The .50 BMG cartridge is also used inanti-materiel rifles. A wide variety of ammunition is available, and the availability ofmatch grade ammunition has increased the usefulness of .50 caliber rifles by allowing more accurate fire than lower-quality rounds.[3]
In response to the need for new anti-aircraft weaponry duringWorld War I,John Browning developed the .50 BMG. He wanted the round to be used in amachine gun based on a scaled-up version of theM1917 Browning.[4]
The development of the .50 BMG round is sometimes confused with the German13.2 mm TuF, which was developed by Germany for ananti-tank rifle to combatBritish tanks during World War I and against aircraft. According toAmerican Rifleman: "Actually, the Browning .50 originated in the Great War. American interest in an armor-piercing cartridge was influenced by the marginal French 11 mm (0.43 in) design, prompting U.S. Army Ordnance officers to consult Browning. They wanted a heavy projectile at 2,700 ft/s (820 m/s), but the ammunition did not exist. Browning pondered the situation and, according to his son John, replied, 'Well, the cartridge sounds pretty good to start. You make up some cartridges and we'll do some shooting.'"[5]
TheAmerican Rifleman further explains that development was "[r]eputedly influenced by Germany's 13.2x92 mm SR (.525 in) anti-tank rifle" and that then "Ordnance contracted with Winchester to design a .50-cal. cartridge. Subsequently, Frankford Arsenal took over from Winchester, producing the historic .50 BMG (12.7×99 mm) cartridge. The Army then returned to John Browning for the actual gun. Teamed with Colt, he produced prototypes ready for testing and, ironically, completed them by Nov. 11, 1918—the Great War's end."[5]
The round was put into use in theM1921 Browning machine gun. This gun was later developed into the M2HB Browning, which, with its .50 caliber armor-piercing cartridges, went on to function as an anti-aircraft and anti-vehicular machine gun, capable of penetrating 0.9 inches (23 mm) of face-hardened armor steel plate at 200 meters (220 yd),[6] 1 inch (25 mm) ofrolled homogeneous armor at the same range,[7] and 0.75 inches (19 mm) at 547 yards (500 m).[8]
During World War II the .50 BMG was primarily used in the M2 Browning machine gun, in both its "light barrel" aircraft mount version and the "heavy barrel" (HB) version on ground vehicles, for anti-aircraft purposes. An upgraded variant of the M2 Browning HB machine gun used during World War II is still in use today. Since the mid-1950s, some armored personnel carriers and utility vehicles have been made to withstand 12.7 mm machine gun fire, restricting the destructive capability of the M2. It still has more penetrating power than lighter weapons such asgeneral-purpose machine guns, though it is significantly heavier and more cumbersome to transport. Its range and accuracy, however, are superior tolight machine guns when fixed on tripods, and it has not been replaced as the standard caliber for Western vehicle-mounted machine guns (Soviet and CIS armored vehicles mount12.7×108mmNSVs, which have similar dimensions to .50 BMGs).
Decades later, the .50 BMG was chambered in high-powered rifles as well.[4] TheBarrett M82 rifle was developed during the 1980s and, along with later variants, has upgraded the anti-materiel power of the military sniper.[4]
The primary military use of this round is in the M2 Browning machine gun and anti-materiel rifles such as the Barrett M82.[9]
TheU.S. Coast Guard uses .50 BMG rifles onboardarmed helicopters to disable the engines on boats during interdictions. Similarly, .50 BMG weapons have attracted attention from law enforcement agencies; they have been adopted by theNew York City Police Department as well as thePittsburgh Police. A .50 BMG round can effectively disable a vehicle when fired into theengine block. A .50 BMG round will penetrate most commercial brick walls and concretecinder blocks.[10]
The .50 BMG round was used as a sniper round as early as theKorean War.[11] The former record for a confirmed long-distance kill was set by U.S. Marine sniperCarlos Hathcock in 1967 during theVietnam War, at a distance of 2,090 meters (2,290 yd; 1.30 mi);[12] Hathcock used the .50 BMG in an M2 machine gun equipped with a telescopic sight. This weapon was used by other snipers, and eventually purpose-built sniper rifles were developed specifically for this round.[13]
In addition to long-range and anti-materiel, the U.S. military uses .50 BMG weapons to detonateunexploded ordnance from a safe distance. It can disable most unarmored and lightly armored vehicles.[17]
Some civilians use .50 caliber rifles for long-range target shooting: the US-based Fifty Caliber Shooters Association holds .50 BMG shooting matches.[18]
12.7 x 99mm NATO dimensions converted to millimeters
The .50 BMG (12.7×99mm NATO) cartridge has a capacity of 290 gr (19 g). The round is a scaled-up version of the.30-06 Springfield[citation needed] but uses a case wall with a long taper to facilitate feeding and extraction in various weapons.
The commonriflingtwist rate for this cartridge is 1 in 15 in (380 mm), with eight lands and grooves. Theprimer type specified for this ammunition is a boxer primer that has a single centralized ignition point (US and NATO countries).[19] However, some other countries produce the ammunition with Berdan primers that have two flash holes.
