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| Besa machine gun | |
|---|---|
 Besa machine gun | |
| Type | Tank-mountedmedium machine gun |
| Place of origin | British Empire |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1939–1960s |
| Used by | |
| Wars | |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Václav Holek |
| Designed | 1936 |
| Manufacturer | The Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited |
| Developed from | ZB-53 |
| Produced | 1939–1945 |
| No. built | 39,332 in all variants. |
| Variants | Mark I (1939–1940) Mark II (1940–1943) Mark II* (1943) Mark III (1943–1951) Mark III* (1943–1952) Mark III/2 (1952–1966) Mark III/3 (1954–1966) |
| Specifications (Besa Mk II) | |
| Mass | 47 lb (21 kg) empty |
| Length | 43.5 in (1,100 mm) |
| Barrel length | 29 in (740 mm), 4-groove rifling with right-hand twist |
| Cartridge | 7.92×57mm Mauser |
| Calibre | 7.92mm |
| Action | Gas automatic |
| Rate of fire | 450–550 round/min (Low) 750–850 rounds/min (High) |
| Muzzle velocity | 2,700 ft/s (823 m/s) |
| Feed system | 225 metal link belt. |
TheBesa machine gun was a British version of theCzechoslovakZB-53 air-cooled,belt-fed machine gun (called the TK vz. 37 in the Czechoslovak army[note 1]).
The name came from theBirmingham Small Arms Company (BSA), who signed an agreement withČeskoslovenská zbrojovka to manufacture the gun in the UK. TheWar Office ordered the weapon in 1938 and production began in 1939, after modifications.
It was used extensively by the armed forces of United Kingdom during theSecond World War as a mounted machine gun for tanks and other armoured vehicles as a replacement for the heavier, water-cooledVickers machine gun. Although it required a rather large opening in the tank's armour, it was reliable.
Although British forces used the.303 in rimmed round for rifles and machine guns, the ZB-53 had been designed for the German7.92×57mm Mauser round; referred to by the British as the 7.92 mm. The British had intended to move from rimmed to rimless ammunition but with war imminent, wholesale change was not possible. It was falsely believed by BSA and theMinistry of Supply that the industrial, technical and supply difficulty of converting the design to the .303 round would be more onerous than retaining the original calibre, especially given that the chain of supply for theRoyal Armoured Corps was already separate from the other fighting arms of theBritish Army and the round was not changed for British production. Since the Besa used the same ammunition as Germany used in its rifles and machine guns, the British could use stocks of captured enemy ammunition, albeit without the ability to use their ammunition belts as packaged.
The .303 version of the ZB-53 was presented to the British officials in early 1937 and passed field trials in November 1937 with flying colours (0.5% of stoppages), however in September 1937 the Small Arms Committee had already decided it wanted the 7.92 mm version for which BSA was already tooling up because of the urgency.[4]
The Mark II version, license-produced by BSA in Birmingham as opposed to ZB's Mk I, entered service in June 1940. The design was modified to be more rapidly and economically produced and three simplified models, the Mark II*, Mark III and Mark III*, entered service in August 1943. The Mark II* was a transitional model designed to use the new simplified parts but was compatible with the Mark II. All those versions had a selector to give a high rate of fire (750–850 rounds per minute) for close combat or focused targets or a low rate of fire (450–550 rounds per minute) for long-range combat or area targets. The Mark III and Mark III* versions did away with this selector and had simplified parts like the Mark II* but were incompatible with the Mark II. The Mark III had a fixed high rate of fire (750–850 rpm) and the Mark III* had a fixed low rate of fire (450–550 rpm)[5] Damaged or malfunctioning Mark IIIs were converted to Mk III* at factories during repair.[6]
The earlier wartime Mark I, Mark II and Mark II* versions of the Besa 7.92 mm were declared obsolete in 1951 and all Mark III versions were converted to Mark III*. The Mark III/2 introduced in 1952 was a conversion of the Mark III* with a new bracket and body cover. The later Mark III/3 introduced in 1954 was a conversion of the Mark III/2 that replaced the barrel and sleeve and made the gas vents larger on the gas cylinder to make it easier to use belts of mixed ammunition. The post-war Mark III/2 and Mark III/3 remained in service until the late 1960s.[citation needed]
| Designation | In Service | Markings |
|---|---|---|
| Cartridge S.A. Ball 7.92 m/m Mark Iz | May 1939 – November 1941 | Purple annulus, Iz on headstamp. |
| Cartridge S.A. Ball 7.92 m/m Mark IIz | September 1941 – 1966 | Purple annulus, IIz on headstamp |
| Cartridge S.A. Tracer 7.92 m/m G Mark Iz | October 1939 – November 1941 | Red annulus, GIZ on headstamp |
| Cartridge S.A. Tracer 7.92 m/m G Mark IIz | September 1941 – 1945 | Red annulus, GIIZ on headstamp |
| Cartridge S.A. Tracer 7.92 m/m G Mark 3z | April 1945 – 1966 | Red annulus, G3Z on headstamp |
| Cartridge S.A. Armour-Piercing 7.92 m/m W Mark Iz | March 1941 – November 1941 | Green annulus, WIZ on headstamp |
| Cartridge S.A. Armour-Piercing 7.92 m/m W Mark IIz | September 1941 – 1966 | Green annulus, WIIZ on Headstamp |
| Cartridge S.A. Incendiary 7.92 m/m B Mark Iz | 1942–1966 | Blue annulus, BIZ on headstamp |
| 15 mm Besa Mk II | |
|---|---|
 Humber Armoured Car Mk 2 with 15 mm Besa HMG | |
| Type | Tank-mountedheavy machine gun |
| Place of origin | British Empire |
| Production history | |
| Developed from | ZB-60 |
| No. built | 3,218 total production |
| Variants | 15mm Besa Mark I (1939) 15mm Besa Mark II (1939 – 1949) |
| Specifications | |
| Mass |
|
| Length | 2,050 mm (80.71 in) |
| Barrel length | 1,460 mm (57.48 in) |
| Cartridge | 15×104mm [ru] |
| Calibre | 15 mm (0.59 in) |
| Action | Gas operated, open bolt |
| Rate of fire | 450 rounds/min |
| Muzzle velocity | 2,680 ft/s (818.3 m/s) |
| Feed system | 25-round link belt |
A larger, heavier 15 mm version (also belt-fed) was developed by BSA from the CzechoslovakZB-60 heavy machine gun as vehicle armament. It could be fired in semi-automatic mode as well as fully automatic. It was introduced in British service in June 1940 and was used on theLight Tank Mk VIC and onarmoured cars such as theHumber Armoured Car Marks I–III. Over 3,200 15 mm Besa were manufactured until it was declared obsolete in 1949.[8] It fired a 75 grams (1,160 gr) bullet from a15×104 mm [ru] cartridge with a muzzle velocity of 818.3 m/s (2,685 ft/s) at a rate of 450 rounds per minute.[9] The 15 mm Besa was fed from 25-round metal belts, which limited its practical rate of fire, although the weapon was usually used for single shots as it was difficult to fire accurately in automatic.[10]
