| 12th Operations Group | |
|---|---|
 GroupT-38 Talons[note 1] | |
| Active | 1941–1946; 1947–1948; 1950–1952; 1991–present |
| Country |  United States |
| Branch |  United States Air Force |
| Role | Flying Training |
| Part of | Air Education and Training Command |
| Garrison/HQ | Randolph Air Force Base |
| Nickname | Earthquakers[note 2] |
| Motto | Spiritus Omnia VincetLatin The Spirit Conquers All[1] |
| Engagements | Mediterranean Theater of Operations China-Burma-India Theater |
| Decorations | Distinguished Unit Citation Air Force Outstanding Unit Award |
| Insignia | |
| 12th Operations Group emblem[note 3] |  |
| 12th Bombardment Group emblem(approved 3 February 1942)[1] |  |
The12th Operations Group is the flying component of the12th Flying Training Wing ofUnited States Air Force'sAir Education and Training Command. Thegroup headquarters is located atRandolph Air Force Base, Texas. The unit's main missions include aircraft instructor pilot training inBeechcraft T-6 Texan II,Northrop T-38C Talon andRaytheon T-1 Jayhawk aircraft, Air Force and Navy undergraduate combat systems officer training and fighter fundamentals student pilot instructor training in the Northrop AT-38C.
The group was first activated in January 1941 as the12th Bombardment Group. After training and flyingantisubmarine patrols off the Pacific Coast, moved to Egypt in July 1942. In theMediterranean Theater of Operations, it took part in theWestern Desert campaign andItalian campaign, earning aDistinguished Unit Citation. In 1944, it moved to theChina Burma India Theater and participated in theBurma campaign before the war's end. The unit returned to the United States in January 1946 and was inactivated on arriving at the port of embarkation.
The group was briefly active in 1947 to 1948, but was not manned or equipped due to budgetary restrictions. It was activated on 1 November 1950 as the12th Fighter-Escort Group, but transferred its resources to the12th Fighter-Escort Wing in February 1951 and was inactivated in June 1952 asStrategic Air Command adopted the dual deputy organization.
With the implementation of the Objective Wing Organization, the unit was activated on 15 December 1991, as the12th Operations Group and assigned to the 12th Flying Training Wing.
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The group contains seven squadrons(Tail Code: RA):
Thegroup was first activated as the12th Bombardment Group atMcChord Field, Washington on 15 January 1941 as the United States began building up its armed forces after the beginning ofWorld War II in Europe, drawing its initialcadre from the17th Bombardment Group.[2] The81st,82d, and83d Bombardment Squadrons were the group's first components, while the19th Reconnaissance Squadron was attached to the 12th.[3] Although designated alight bomber group, the unit was initially equipped with a mix ofDouglas B-18 Bolo andDouglas B-23 Dragonmedium bombers and a fewStearman PT-17 trainers.[1][4] In August 1941, theAir Corps converted its reconnaissance squadrons attached to light bomber groups and the 19th Reconnaissance Squadron became the 94th Bombardment Squadron and was assigned to the group.[5]
At the time of the JapaneseAttack on Pearl Harbor, the group began flyingantisubmarine patrols and watching for signs of an invasion. At the end of December 1941, the group was designated a medium bomber unit, consistent with its equipment.[6] This resulted in the 94th Squadron again becoming a reconnaissance unit, as the 94th Reconnaissance Squadron.[5] In February, the group moved toEsler Field, Louisiana,[6] where it began converting to theNorth American B-25 Mitchell. With the Mitchells, the 94th resumed the bombardment mission, this time as the 434th Bombardment Squadron in April.[5] In early May, the group deployed toStockton Army Air Field, California, where half its crews stood alert during daylight hours. After the defeat of the Japanese Navy in theBattle of Midway, the group returned to Esler Field.[7][6]
In June 1942, while in the United States for a conference with PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime MinisterWinston Churchill received word that theBritish Eighth Army had been defeated ina tank battle with Field MarshalErwin Rommel'sAfrika Korps nearTobruk, Libya, and was retreating back towardAlexandria, Egypt. Churchill immediately made an urgent plea for military aid to help stop Rommel from over-running Egypt, theSuez Canal and the Arabian oil fields. The United States dispatched the 12th and two other groups to the Middle East to reinforce the British forces there.[7][8]
The 12th was the second of the three groups to leave the United States. Between 14 July and 2 August,aircrews departedMorrison Field, Florida for Egypt via the South Atlantic ferry route to Egypt by way of Brazil,Ascension Island, across Africa to the Sudan, and then north to Egypt. by mid-August, all crews had arrived in Egypt without a single loss. Ground personnel of all three groups and supporting units sailed fromNew York City on 16 July 1942 on theSS Pasteur, a fast Frenchocean liner that had been impressed by the British, for a month-long trip around South Africa and up the Red Sea toSuez, Egypt, arriving on 16 August 1942.[7]