The average chamber pressure in this round as listed in TM43-0001-27,[20] the U.S. Army Ammunition Data Sheets — Small Caliber Ammunition, not including plastic practice, short cased spotter, or proof/test loads, is 54,923 psi (378,680 kPa). The proof/test pressure is listed as 65,000 psi (450,000 kPa).
A common method for understanding the actual power of a cartridge is comparison ofmuzzle energies. The.30-06 Springfield, the standard caliber for American soldiers in both World Wars and a popular caliber amongst American hunters for medium to large game animals, can produce muzzle energies between 2,000 and 3,000foot-pounds force (3,000 and 4,000 J). The .50 BMG round can produce between 10,000 and 15,000 foot-pounds force (14,000 and 20,000 J), depending on its powder and bullet type, as well as the weapon it is fired from. Due to the highballistic coefficient of the bullet, the .50 BMG's trajectory also suffers less "drift" from crosswinds than smaller and lighter calibers, making the .50 BMG a good choice for high-powered sniper rifles.[21]
This cartridge is used, in place of the armor-piercing round, against armored, flammable targets. The bullet has a silver tip.
Cartridge, caliber .50, tracer, M10
Tracer for observing fire, signaling, target designation, and incendiary purposes. Designed to be less intense than the M1 tracer, the M10 has an orange tip.
Cartridge, caliber .50, tracer, M17
Tracer for observing fire, signaling, target designation, and incendiary purposes. Can be fired from theM82/M107 series of rifles.
This cartridge is used in place of the armor-piercing round against armored, flammable targets, with a tracer element for observation purposes. It is effectively a variant of the M8 armor-piercing incendiary with the added tracer element. Can be fired from the M82/M107 series of rifles. This bullet has a red tip with a ring of aluminum paint.
Cartridge, caliber .50, tracer, headlight, M21
Tracer for use in observing fire during air-to-air combat. Designed to be more visible, the M21 is three times more brilliant than the M1 tracer.
Cartridge, caliber .50, incendiary, M23
This cartridge is used against unarmored, flammable targets. The tip of the bullet is painted blue with a light blue ring.
Cartridge, caliber .50, ball, M33
This cartridge is used against personnel and unarmored targets. Can be fired from the M82/M107 series of rifles.
This cartridge has a 355 – 360 gr (23.00 – 23.33 g) heavy metal (tungsten) penetrator that is sabot-launched at a muzzle velocity of 4,000 ft/s (1,219 m/s). The 0.50 in (12.7 mm) diameter sabot is designed to separate after leaving the muzzle, releasing the 0.30 in (7.62 mm) penetrator. The sabot is injection molded of special high strength plastic and is reinforced with an aluminum insert in the base section. The cartridge is identified by an amber sabot (Ultem 1000). Used only in the M2 series of machine guns. This round can penetrate 0.75 in (19 mm) of steel armor at 1,500 yards (1,400 m).[22]
Like the M903, this is a SLAP round, with the only difference being that the M962 also has a tracer element for observing fire, target designation, and incendiary purposes. It has a red plastic sabot for identification and is used only in the M2 series of machine guns.
Cartridge, caliber .50, ball, XM1022
A long-range match cartridge specifically designed for long-range work using the M107 rifle.
Cartridge, caliber .50, M1022 long-range sniper
The .50 caliber M1022 has an olive-green bullet coating with no tip ID coloration. The projectile is of standard ball design. It is designed for long-range sniper training and tactical use against targets that do not require armor-piercing or incendiary effects. It exhibits superior long-range accuracy and is trajectory matched to MK211 grade A. The M1022 is ideal for use in all .50 caliber bolt-action and semi-automatic sniper rifles.[23] The bullet remains supersonic from 1,500 m (1,640 yd) to 1,600 m (1,750 yd).[24]
A "combined effects" cartridge, theRaufoss Mk 211 Mod 0 HEIAP cartridge contains a .30 caliber tungsten penetrator, zirconium powder, and Composition A explosive. It can be used in any .50 caliber weapon in the US inventory with the exception of theM85 machine gun. The cartridge is identified by a green tip with a gray ring.
Cartridge, caliber .50, armor-piercing incendiary dim tracer (API-DT), Mk 257
The .50 caliber Mk 257 API-DT has a purple bullet tip. The bullet has a hardened steel core and incendiary tip. It is used in the M2, M3, and M85. Dim tracer reduces the possibility of the weapon being located during night fire and is visible only with night-vision devices.[23]
Cartridge, caliber .50, armor-piercing (AP), Mk 263 Mod 2
The .50 caliber Mk 263 has a black tip. The bullet has a hardened steel core and features double valleys to reduce bearing surface thereby decreasing friction and increasing stability. It is used in the M2, M3, and M85.
as with the Mk 211 Mod 0, but with a tracer component. This cartridge likely can be used in any .50 caliber weapon in the US inventory with the exception of the M85 machine gun, as with the Mk 211 Mod 0.
