The11th century is the period from 1001 (represented by theRoman numerals MI) through 1100 (MC) in accordance with theJulian calendar, and the 1st century of the2nd millennium.
In thehistory of Europe, this period is considered the early part of theHigh Middle Ages. There was, after a brief ascendancy, a sudden decline ofByzantine power and a rise ofNorman domination over much of Europe, along with the prominent role inEurope of notably influentialpopes.Christendom experienced a formal schism in this century which had been developing over previous centuries between theLatin West and Byzantine East, causing a split in its two largest denominations to this day:Roman Catholicism andEastern Orthodoxy.
In European history, the 11th century is regarded as the beginning of theHigh Middle Ages, an age subsequent to theEarly Middle Ages. The century began while thetranslatio imperii of962 was still somewhat novel and ended in the midst of theInvestiture Controversy. It saw the final Christianisation ofScandinavia and the emergence of thePeace and Truce of God movements, theGregorian Reforms, and theCrusades which revitalised a church and a papacy that had survived tarnished by the tumultuous 10th century. In 1054, theGreat Schism saw the political and religious culmination and a formal split between the Western and Eastern church.
InGermany, the century was marked by the ascendancy of theHoly Roman Emperors, who hit their high-water mark under theSalians. In Britain, it saw the transformation ofScotland into a single, more unified and centralised kingdom and theNorman conquest of England in 1066. The social transformations wrought in these lands brought them into the fuller orbit of European feudal politics. In France, it saw the nadir of the monarchy and the zenith of the great magnates, especially the dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, who could thus foster such distinctive contributions of their lands as the pious warrior who conquered Britain, Italy, and the East and the impious peacelover, thetroubadour, who crafted out of the European vernacular its first great literary themes. There were also the first figures of the intellectual movement known asScholasticism, which emphasizeddialectic arguments in disputes ofChristian theology as well asclassical philosophy.
InItaly, the century began with the integration of the kingdom into the Holy Roman Empire and the royal palace atPavia was summoned in 1024. By the end of the century,Lombard andByzantine rule in theMezzogiorno had been usurped by theNormans and the power of the territorial magnates was being replaced by that of the citizens of the northern cities. InNorthern Italy, a growth of population in urban centers gave rise to an early organizedcapitalism and more sophisticated, commercialized culture by the late 11th century, most notably in Venice. In Spain, the century opened with the successes of the lastcaliphs of Córdoba and ended in the successes of theAlmoravids. In between was a period of Christian unification underNavarrese hegemony and success in theReconquista against thetaifa kingdoms that replaced the fallen caliphate. In Eastern Europe, there was agolden age for the principality ofKievan Rus.
A Scholar in a Meadow, ChineseSong dynasty, 11th century
In China, there was a triangular affair of continued war and peace settlements between theSong dynasty, theTanguts-ledWestern Xia in the northwest, and theKhitans of theLiao dynasty in the northeast. Meanwhile, opposingpolitical factions evolved at the Song imperial court ofKaifeng. The political reformers at court, called the New Policies Group (新法, Xin Fa), were led byEmperor Shenzong of Song and theChancellorsFan Zhongyan andWang Anshi, while the political conservatives were led by ChancellorSima Guang and Empress Dowager Gao, regent of the youngEmperor Zhezong of Song. Heated political debate and sectarian intrigue followed, while political enemies were often dismissed from the capital to govern frontier regions in the deep south wheremalaria was known to be very fatal to northern Chinese people (seeHistory of the Song dynasty). This period also represents a high point in classical Chinese science and technology, with figures such asSu Song andShen Kuo, as well as the age where the matured form of theChinese pagoda was accomplished inChinese architecture.
In Japan, theFujiwara clan dominated central politics by acting as imperial regents, controlling the actions of theEmperor of Japan, who acted merely as a 'puppet monarch' during theHeian period. In Korea, the rulers of theGoryeo Kingdom were able to concentrate more central authority into their own hands than in that of the nobles, and were able to fend off twoKhitan invasions with their armies.