As soon as they arrived in Egypt, group headquarters and the 81st and 82d Squadrons moved toRAF Deversoir, while the 83d and 434th Squadrons were atRAF Ismailia, about 15 miles apart on theSuez Canal. It began training withRoyal Air Force (RAF) andSouth African Air Force Boston[note 4] units in desert warfare tactics and navigation. A month of training included five combat missions in combined formations with the Bostons.[9] The group flew its first mission on its own on 31 August against enemyairfields atDaba (LG 105) andFuka (LG 17) and port facilities atMatruh, Egypt.[10]
The group's first missions were night attacks. However, the lack of flame dampeners on its Mitchells made them easy targets forflak defenses andnight fighters. Losses, which included the group commander, Colonel Goodrich, caused the withdrawal of the unit from night operations until its planes could be modified with "finger exhausts". The unit's first missions were flown to support forces opposing Rommel's final effort to break through to the Suez Canal at theBattle of Alam Halfa between 31 August and 4 September 1942. These missions helped theBritish Eighth Army repel the Afrika Corps attacks. Rommel attributed this defeat to air attacks enabled by the air superiority established by the RAF andAllied forces[10] Both Allied and enemy forces had learned that the open nature of the western desert made it easy to dispersearmored forces, making pinpoint bombing ineffective. As a result, the group adopted the RAF tactic of pattern bombing. Group Mitchells would fly at medium altitude, flying spaced apart to saturate a target area with bombs spaced to damage any vehicles or other objectives in a defined target area.[11]
During the battles in north Africa, the RAF had established numerous Landing Grounds, identified by LG plus a number. These stretched across northern Egypt and Libya and were used by both sides as the front moved. These landing grounds had no defined runways, and as many as eighteen bombers could take off at the same time, headed directly into the wind.[12] In early October, intelligence reports reported thatRegia Aeronautica andLuftwaffe airplanes at two of these landing grounds, near Daba (LG 105) and Qattafa (LG 104), had been trapped by heavy rains. The 12th Group and RAF forces attacked the airfields on 9 October, destroying ten enemy aircraft and damaging an additional 22.[11]
A few days later, the operational elements of the group, consisting of the combat crews and a few essential ground personnel needed to keep the B-25s flying, began flying missions from LG 88, about 20 miles from the front lines. This move made them immediately available for strikes requested by the Eighth Army. The bulk of each squadron and headquarters remained behind at their bases near the Suez Canal. Operations from LG 88 began on the night of 19/20 October, just before theSecond Battle of El Alamein began on 23 October with a tremendous artillery bombardment. The 12th Group began a week-long shuttle missions, attacking targets phoned in to Eighth Army Air Liaison Officers attached to the group. Eighteen ship formations took off or landed every half-hour during daylight on 24 October. There was little rest as ground crews rushed to refuel, reload bombs and ammunition, and patch flak holes, with operations peaking on 27 October. By 4 November, Rommel began withdraw and main targets became columns of tanks, trucks and troops retreating to the west. Group operational elements advanced to new Landing Grounds to keep up with ground troops, sometimes having to ferry munitions from their old bases to their new stations. Support equipment could not keep up with this rapid advance, and the forward elements depended on commandeered German and Italian materiel until rains bogged down the advance, permitting Rommel to withdraw to Tunisia.[12]
By 14 December, the advanced elements of the group were operating fromMagrun Landing Ground (LG 142), also called Gambut No. 2, a satellite ofRAF Gambut (LG 139), stretching the group over 1200 miles of north Africa. The new base was within range of German bases onCrete, and a raid was planned for 2 January 1943. However to reach this target, dust filters had to be removed from the attack force's engines to increase range. Just as the Mitchells were taking off, a dust storm hit the Landing Ground and only twelve planes were able to fly the mission, which had little effect on enemy forces.[13]
American forces under GeneralDwight D. Eisenhower landed in Algeria and Morocco, and were met by German divisions under Rommel's command. The situation became desperate as they drove the Americans back through theKasserine Pass. To reinforceTwelfth Air Force, the 81st and 82d Squadrons of the 12th Group were dispatched to reinforce the310th Bombardment Group atBerteaux Airfield, Algeria on 3 and 4 February 1943.[14][15] These two squadrons continued operating under the Twelfth Air Force until the fall ofTunis in May 1943, when they were returned to the group. Meanwhile, the 83d and 434th Squadrons helped break up an attack along theMareth Line. After the fall of Tunis, the 12th was reunited atHergla Airfield, Tunisia, and all of the personnel of its squadrons were together again for the first time since their advance parties moved out into the desert eight months earlier.[14]
