| Geʽez | |
|---|---|
 The base characters of Geʽez | |
| Script type | |
Time period | c. 1st century CE to present (abjad untilc. 4th century CE) |
| Direction | Left-to-right  |
| Languages | Afro-Asiatic languages andNilo-Saharan languages. GenerallyEthio/Eritrean Semitic languages (e.g.Geʽez,Tigrinya,Amharic,Tigre,Guragigna,Harari, etc.), but also someCushitic languages andNilotic languages.Bilen,Meʼen, as one of two scripts inAnuak, are examples, and unofficially used in otherlanguages of Ethiopia andlanguages of Eritrea. |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Child systems | Amharic,Tigrinya and various other alphabets of Ethiopia and Eritrea |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Ethi(430), Ethiopic (Geʻez) |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Ethiopic |
| |
| This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. | |
Geʽez (/ˈɡiːɛz/GEE-ez;[4]Ge'ez:ግዕዝ,romanized: Gəʽəz,IPA:[ˈɡɨʕɨz]ⓘ) is a script used as anabugida (alphasyllabary) for severalAfro-Asiatic andNilo-Saharan languages ofEthiopia andEritrea. It originated as anabjad (consonantal alphabet) and was first used to write theGeʽez language, now theliturgical language of theEthiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, theEritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, theEritrean Catholic Church, theEthiopian Catholic Church, andHaymanotJudaism of theBeta Israel Jewish community in Ethiopia. In the languagesAmharic andTigrinya, the script is often calledfidäl (ፊደል), meaning "script" or "letter". Under theUnicode Standard andISO 15924, it is defined asEthiopic text.
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The Geʽez script has been adapted to write other languages, mostlyEthiosemitic, particularly Amharic in Ethiopia, and Tigrinya in both Eritrea and Ethiopia. It has also been used to writeSebat Bet and otherGurage languages and at least 20 other languages of Ethiopia. In Eritrea it has traditionally been used forTigre and just recently forBilen. The Geʽez script has also recently been used to writeAnuak, and used in limited extent to write some otherNilo-SaharanNilotic languages, includingMajang languages. It was also used in the past to write someOmotic languages, includingWolaytta,Bench,Hamer, andKafa.[citation needed]For the representation of sounds, this article uses a system that is common (though not universal) among linguists who work onEthiopian Semitic languages. This differs somewhat from the conventions of theInternational Phonetic Alphabet. See the articles on the individual languages for information on the pronunciation.
The Geʽez script was derived from theAncient South Arabian script which originated in the region centred around what is nowYemen. The earliest inscriptions ofSemitic languages inEritrea date to the 9th century BCE and are known as Epigraphic South Arabian (ESA), anabjad shared with contemporary kingdoms in theSouthern part of theArabian Peninsula.
After the 7th and 6th centuries BCE, variants of the South Arabian script arose, evolving in the direction of the later Geʻezabugida or alphasyllabary. This evolution can be seen most clearly in evidence from inscriptions (mainly graffiti on rocks and caves) in theTigray Region in northern Ethiopia and in many parts ofEritrea mainly in the former province ofAkele Guzay.[5] The oldest known example of the Geʽez script is theHawulti obelisk inMatara, Eritrea.[6]
By the first centuries CE,[clarification needed] what is called "Old Ethiopic" or the "Old Geʻez writing system" arose, an abjad writtenright-to-left[7] (as opposed toboustrophedon like ESA) with letters basically identical to the first-order forms of the modern vocalized writing system (e.g. "k" in the form of "kä"). There were also minor differences, such as the letter "g" facing to the right instead of to the left as in vocalized Geʻez, and a shorter left leg of "l", as in ESA, instead of equally-long legs in vocalized Geʻez (somewhat resembling theGreek letterlambda).[8]Vocalization of Geʻez occurred in the 4th century, and though the first completely vocalized texts known are inscriptions by Ezana, vocalized letters predate him by some years, as an individual vocalized letter exists in acoin of his predecessor,Wazeba of Axum.[9][10] Linguist Roger Schneider has also pointed out, in an unpublished early 1990s paper, anomalies in the known inscriptions ofEzana of Axum that imply that he was consciously employing an archaic style during his reign, indicating that vocalization could have occurred much earlier.[11][better source needed]
As a result, some[who?] believe that the vocalization may have been adopted to preserve the pronunciation of Geʻez texts due to the already moribund or extinct status of Geʻez, and that, by that time, the common language of the people were already later the Eritrean and EthiopianAfro-Asiatic languages. At least one of Wazeba's coins from the late 3rd or early 4th century contains a vocalized letter, some 30 or so years before Ezana.[12] Kobishchanov,Peter T. Daniels, and others have suggested possible influence from theBrahmic scripts in vocalization, as they are alsoabugidas, and theKingdom of Aksum was an important part of major trade routes involvingIndia and theGreco-Roman world throughoutclassical antiquity.[13][14]
According to the beliefs of theEritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church andEthiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the original consonantal form of the Geʻezfidäl was divinely revealed toEnos "as an instrument for codifying the laws", and the present system of vocalisation is attributed to a team of Aksumite scholars led byFrumentius (Abba Selama), the same missionary said to have converted King Ezana toChristianity in the 4th century.[15] It has been argued that the vowel marking pattern of the script reflects a South Asian system such as would have been known by Frumentius.[16] A separate tradition, recorded by Aleqa Taye, holds that the Geʻez consonantal writing system was first adapted by Zegdur, a legendary king of the AgʻazyanSabaean dynasty held to have ruled in Abyssinia (Eritrea and Ethiopia)c. 1300 BCE.[17]
Geʻez has 26 consonantal letters. Compared to the inventory of 29 consonants in the South Arabian writing system, the continuantsġ,ẓ, and South Arabians3
(Geʻez Sawt ሠ being derived from South Arabians2
) are missing, as areḏ andṯ; these last two absences reflect the collapse of theinterdental with thealveolar fricatives. On the other hand, emphaticP̣ait ጰ, a Geʻez innovation, is a modification ofṢädai ጸ, while Psa ፐ is based on Tawe ተ.
