dr. Asa Fitch, inTransactions of the New York State Agricultural Society: Report of the Executive Committee for 1848 (New York State Agricultural Society, 1849) p. 882 ("Attended by some of the Mountain Indians, he left Quebec, May 28th, 1609... On the 4th day of July they entered Lake Champlain.")
^James Horn,A Land as God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America (Basic Books, 2006) pp. 158–160
^C. R. Boxer,The Christian Century in Japan 1549–1650 (University of California Press, 1951) p. 272
^Lyon Gardiner Tyler,England in America, 1580-1652 (Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1907) p. 63
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