The group's actions during the north African campaign earned it aDistinguished Unit Citation for its operations from primitive landing grounds under difficult weather and terrain conditions and, despite repeated enemy attacks on its advanced positions and limited resources, made a major contribution to the defeat of enemy forces in the Middle East.[16]
From Hergla, the group attacked targets onPantellaria and Sicily. Little more than a month later,Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily, was executed and the 12th flew missions supporting the advances on that island. The group's advance party boardedLSTs forLicata Sicily, where they set up their first base in Europe atPonte Olivo Airfield, flying the group's first mission from Italy on 5 August. An attack onRandazzo on 13 August was the last significant action of the 12th as part of the Ninth Air Force, which moved to England, while the 12th became part ofTwelfth Air Force. Major personnel changes occurred as most of the group's aircrews had served enough time in theater that they were rotated back to the United States and replaced by new aircrews fresh from the States.[note 5] Later in August, the group moved toGerbini Airfield on Sicily, from which it struck bridges, tunnels and other targets to supportOperation Baytown, the invasion of southern Italy. In September, the group flew missions every day to support the foothold aroundSalerno established duringOperation Avalanche.[17]
The group began operating out ofFoggia Airfield, Italy in November 1943. The 12th attacked German targets in support of theAmerican Fifth Army, and in eastern Italy supporting the British Eighth Army. It attackedaerodromes,docks,marshaling yards, bridges, and other targets in Italy and the Balkans.[17]
Shortly after the group's combat elements moved toGaudo Airfield in January 1944, the group was directed to prepare for movement out of the Mediterranean Theater. On 8 February, the group sailed on theSS Dilwara and theMS Batory fromTaranto. Although some in the group hoped the move was a withdrawal from combat, the ships sailed east, passing through theSuez Canal on the way to India.[17]
The 12th Group moved to India to help theBritish Fourteenth Army repel a Japanese invasion from Burma towardImphal, threatening the whole subcontinent and the Indian Ocean. The group's advance element arrived atBombay on 12 March 1944, and after a four-day train trip toCalcutta and a day on a river boat toDacca in eastern Bengal,[citation needed] group headquarters and the 81st and 82d Squadrons were established atTezgaon Airfield, India, while the 83d and 434th Squadrons were atKurmitola Airfield. The rear echelon of the unit did not arrive at the new bases in India until 24 April.[18] In April, new B-25H[note 6] and B-25J models began to arrive. The group equipped each of its squadrons with a 50/50 mix of the two models.[note 7]
The 12th flew its first mission as part ofTenth Air Force, bombing Japanese supply dumps at Mogaung, Burma, on 16 April 1944. The lessened threat offlak in the new theater and added firepower of the updated Mitchells the group now flew resulted in a change of tactics. Rather than the medium altitude pattern bombing the group specialized in the Mediterranean, the group now focused on low altitude bombing andstrafing.[18]
In April, Japanese forces that had broken out of the Burma mountains the previous monthsurrounded two Indian divisions at Imphal. The British still controlled theImphal Airfield, however, and the 12th flew ammunition to the besieged troops, unloading the ammunition carried in the bomb bays of its Mitchells. The "ammo" runs continued for three weeks, until British forces repelled the Japanese invasion of India.[18]
In June, the group and two squadrons moved toPandaveswar Airfield, India, while the 81st and 434th Squadrons moved to nearbyMadhaiganj Airfield. This move added to the distance the group had to fly when attacking targets in Burma, sometimes requiring returning bombers to land atComilla Airfield to refuel on their return flight. The logistics problems created by this move was lessened when the group moved toFenny Airfield, while the 434th began to operate from Comilla. This reduced the distance to most targets in Burma, but the group also flew missions to targets in northern Burma that tested the range of their B-25s. The first of these missions flown from Fenny was toMyitkyina to supportMerrill's Marauders on 26 July.[18]
After some vicious fighting, the British capturedMeiktila on 3 March and swept down the road toMandalay, which was defended by 400-year-old Fort Dufferin complete with high thick walls and a wide moat. The 12th was called upon to bomb the fort on 9 March 1945, which they did successfully with 2000-pound bombs dropped from 200 feet by four Mitchells, followed by attacks from 6000 feet by another squadron, and a 35-ship blasting of the entire area of the fort to complete the job.[citation needed]
The last major mission of the 12th was an overnight where the crews spent the night under the wings of their B-25s at Rameree, nearRangoon, and took off the next morning to bomb Ban-Takli airfield north ofBangkok, Thailand.[18] The group began to equip withDouglas A-26 Invaders[6] and were still training when the war ended. The group's aircrews flew the A-26s toFrankfurt, Germany, and the rest of the group waited atFenny Airfield until they went toKarachi Airport in December to return to the United States.[citation needed]