In the Middle East, theFatimid Empire ofEgypt reached its zenith only to face steep decline, much like theByzantine Empire in the first half of the century. TheSeljuks came to prominence while theAbbasid caliphs held traditional titles without real, tangible authority in state affairs.
In Southeast Asia, thePagan Kingdom reached its height of political and military power. TheKhmer Empire would dominate in Mainland Southeast Asia whileSrivijaya would dominate Maritime Southeast Asia. Further east, theKingdom of Butuan, centered on the northern portion ofMindanao island flourished as the dominant trading polity in the archipelago. InVietnam, theLý dynasty began, which would reach its golden era during the 11th century.
1001 ± 40 years:Baitoushan volcano on what would be the Chinese-Korean border, erupts with a force of 6.5, the fourth largestHolocene blast.
1001: The ancient kingdom ofButuan, through its King, Rajah Kiling, made contact with the Chinese,Song dynasty recorded the first appearance of Butuan tributary mission through Lijehan and Jiaminan at the Chinese Imperial Court on March 17, 1001 AD.
1007:Butuan king, Rajah Kiling through the ambassador I-hsu-han sent a formal memorial onSong dynasty Imperial court requesting equal status withChampa but the request was denied on the grounds that "Butuan is beneath Champa." due to Champa being an older tributary state since the 4th century.
Defeat of the Bulgarians by the Byzantines depicted in theMadrid Skylitzes
1010–1011: TheSecond Goryeo-Khitan War; theKorean king is forced to flee the capital temporarily, but is unable to establish a foothold and fearing a counterattack, theKhitan forces withdrew.
1011: Under a newRajah named Sri Bata Shaja,Butuan finally succeeded in attaining diplomatic equality withChampa after being denied in an older request made 4 years earlier to theSong dynasty court by sending the flamboyant ambassador Likanhsieh.
1021: the rulingFatimid CaliphAl-Hakim bi-Amr Allah disappears suddenly, possibly assassinated by his own sisterSitt al-Mulk, which leads to the open persecution of theDruze byIsmailiShia; the Druze proclaim that Al-Hakim went into hiding (ghayba), whereupon he would return as theMahdi savior.
1025: theChola dynasty of India uses its naval powers to conquer the South East Asian kingdom ofSrivijaya, turning it into avassal.
1025:Rajendra Chola, theChola king fromCholamandala in South India, conquers Pannai andKadaram from Srivijaya and occupies it for some time. The Cholas continue a series of raids and conquests of parts Srivijayan empire in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.[4]
1028: the King ofSrivijaya appeals to theSong dynasty Chinese, sending a diplomatic mission to their capital atKaifeng.
1030: theBattle of Stiklestad (Norway):Olav Haraldsson loses to his pagan vassals and is killed in the battle. He is later canonized and becomes the patron saint of Norway and Rex perpetuum Norvegiae ('the eternal king of Norway').
1030:Sanghyang Tapak inscription in the Cicatih River bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi, West Java, mentioned about the establishment of sacred forest andKingdom of Sunda. (to 1579)
1044: the ChineseWujing Zongyao, written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide, is the first book to describegunpowder formulas;[7] it also described their use in warfare, such asblackpowder-impregnatedfuses forflamethrowers.[8] It also described an early form of thecompass, a thermoremanence compass.[9]
1054: theGreat Schism, in which the Western (Roman Catholic) andEastern Orthodox churches separated from each other. Similar schisms in the past had been later repaired, but this one continues after nearly 1000 years.
1075: theInvestiture Controversy is sparked whenPope Gregory VII asserted in theDictatus papae extended rights granted to the pope (disturbing the balance of power) and a new interpretation of God's role in founding the Church itself.
1075: Chinese official and diplomatShen Kuo asserts the Song dynasty's rightful border lines by using court archives against the bold bluff ofEmperor Daozong of Liao, who had asserted thatLiao dynasty territory exceeded its earlier-accepted bounds.
1075–1076: a civil war in theWestern Chalukya Empire of India; the Western Chalukya monarchSomeshvara II plans to defeat his own ambitious brotherVikramaditya VI by allying with a traditional enemy,Kulothunga Chola I of theChola Empire; Someshvara's forces suffer a heavy defeat, and he is eventually captured and imprisoned by Vikramaditya, who proclaimed himself king.
1075–1077: theSong dynasty ofChina and theLý dynasty ofVietnam fighta border war, with Vietnamese forces striking first on land and with their navy, and afterwards Song armies advancing as far as modern-dayHanoi, the capital, but withdraw after Lý makes peace overtures; in 1082, both sides exchange the territories that they had captured during the war, and later a border agreement is reached.
1076: the ChineseSong dynasty places strict government monopolies over the production and distribution ofsulfur andsaltpetre, in order to curb the possibility of merchants sellinggunpowder formula components to enemies such as theTanguts andKhitans.
1076: the Song Chinese allies with southern VietnameseChampa and CambodianChenla to conquer theLý dynasty, which is an unsuccessful campaign.
1077: Chinese officialSu Song is sent on a diplomatic mission to theLiao dynasty and discovers that theKhitan calendar is more mathematically accurate than theSong calendar;Emperor Zhezong later sponsors Su Song's astronomicalclock tower in order to compete with Liao astronomers.
1080–1081: The Chinese statesman and scientistShen Kuo is put in command of the campaign against theWestern Xia, and although he successfully halts their invasion route to Yanzhou (modernYan'an), another officer disobeys imperial orders and the campaign is ultimately a failure because of it.
1084: the enormous Chinese historical work of theZizhi Tongjian is compiled by scholars under ChancellorSima Guang, completed in 294 volumes and included 3 million writtenChinese characters
1086: compilation of theDomesday Book by order ofWilliam I of England; it was similar to a modern-day governmentcensus, as it was used by William to thoroughly document all the landholdings within the kingdom that could be properlytaxed.
1087: a new office at the Chinese internationalseaport ofQuanzhou is established to handle and regulate taxes and tariffs on all mercantile transactions of foreign goods coming from Africa, Arabia, India, Sri Lanka, Persia, and South East Asia.
1087:William II of England, son of William the Conqueror, is crowned king of England.
1088: the renownedpolymath Chinese scientist and officialShen Kuo made the world's first reference to themagneticcompass in his bookDream Pool Essays,[12][13] along with encyclopedic documentation and inquiry into scientific discoveries.
1093: when the Chinese Empress Dowager Gao dies, the conservative faction that had followedSima Guang is ousted from court, the liberal reforms ofWang Anshi reinstated, andEmperor Zhezong of Song halted all negotiations with theTanguts of theWestern Xia, resuming in armed conflict with them.
The Byzantine GreekHosios Loukas monastery sees the completion of itsKatholikon (main church), the earliest extantdomed-octagon church from 1011 to 1012.
1024 – The world's firstpaper-printed money can be traced back to the year 1024, inSichuan province ofSong dynasty China. The Chinese government would step in and overtake this trend, issuing the central government's official banknote in the 1120s.
1075 – the Song Chinese innovate a partial decarbonization method of repeated forging of cast iron under a cold blast that Hartwell and Needham consider to be a predecessor to the 18th centuryBessemer process.[42]
1088 – As written byShen Kuo in hisDream Pool Essays, the earlier 10th-century invention of thepound lock in China allows large ships to travel along canals without laborious hauling, thus allowing smooth travel of government ships holding cargo of up to 700tan (491⁄2tons) and large privately owned-ships holding cargo of up to 1600tan (113 tons).[44]
Abattouy, Mohammed. (2002), "The Arabic Science of weights: A Report on an Ongoing Research Project",The Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies 4, pp. 109–130:
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