This cartridge is used against hardened targets such as bunkers, for suppressive fire against lightly armored vehicles, and ground and aerial threat suppression. It is generally fired either from pilot-aimed aircraft-mounted guns or anti-aircraft platforms, both produced byFN Herstal.[25] It is identified by a gray over yellow tip.[26] A tracer variant of it also exists.
Cartridge, caliber .50, ball, Mk 323 Mod 0
Created by theNaval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division, this cartridge uses M33 ball projectiles inpolymer cases instead of brass. It has a clear polymer case, with a standard brass head fused at the bottom. The Mk 323 can be fired from M2HB/M2A1 machine guns and GAU-21/A aircraft guns with the same performance. It gives a 25 percent weight saving over brass-cased ammunition allowing 40 percent more ammunition to be carried for the same weight. The Mk 323's polymer casing is applied to tracer, AP, API, and SLAP projectiles.[27][28]
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) contracted with Teledyne Scientific Company to develop theEXACTO program, including a .50-caliber guided bullet. Videos published by DARPA show the guided bullet diverting to strike a moving target.[29][30][31][32]
Three distinct and non-compatible metallic links have been used for .50 BMG cartridgebelts. The M2 and M9 links, "pull-out" designs, are used in the Browning M2 and M3 machine guns.[33][34] The M15-series metal "push-through" links were used in theM85 machine gun. Pull-out cloth belts were also used at one time but have been obsolete since 1945.
Within the United Kingdom, it is legal to own a bolt action .50 BMG rifle with a section 1Firearms Certificate.[35] Applications requesting firearms in this caliber are assessed by the same criteria as smaller calibers; with the applicant having to prove they have a valid reason for owning such a weapon.[36]
The specified maximum diameter of an unfired .50 BMG bullet is 0.510-inch (13.0 mm); while this appears to be over the .50 inch (12.7 mm) maximum allowed for non-sporting Title I firearms under the U.S.National Firearms Act, the barrel of a .50 BMG rifle is only .50 inch (12.7 mm) across therifling lands and slightly larger in the grooves. The oversized bullet is formed to the bore size upon firing, forming a tight seal and engaging the rifling. Subject to political controversy due to the great power of the cartridge (it is the most powerful commonly available cartridge not considered adestructive device under the National Firearms Act), it remains popular among long-range shooters for its accuracy andexternal ballistics. While the .50 BMG round is able to deliver accurate shot placement (ifmatch grade ammunition is used) at ranges over 1,000-yard (910 m), smaller-caliber rifles produce better scores and tighter groups in 1,000-yard (910 m) competitions.[37]
A 1999Justice DepartmentOffice of Special Investigations briefing on .50 caliber rifle crime identified several instances of the .50 BMG being involved in criminal activities. None of the cited cases has confirmed domestic violent criminal use of a .50 BMG firearm, and a majority of the domestic cases were possession charges.[38]
In the United States,Washington, D.C. disallows registration of .50 BMG rifles, thus rendering civilian possession unlawful.[39][40]California prohibits the private purchase of a rifle capable of firing the .50 BMG through the.50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004.[41]Connecticut specifically bans theBarrett 82A1 .50 BMG rifle.[42] However, .50 BMG rifles registered prior to the enacted bans remain lawful to possess in California[40][43] and Connecticut.[40][44] InIllinois, it is legal to possess a .50 caliber rifle only if it was acquired by January 10, 2023, and it was registered with the state police by January 1, 2024.[45]Maryland imposes additional regulations on the sale and transfer of .50 BMG rifles and other weapons classed as "regulated firearms", and limits purchases of any firearm within this class to one per month, but does not impose registration requirements or any form of categorical ban.[40]
Contrary to a persistent misconception within theUnited States Armed Forces, using .50 BMG directly against enemy personnel is not prohibited by thelaws of war.[46] Writing for theMarine Corps Gazette, Major Hays Parks states: "No treaty language exists (either generally or specifically) to support a limitation on [the use of .50 BMG] against personnel, and its widespread, longstanding use in this role suggests that such antipersonnel employment is the customary practice of nations." Parks theorizes that the misconception originated in historical doctrine discouraging the use of the M8Cspotting rifle—an integral .50-caliber aiming aid for theM40 recoilless rifle—in the antipersonnel role. This limitation was entirely tactical in nature and was intended to hide the vulnerable M40 and its crew from the enemy until the mainanti-tank gun was ready for firing; however, Parks concludes that some U.S. troops assumed the existence of a legal limitation on the use of .50-caliber projectiles more generally.
^Cutshaw, Charles Q. (February 28, 2011).Tactical Small Arms of the 21st Century: A Complete Guide to Small Arms From Around the World. Iola: Gun Digest Books. pp. 322–323.ISBN978-1-4402-2709-7.
^"Special Licensing and Firearms".ct.gov. Connecticut Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection. September 6, 2018.Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. RetrievedOctober 5, 2018....any person who has a Certificate of Possession issued by the Special Licensing and Firearms Unit may possess the Assault Weapon listed on their certificate.... a Certificate of Possession must be obtained prior to January 1, 2014
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