| Close central unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɨ | |||
| IPA number | 317 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ɨ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+0268 | ||
| X-SAMPA | 1 | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| Near-close central unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ɨ̞ | |
| ɪ̈ | |
| ɪ̠ | |
| ɘ̝ | |
| Audio sample | |
| IPA:Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Legend:unrounded • rounded |
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Theclose central unrounded vowel, orhigh central unrounded vowel,[1] is a type ofvowel sound used in somelanguages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɨ⟩, namely the lower-caseletteri with a horizontal bar. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to asbarred i.
Occasionally, this vowel is transcribed ⟨ï⟩ (centralized ⟨i⟩) or ⟨ɯ̈⟩ (centralized ⟨ɯ⟩).[2]
The close central unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rarepost-palatal approximant[j̈].[3]
Some languages feature thenear-close central unrounded vowelⓘ, which is slightly lower. It is most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɨ̞⟩ and ⟨ɪ̈⟩, but other transcriptions such as ⟨ɪ̠⟩ and ⟨ɘ̝⟩ are also possible. In many British dictionaries, this vowel has been transcribed ⟨ɪ⟩, which captures its height; in theAmerican tradition it is more often ⟨ɨ⟩, which captures its centrality, or ⟨ᵻ⟩,[4] which captures both. ⟨ᵻ⟩ is also used in a number of other publications, such asAccents of English byJohn C. Wells. In the third edition of theOxford English Dictionary, ⟨ᵻ⟩ represents variation between/ɪ/ and/ə/.[5]
/ɨ/ is uncommon as aphoneme inIndo-European languages, occurring most commonly in someSlavic languages, such asBelarusian andRussian (seeы). However, it is very common as a separate phoneme in the indigenous languages of theAmericas and is often in phonemic contrast with other close vowels such as/i/ and/u/ both in modern living languages as well as reconstructedproto-languages (such asProto-Uto-Aztecan). Campbell, Kaufman, and Smith-Stark identify the presence of this vowel phoneme as anareal feature of aMesoamericanSprachbund (although that is not a defining feature of the entire area).[6]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acehnese | tupeue | [tupɨə] | 'to know' | Asyik[7] and Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi[8] describe this sound as such whileDurie[9] describes it as closer to[ɯ] | |
| Aikanã[10] | tɨi | [ˈtɨi] | 'aunt' | It also happens as allophone of/a/ before[i].[10] | |
| Amharic[11] | ሥር/sûr | [sɨ̞r] | 'root' | Near-close.[11] | |
| Angami | Khonoma[12] | prü | [pɻɨ˨] | 'hail stone' | The height varies between close[ɨ] and mid[ə].[12] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩. |
| Arhuaco | ikʉ | [ɪk'ɨ] | 'Arhuaco language' | ||
| Bantawa | Ilam, Nepal | küma | [kɨma] | 'afraid' | |
| Berber | Central Atlas Tamazight[13] | ⵅⴷⵉⵎ/khdim | [χdɨ̞m] | 'to work' | Epenthetically inserted into consonant clusters before labial and coronal consonants. |
| Chinese | Hokkien | 豬/tir | [tɨ˥] | 'pig' | |
| Mandarin | 十/shí | [ʂɨ˧˥] | 'ten' | ||
| English | Inland Southern American[14] | good | [ɡɨ̞d] | 'good' | Corresponds to[ʊ] in other dialects. SeeEnglish phonology |
| Southeastern English[15] | [ɡɪ̈d] | May be rounded[ʊ̈] instead;[15] it corresponds to[ʊ] in other dialects. SeeEnglish phonology | |||
| London[16][17] | lip | [lɪ̈ʔp] | 'lip' | Possible realization of/ɪ/.[16][17] | |
| South African[18] | [lɨ̞p] | For some speakers it can be equal to[ə]. General and Broad varieties of SAE have an allophonic variation, with[ɪ] ([i] in Broad) occurring near velar and palatal consonants, and[ɨ̞~ə] elsewhere. SeeSouth African English phonology | |||
| Southern American[19] | [lɪ̈p] | Allophone of/ɪ/ before labial consonants, sometimes also in other environments.[19] | |||
| Southeastern English[20] | rude | [ɹɨːd] | 'rude' | May be rounded[ʉː], or a diphthong[ʊʉ̯~əʉ̯] instead. | |
| Guaraní[21] | yvy | [ɨʋɨ] | 'earth' | ||
| Hausa[22] | cin abinci | [t̠ʃinabɨnt̠ʃi] | 'to eat' | Allophone of/i/.[22] | |
| Irish | goirt | [ɡɨ̞ɾˠtʲ] | 'salty' | Allophone of/i/ between broad consonants. SeeIrish phonology | |
| Munster[23] | caora | [kɨːɾˠə] | 'sheep' | Allophone of/i/ between broad consonants.[23] SeeIrish phonology | |
| Ulster[24] | saol | [sɨl] | 'life' | Allophone of/ɪ/. Near-close.[24] | |
| Kalagan[25] | [pɨˈnɨt̪] | 'beard' | |||
| Kashmiri[26] | ژٕنُن/cûnun | [t͡sɨnʊn] | 'peach' | ||
| Kera[27] | [ɡɨ̀ɡɨ̀r] | 'knee' | |||
| Khmer | គិត/kīt | [kɨt] | 'to think' | SeeKhmer phonology | |
| Kurdish[28][29] | Palewani (Southern) | کرماشان/kirmaşan | [cʰɨɾmäːʃäːn] | 'kermanshah' | Equal toKurmanji andSorani[ɪ]. SeeKurdish phonology |
| Latgalian[30] | dyžan | [ˈd̪ɨʒän̪] | 'very much' | SeeLatgalian phonology | |
| Mah Meri[31] | [d͡ʑäbɨ̞ʔ͡k̚] | 'to be drunk' | |||
| Malay | Kelantan-Pattani | ngecat | [ŋɨ.caʔ] | 'to paint' | SeeKelantan-Pattani Malay |
| Mapudungun[32] | müṉa | [mɘ̝ˈn̪ɐ̝] | 'male cousin on father's side' | Unstressed allophone of/ɘ/.[32] | |
| Mongolian[33] | хүчир/hučir | [xutʃʰɨɾɘ̆] | 'difficult' | ||
| Matis[34] | [kɨˈnɨ] | 'wall' | |||
| Mono[35] | dɨ | [dɨ] | 'count' | ||
| Mpade[36] | sɨm | [sɨm] | 'to eat' | ||
| Paicî[37] | [example needed] | May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɯ⟩. | |||
| Romanian[38] | înot | [ɨˈn̪o̞t̪] | 'I swim' | SeeRomanian phonology | |
| Russian[39] | ты/ty | [t̪ɨ]ⓘ | 'you' (singular/informal) | Occurs only after unpalatalized consonants. Near-close when unstressed.[39] SeeRussian phonology | |
| Sahaptin[40] | kʼsit | [kʼsɨt] | 'cold' | Epenthetic. No lengthened equivalent | |
| Sanumá[41] | [taˈaɨ] | 'to see' | The nasal version[ɨ̃] also occurs.[42] | ||
| Scottish Gaelic | Lewis[43] | tuilleadh | [ˈt̪ʰɨʎəɣ] | 'more' | Allophone of/ɯ/ when short and in proximity to slender consonants. |
| Shipibo[44] | tenaitianronki | [ˈt̪ɨnɐi̞ti̞ɐ̃ɽõ̞ɣi̞] | [translation needed] | Possible realization of/ɯ/ after coronal consonants.[44] | |
| Sirionó[45] | [eˈsɨ] | 'dry wood' | |||
| Sundanese | anjeun | [and͡ʒɨn] | 'you' | Occasionally, sometimes as[ɯ],[ɤ] or[ɘ] by younger speakers. | |
| Sümi[46] | sü | [ʃɨ̀] | 'to hurt' | Described variously as close[ɨ][46] and near-close[ɨ̞].[47] | |
| Swedish | Bohuslän[48] | bli | [blɨᶻː] | 'to become' | A fricated vowel that corresponds to[iː] in Central Standard Swedish.[48] SeeSwedish phonology |
| Närke[48] | |||||
| Tajik | Bukharan[49] | cižcižғижғиж | [ʁɨʑʁɨʑ] | 'the sound of wood sawing' | Allophone of/i/ in the environment of uvular consonants.[49] |
| Tamil[50] | vály(வால்) | [väːlɨ] | 'tail' | Epenthetic vowel inserted in colloquial speech after word-final liquids; can be rounded[ʉ] instead.[50] SeeTamil phonology | |
| Tera[51] | zu̱ | [zɨ] | 'said' | ||
| vu̱r | [vɨ̞r] | 'to give' | Allophone of/ɨ/ in closed syllables.[52] | ||
| Tsou[53] | hahocngx,hahocngʉ | [ha.ˈho.t͡sŋɨ] | 'man' | /ɨ/, with free variant[ʉ]. Used to be written as⟨ʉ⟩, but changed to⟨x⟩ for more convenient typing.[53] | |
| Tupi | ybytyra | [ɨβɨ'tɨɾa] | 'mountain' | SeeTupian Phonology | |
| Turkish | Standard[54] | sığ | [sɨː] | 'shallow' | Also described as close back[ɯ][55] and near-close near-back[ɯ̽][56] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɯ⟩. SeeTurkish phonology |
| Balkans[57] | [example needed] | Word-final merger of standard Turkish sounds/i/ and/ɯ/, shift of/y/ and/u/ into single phoneme due to interactions caused by Balkan sprachbund. Dombrowski[57] transcribes this phoneme as/i/. | |||
| Udmurt[58] | yrgete/ыргетэ[59] | [ɨrɡete] | 'it growls' | ||
| Vietnamese[60] | bưng | [ʔɓɨŋ˧˧] | 'to carry' | ||
| Wayuu | paanüküin | [pa:nɨkɨinː] | 'your mouth' | ||
| Welsh | Northern dialects[61] | llun | [ɬɨːn] | 'picture' | Close when long, near-close when short.[61] Merges with/ɪ/ in southern dialects. SeeWelsh phonology |
| pump | [pɨ̞mp] | 'five' | |||
| Yaeyama | pïtu | [pɨtu] | 'person' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[62] | nɨ | [nɨ] | 'be sour' | |
The sound ofPolish⟨y⟩ is often represented as/ɨ/, but actually it is aclose-mid advanced central unrounded vowel, more narrowly transcribed[ɘ̟].[63] Similarly, European Portuguese unstressed⟨e⟩, often represented as/ɨ/, is actually anear-close near-back unrounded vowel,[64] more narrowly transcribed usingad hoc symbols such as[ɯ̽] (mid-centralized),[ɯ̟] (fronted) and[ʊ̜] (less rounded, i.e. unrounded).
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