On return to United States in January 1946, the 12th Bombardment Group was inactivated at the port of embarkation.[6]
The unit was again designated the12th Bombardment Group, Light and was activated on 19 May 1947 underTactical Air Command as part of the Air Force's expansion to its peacetime goal of 70 combat groups.[19] Although nominally stationed atLangley Air Force Base, Virginia, the unit was neither manned or equipped and only existed on paper. PresidentTruman's reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of Air Force groups to 48,[20] and the 12th was inactivated on 10 September 1948.[6]
The12th Fighter-Escort Group was activated atTurner Air Force Base, Georgia on 1 November 1950 as the flying element of the12th Fighter-Escort Wing under thewing base organization system. The 559th, 560th and 561st Fighter-Escort Squadrons were assigned to the group.[note 9] The group's mission was to fly fighter escort forStrategic Air Command strategic bombers.[21]
As the group was organizing, the27th Fighter-Escort Wing atBergstrom Air Force Base, Texas deployed to Japan.[22] The 12th Group moved to Bergstrom in December,[6] and was filled out by personnel from the 27th that had not deployed and personnel that had been transferred from the31st Fighter-Escort Group at Turner.[citation needed] On 12 December the group received its firstRepublic F-84E Thunderjets. These aircraft, however, were rejected asRepublic Aviation had equipped them with an engine that was incapable of supporting the extended bomber escort missions projected by SAC.[citation needed]
Strategic Air Command (SAC)'s mobilization for the Korean War highlighted that SAC wing commanders focused too much on running the base organization and were not spending enough time on overseeing combat preparations. To allow wing commanders the ability to focus on combat operations, the air base group commander became responsible for managing the base housekeeping functions. Under the plan finalized in June 1952, the wing commander focused primarily on the combat units and the maintenance necessary to support combat aircraft by having the combat and maintenance squadrons report directly to the wing and eliminating the intermediate group structures.[23] In February 1951, the group's three squadrons were attached to the wing and the group was reduced to paper status.[21] When the reorganization was finalized, the group was inactivated and the squadrons reassigned.[6]
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The group was reactivated atRandolph Air Force Base, Texas on 9 December 1991 as the12th Operations Group and assigned to the 12th Flying Training Wing as part of the Objective Wing reorganization by the Air Force. The new group performed flight screening and undergraduate pilot training. Due to impending closure ofMather Air Force Base, California, in 1992 group assumed undergraduate navigator training which was moved from Mather. Also, conducted specialized undergraduate pilot training. In 1995, began transition to joint navigator training.
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| Award streamer | Award | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 | Distinguished Unit Citation | October 1942 – 17 August 1943 | 12th Bombardment Group[6] |
 | Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 15 December 1991 – 31 December 1991 | 12th Operations Group[6] |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 January 1992 – 30 June 1993 | 12th Operations Group[6] |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 1993 – 30 June 1994 | 12th Operations Group[6] |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 1995 – 30 June 1996 | 12th Operations Group[6] |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 1996 – 30 June 1998 | 12th Operations Group[6] |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 1998 – 30 June 2000 | 12th Operations Group[6] |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 2002 – 30 June 2004 | 12th Operations Group[6] |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 2004 – 30 June 2006 | 12th Operations Group[6] |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 2008 – 30 June 2009 | 12th Operations Group[6] |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 2009 – 30 June 2011 | 12th Operations Group[6] |
| Campaign Streamer | Campaign | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 | Air Combat, EAME Theater | c. 31 July 1942 – 11 May 1945 | 12th Bombardment Group[6] |
| Egypt-Libya | c. 31 July 1942 – 12 February 1943 | 12th Bombardment Group[6] |
| Tunisia | 12 November 1942 – 13 May 1943 | 12th Bombardment Group[6] |
| Sicily | 14 May 1943 – 17 August 1943 | 12th Bombardment Group[6] |
| Naples-Foggia | 18 August 1943 – 21 January 1944 | 12th Bombardment Group[6] |
| Rome-Arno | 22 January 1944 – 6 February 1944 | 12th Bombardment Group[6] |
 | India-Burma | c. 31 March 1944 – 28 January 1945 | 12th Bombardment Group[6] |
| Central Burma | 29 January 1945 – 15 July 1945 | 12th Bombardment Group[6] |
| China Defensive | 4 July 1942 – 4 May 1945 | 12th Bombardment Group[6] |
This article incorporatespublic domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
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