Thus, there are 24 correspondences of Geʻez and the South Arabian writing system:
| Transliteration | Geʽez | South Arabian |
|---|---|---|
| h [h] | ሀ | 𐩠 |
| l [l] | ለ | 𐩡 |
| ḥ [ħ] | ሐ | 𐩢 |
| m [m] | መ | 𐩣 |
| ś [ɬ] | ሠ | 𐩦 |
| r [r] | ረ | 𐩧 |
| s [s] | ሰ | 𐩪 |
| q [k'] | ቀ | 𐩤 |
| b [b] | በ | 𐩨 |
| t [t] | ተ | 𐩩 |
| h̬ [χ] | ኀ | 𐩭 |
| n [n] | ነ | 𐩬 |
| ' [ʔ] | አ | 𐩱 |
| k [k] | ከ | 𐩫 |
| w [w] | ወ | 𐩥 |
| ʿ [ʕ] | ዐ | 𐩲 |
| z [z] | ዘ | 𐩸 |
| y [j] | የ | 𐩺 |
| d [d] | ደ | 𐩵 |
| g [ɡ] | ገ | 𐩴 |
| ṭ [t'] | ጠ | 𐩷 |
| ṣ [t͡s'] | ጸ | 𐩮 |
| ḍ [tɬʼ] | ፀ | 𐩳 |
| f [f] | ፈ | 𐩰 |
Many of the letter names are cognate with those ofPhoenician, and may thus be assumed for theProto-Sinaitic script.
Two writing systems were used to write the Geʽez language: anabjad and, later, anabugida.
The abjad, used until the advent of Christianity (ca. AD 350), had 26 consonantal letters:
It was properly written right-to-left.[7] Vowels were not indicated.
%2c_15th_century_(The_S.S._Teacher%2527s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2c_1).jpg)
Modern Geʽez is written from left to right.
During the adoption or introduction ofChristianity, the Geʽez abugida developed under the influence of Christian scripture by adding obligatory vocalic diacritics to the consonantal letters. The diacritics for the vowels,u, i, a, e, ə, o, were fused with the consonants in a recognizable but slightly irregular way, so that the system is laid out as a syllabary. The original form of the consonant was used when the vowel wasä (/ə/), the so-calledinherent vowel. The resulting forms are shown below in their traditional order. For most consonants there is an eighth form for thediphthong-wa or-oa, and for a number of those a ninth form for-jä.
To represent a consonant with no following phonemic vowel, for example at the end of a syllable or in aconsonant cluster, theə (/ɨ/) form is used (the character in the sixth column).
| ä [æ] | u [u] | i [i] | a [aː] | e [e] | ə [ɨ] | o [o] | wa [waː] | jä [jæ] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hoy | h [h] | ሀ | ሁ | ሂ | ሃ | ሄ | ህ | ሆ | ||
| Läwe | l [l] | ለ | ሉ | ሊ | ላ | ሌ | ል | ሎ | ሏ | |
| Ḥäwt | ḥ [ħ] | ሐ | ሑ | ሒ | ሓ | ሔ | ሕ | ሖ | ሗ | |
| May | m [m] | መ | ሙ | ሚ | ማ | ሜ | ም | ሞ | ሟ | ፙ |
| Śäwt | ś [ɬ] | ሠ | ሡ | ሢ | ሣ | ሤ | ሥ | ሦ | ሧ | |
| ä [æ] | u [u] | i [i] | a [aː] | e [e] | ə [ɨ] | o [o] | wa [waː] | jä [jæ] | ||
| Rəʾs | r [r] | ረ | ሩ | ሪ | ራ | ሬ | ር | ሮ | ሯ | ፘ |
| Sat | s [s] | ሰ | ሱ | ሲ | ሳ | ሴ | ስ | ሶ | ሷ | |
| Ḳaf | q [k'] | ቀ | ቁ | ቂ | ቃ | ቄ | ቅ | ቆ | ቋ | |
| Bet | b [b] | በ | ቡ | ቢ | ባ | ቤ | ብ | ቦ | ቧ | |
| Täwe | t [t] | ተ | ቱ | ቲ | ታ | ቴ | ት | ቶ | ቷ | |
| ä [æ] | u [u] | i [i] | a [aː] | e [e] | ə [ɨ] | o [o] | wa [waː] | jä [jæ] | ||
| Ḫarm | h̬ [χ] | ኀ | ኁ | ኂ | ኃ | ኄ | ኅ | ኆ | ኋ | |
| Nähas | n [n] | ነ | ኑ | ኒ | ና | ኔ | ን | ኖ | ኗ | |
| ʼÄlf | ' [ʔ] | አ | ኡ | ኢ | ