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1190

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Calendar year
Years
Millennium
2nd millennium
Centuries
Decades
Years
1190 by topic
Leaders
Birth and death categories
Births –Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments –Disestablishments
Art and literature
1190 in poetry
1190 in variouscalendars
Gregorian calendar1190
MCXC
Ab urbe condita1943
Armenian calendar639
ԹՎ ՈԼԹ
Assyrian calendar5940
Balinese saka calendar1111–1112
Bengali calendar596–597
Berber calendar2140
English Regnal year1 Ric. 1 – 2 Ric. 1
Buddhist calendar1734
Burmese calendar552
Byzantine calendar6698–6699
Chinese calendar己酉年 (Earth Rooster)
3887 or 3680
    — to —
庚戌年 (Metal Dog)
3888 or 3681
Coptic calendar906–907
Discordian calendar2356
Ethiopian calendar1182–1183
Hebrew calendar4950–4951
Hindu calendars
 -Vikram Samvat1246–1247
 -Shaka Samvat1111–1112
 -Kali Yuga4290–4291
Holocene calendar11190
Igbo calendar190–191
Iranian calendar568–569
Islamic calendar585–586
Japanese calendarBunji 6 /Kenkyū 1
(建久元年)
Javanese calendar1097–1098
Julian calendar1190
MCXC
Korean calendar3523
Minguo calendar722 beforeROC
民前722年
Nanakshahi calendar−278
Seleucid era1501/1502AG
Thai solar calendar1732–1733
Tibetan calendarས་མོ་བྱ་ལོ་
(female Earth-Bird)
1316 or 935 or 163
    — to —
ལྕགས་ཕོ་ཁྱི་ལོ་
(male Iron-Dog)
1317 or 936 or 164
TheNear East with theCrusader states

Year1190 (MCXC) was acommon year starting on Monday of theJulian calendar.

Events

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By place

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Byzantine Empire

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  • Spring – A German expeditionary force (some 15,000 men) led by EmperorFrederick I (Barbarossa) marches towardsConstantinople, on the way to theHoly Land. EmperorIsaac II (Angelos), suspicious that Frederick is planning to conquer Constantinople, attempts to stop him by attacking the Crusaders. The German forces are too strong and they captureAdrianople. A peace treaty is signed by both Isaac and Frederick, that ensures the Germans are given supplies, and free passage through toPalestina.[1]
  • Isaac II starts a campaign against the Bulgarians, who claim their independence. After passing theBalkan Mountains, Isaac marches westward to besiegeTarnovo, the new Bulgarian capital. Meanwhile, the Byzantine fleet reaches theDanube River in order to block the way ofCuman reinforcements from the North. The defense of Tarnovo is led byIvan Asen I, emperor (Tsar) ofBulgaria. After spreading rumors of the arrival of a Cuman army to relieve the city, Isaac orders to retreat toStara Zagora.
  • Battle of Tryavna: Byzantine forces under Isaac II are ambushed and defeated by the Bulgarians in a mountain pass, nearTryavna. In panic, the Byzantines break up and begin a disorganized retreat. Isaac barely escapes, hisVarangian Guard has to cut a path through their own soldiers, enabling their emperor's flight from the rout. TheBulgarians capture the imperial treasure, including the golden helmet of Isaac, his crown, and the Imperial Cross which contains a wooden piece of theHoly Cross.

Third Crusade

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  • March – Frederick I leaves Adrianople toGallipoli at theDardanelles to embark, with the help of Byzantine transports, to cross intoAsia Minor. OnApril 25, he enters territory of the SeljukSultanate of Rum under the rule of SultanKilij Arslan II. Although promised to let the German Crusaders pass peaceably through his domains, Kilij Arslan harasses Frederick's forces with hit-and-run attacks. OnMay 7, a Turkish army (some 10,000 men) is defeated at theBattle of Philomelion, by 2,000 Crusaders.[2]
  • March 25 –Conrad of Montferrat sails south with a Crusader fleet (some 50 ships) fromTyre. As Conrad's fleet approaches the harbour ofAcre, an equally sized Muslim fleet sorties out to meet the Crusaders in open battle. Eventually, theAyyubid fleet is blockaded (supported by Danish and Pisan ships) in the port. Acre is again cut off from reinforcements; the city's supplies are exhausted, and the Muslim garrison has to resort to eating their own beasts. In the event, troops are driven tocannibalism.[3]
  • April – After a long siege Muslim forces underSaladin captureBeaufort Castle fromReginald of Sidon who has offered to hand over the castle to Saladin on the condition that he has three months to remove his family to a place of safety. At the end of the three months, Saladin expects the castle to be handed over but finds that Reginald has used the time to strengthen the castle against a siege. He is imprisoned atDamascus – the castle's garrison finally surrenders in return for Reginald's release.[4]
  • May 5 –Siege of Acre: A Crusader force under KingGuy of Lusignan attacks the city with three siege engines, but all are destroyed by the Muslim defenders withGreek fire, a highly flammable liquid. An Egyptian flotilla is able to avoid the Pisan fleet (some 50 ships) and resupply the city with new provisions. Saladin launches a massive eight-day attack on the Crusaders two weeks later. Meanwhile, in the Crusader camp the conditions are deteriorating by disease andfamine, among the soldiers.[5]
  • May 18 –Battle of Iconium: German forces under Frederick I defeat the Seljuk army (40,000 men) in a pitched battle. They are routed, leaving the city at the mercy of the German Crusaders. Frederick does not pursue the Seljuks, because his forces have been weakened by food shortage for the previous weeks. His 23-year-old son,Frederick VI, takes Iconium (modern-dayKonya) and proceeds to massacre the citizens. The Germans take booty amounting to 100,000 marks in the Turkish capital.[6]
  • June 10 – Frederick I drowns while crossing (or bathing in) theGöksu River near Selucia (modern-daySilifke) inArmenian Cilicia. The German Crusaders are demoralized and exhausted by the summer heat, Frederick VI takes over the command of his father, carrying with him the emperor's body preserved in a barrel ofvinegar. Some of the German nobles decide to return home with their followers; Frederick continues with his army (some 5,000 men) and eventually reachesAntioch, onJune 21.[7]
  • September 24 – A Crusader fleet attempts to destroy the Tower of Flies at Acre, which guards the city's harbour, by ramming vessels loaded with combustibles into it. At a critical moment, the ships collide with one another and are badly damaged. A specially built Pisan vessel resembling a floating castle and outfitted withmangonels, is set afire during a sortie from the harbour by a Muslim flotilla.[8]
  • November 24 – The 18-year-oldIsabella I, half-sister ofSibylla, Queen of Jerusalem, marries Conrad of Montferrat atAcre making himde facto king ofJerusalem (asConrad I). He has the support of her motherMaria Comnena and stepfatherBalian of Ibelin, as well as Reginald of Sidon and other major nobles in theCrusader States.
  • TheTeutonic Order is founded at Acre by German knights ofLübeck andBremen. The Order is formed to aid Christians on theirpilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals (approximate date).

Europe

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Europe in 1190
  • July 4 – KingRichard I (the Lion Heart) andPhilip II (Augustus), meet atVézelay and agree to divide the spoils of the Crusade equally between themselves. They march to the coast and then make their way across theMediterranean, taking different routes. Richard travels with an expeditionary force (some 17,000 men) viaMarseille and Philip travels with a smaller contingent (some 15,000 men) viaGenoa. Richard has some 100 ships at his disposal, several of which are from Norman ports, others fromShoreham andSouthampton.[9]
  • September – Richard I arrives inSicily at the head of a Crusader army and demands the release of his sisterJoan of England, queen of Sicily, who is held hostage by the usurperTancred of Lecce. He also demands that Tancred fulfill the financial commitments made by the late KingWilliam II (the Good) to the Crusade. Tancred refuses the financial demand but he agrees to release Joan, onSeptember 28.[10]
  • October 4 – Richard I capturesMessina, after looting and burning the city he establishes his base there. Richard insists that his own banner be erected over the city, but this creates tension between Richard and Philip II, who has joined him with his forces. Tancred accepts a peace agreement, and pays Richard 20,000 ounces of gold. Friendly relations are restored, Richard agrees to split the gold with Philip.[11]
  • KingHenry VI, eldest son of Frederick I, grantsHenry I (the Brave) the title ofDuke of Brabant. Henry tries to expand his power and soon quarrels with CountBaldwin V, duke ofHainaut.
  • December – Richard I and Philip II stay in Sicily over the winter months waiting for the weather to improve before continuing their journey to the Holy Land.
  • Siege of Silves – theAlmohad caliph,Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, fails to reconquerSilves, Portugal.[12]
England
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The English "feudal empire" of theAngevins in 1190
  • London adopts theCross of St. George, the red cross on a white background. The flag is also used by the fleet ofGenoa, and allows the ships from London to use the flag for protection when they enter the Mediterranean on trading missions.
  • March 16 – A massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews inYork, results in the deaths of 150–500 Jews inClifford's Tower.

By topic

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Art and Science

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Education

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Religion

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Births

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Deaths

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References

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  1. ^Choniates, Nicetas (1984).O city of Byzantium: annals of Niketas Choniatēs. Translated by Magoulias, Harry J. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 224.ISBN 0814317642.OCLC 10605650.
  2. ^Loud, G. A. (2010).The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of Emperor Frederick and Related Texts, p. 104. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing.ISBN 978-0-75466-575-5.
  3. ^Alan Ambrisco (1999).Cannibalism and Cultural Encounters in Richard Coeur de Lion, pp. 105–106. Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies.
  4. ^Kennedy, Hugh (1994).Crusader Castles, pp. 43–44. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0-521-42068-7.
  5. ^Pryor, John H. (2015).A Medieval Siege of Troy: The Fight to the Death at Acre, 1189–1191, p. 108. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing.ISBN 978-1-47241-958-3.
  6. ^Loud, G. A. (2010).The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of Emperor Frederick and Related Texts, pp. 110–111. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing.ISBN 978-0-75466-575-5.
  7. ^Steven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 13–14.ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  8. ^Kenneth P. Czech.Third Crusade: Siege of Acre, p. 3. Originally published in August 2001. Military History Magazine.
  9. ^Wolff and Hazard, p. 57[permanent dead link]
  10. ^Steven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 33.ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  11. ^Steven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 34–35.ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  12. ^Picard, Christophe (1997).La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
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