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| 13 Vendémiaire | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theFrench Revolution and theWar of the First Coalition | |||||||
 Charles Monnet's depiction ofNapoleon Bonaparte's quelling of the Royalist revolt, 13 Vendémiaire, in front of theÉglise Saint-Roch | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 French Republic |  FrenchRoyalists | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Napoleon BonapartePaul Barras | Jean-Thomas-Élisabeth Richer de SérizyLouis Michel Auguste Thévenet [fr] | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 6,000 total 4,500 regular troops, 1,500 'Patriots', 40 cannons | 25,000–30,000 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 90 dead and wounded[1] | 300 dead 2 executed | ||||||
| 400 civilians | |||||||
  Location within Europe | |||||||
13 Vendémiaire, Year 4 in theFrench Republican Calendar (5 October 1795 in the Gregorian calendar), was a battle between theFrench Revolutionary troops andRoyalist forces in the streets of Paris. This battle was part of the establishing of a new form of government, theDirectory, and it was a major factor in the rapid advancement of Republican GeneralNapoleon Bonaparte's career.
The social reforms of theFrench Revolution had been well received by the majority of the populace of France, but the Revolution's stronglyanti-Catholic stance had created anti-Republican sympathies in manyRoman Catholics. In March 1793, this sentiment boiled over into anarmed insurrection in the fiercely CatholicVendée region of western France. A rebel army titledArmée catholique et royale now proved to be a thorn in the side of the Revolutionary government in Paris, under leaders such asFrançois de Charette de la Contrie andMaurice d'Elbée. The rebels were known asChouans, a title which comes from early Royalist leaderJean Cottereau's nickname Jean Chouan. TheArmée catholique et royale quickly garnered British support and got off to a promising start, severely defeating severalRevolutionary Armies. The RevolutionaryCommittee of Public Safety ordered GeneralJean-Baptiste Carrier to pacify the region, and over several months Carrier ruthlessly suppressed the Vendée. The local population dubbed Carrier's forces theinfernal columns. On 22 December 1793, the Chouan rebellion subsided following a major defeat at theBattle of Savenay.
Following the9th Thermidor, those Chouans willing to lay down arms were granted amnesty by the reformedNational Convention. The Chouans responded by attacking the Republican-held town ofGuémené-sur-Scorff on 28 January 1795. The Convention immediately ordered GeneralLouis Lazare Hoche to proceed to the Vendée and force the Chouans to agree to a cessation of hostilities. Hoche quickly defeated the Chouan army and on 17 February François de Charette de la Contrie signed a very generous peace settlement. A small contingent of Royalists under the command of GeneralJean-Nicolas Stofflet and the fanaticalEtienne-Alexandre Bernier refused to accept the peace settlement and continued to offer resistance to Hoche's army. They were supported by the British in the form of 4,000émigrés. This large force was placed under the command of émigré GénéralsJoseph de Puisaye and Hermilly. Hearing of this, de Charette de la Contrie broke the peace agreement and reopened hostilities. On 26 June, the émigré force landed atCarnac. Hermilly quickly advanced onAuray before engaging and being defeated by Hoche atVannes. By early July, Hermilly had been forced out of Auray and was besieged in theFortress of Penthièvre. This meant that the entire insurgent army was now trapped on theQuiberon peninsula. On 15 July, an additional émigré division arrived to bolster the defense, under the command of GénéralCharles François de Virot de Sombreuil, but Hermilly was killed in action on 16 July. By the 20th, the fortress had fallen and Hoche swiftly advanced down the peninsula, defeating the hopelessly trapped émigré army. Only Général Puisaye and a small force were able to escape with the British fleet; the remainder were killed in action, taken prisoner, or executed.
Despite the failure of the émigré army, de Charette de la Contrie continued to offer resistance. In early September, a popular revolt broke out in the area aroundDreux, but it was defeated in battle atNonancourt. De Charette de la Contrie himself suffered a major defeat atSaint-Cyr on 25 September. Despite this, theComte d'Artois landed atÎle d'Yeu with 1,000 émigrés and 2,000 British troops. Bolstered by this force, the Royalist troops began marching on Paris in early October 1795. The arrival of the Comte d'Artois excited thejeunesse dorée Royalist supporters in the Le Peletiersection of the capital (named for the Rue Le Peletier in what is now theSecond Arrondissement), and they began demonstrations in the form of fellingLiberty Trees and tramplingcockades of France. Rumours began to circulate regarding the likely defection of the entireParis National Guard.[citation needed]
The Convention quickly realised that it was in severe danger, and that an enemy force was on French soil; indeed, the insurrection in Paris meant that there was now an enemy force within the capital itself. The Convention declared its intention to remain in their meeting rooms until the crisis was resolved. It called for the formation of three battalions of Patriots to be raised from the Jacobin military staff dismissed after 9 Thermidor. GénéralJean-François, baron de Menou was given command of the defence of the capital, but he was severely outnumbered with only 5,000 troops on hand to resist the Royalist army of 25,000 men.
On 12 Vendémiaire (4 October 1795), theNational Guard arrived in Le Peletier in an attempt to put down the unrest. The Military Committee of the Sections of the Capital under the command ofJean-Thomas-Élisabeth Richer de Sérizy announced that the decrees of the convention were no longer recognised. GénéralLouis Michel Auguste Thévenet (called Danican) took command of the National Guard in the Le Peletier section. The Convention ordered Menou to advance into Le Peletier, to disarm the entire area, and to close Danican's headquarters. Generals Despierres and Verdière were sent to Menou to assist him. Menou divided his force into three columns and planned an advance into Le Peletier on the evening of 12 Vendémiaire. When the advance was set to begin, Despierres reported that he was unwell and unable to proceed, and Verdière refused to advance. Menou timidly advanced towards the Royalist force, inviting the rebels to discuss terms of their dispersal. He withdrew after receiving the insurgents' promise to disarm.
The Le Peletier section, seeing this as a sign of weakness on the part of the convention, called upon the other sections of Paris to rise up. Menou realised his mistake, and launched a cavalry attack down theRue du Faubourg-Montmartre, temporarily clearing the area of Royalists. The Convention dismissed Menou from the command and orderedPaul François Jean Nicolas Barras to take over the defence of the convention.
Young GeneralNapoleon Bonaparte was aware of the commotion, and he arrived at the Convention around this time to find out what was happening. He was quickly ordered to join Barras' forces mustering for the defence of the Republic. Bonaparte accepted, but only on the condition that he was granted complete freedom of movement.[citation needed]
At 1 am on 13 Vendémiaire (5 October), Bonaparte overrode Barras, who was content to let him do as he wished.[citation needed] Bonaparte orderedJoachim Murat, a sous-lieutenant in the12ème Régiment de Chasseurs à Cheval, to ride to theplain of Sablons and to return with the 40 cannon which Menou had indicated were located there. Murat's squadron retrieved the cannons before the Royalists arrived and Bonaparte organised their arrangement, placing them in commanding areas with effective fields of fire.
The Republican forces were outnumbered approximately 6 to 1, but they held their perimeter all the same. At 5 am, a probing attack by the Royalist forces was repulsed. Five hours later, the major Royalist assault by 7,000 men began. The Republican forces held their perimeter, the cannons firinggrapeshot into the massed Royalist forces. The Patriot battalions supporting the artillery also cut down the advancing Royalist ranks. Bonaparte commanded throughout the two-hour engagement, and survived unscathed despite having his horse shot from under him. The effect of the grapeshot and the volleys from the Patriot forces caused the Royalist attack to waver. Bonaparte ordered a counterattack led by Murat's squadron of chasseurs. At the close of the battle, around three hundred Royalists lay dead on the streets of Paris.
Scottish philosopher and historianThomas Carlyle later famously recorded that, on this occasion, Bonaparte gave his opponent a "Whiff of Grapeshot" and that "the thing we specifically call French Revolution is blown into space by it."[2] That is, 13 Vendémiaire marks the ending of the French Revolution. (The phrase is often ascribed to Bonaparte himself, but the words are probably Carlyle's.[3])
The defeat of the Royalist insurrection extinguished the threat to the convention. On 19 October all the officers in the army, also the ones who were dismissed, had to prove for theCommittee of Public Safety where they were on the days around 13 Vendémiaire.[4] On Sunday 25 October theNational Convention declared itself dissolved and voted for a general amnesty for "deeds exclusively connected with the Revolution".[5] Not long after theDirectoire andCouncil of Five Hundred was installed; theCommittee of Public Safety disappeared. Napoleon was appointed asGeneral in Chief of theArmy of the Interior. Bonaparte became a national hero, and was quickly promoted toGénéral de Division. Within five months, he was given command of the Frencharmy conducting operations in Italy. The defeated Royalists, in an effort to portray the Republican defense as a massacre, nicknamed BonaparteGénéral Vendémiaire, a title which he later claimed would be hisfirst title of glory.[citation needed]
Abel Gance portrayed 13 Vendémiaire in act iii of his silent productionNapoléon. The first episode of the 2002 miniseriesNapoléon portrays the battle of 13 Vendémiaire. The events are also depicted in the 2023 filmNapoleon.
Media related to13 Vendémiaire at Wikimedia Commons
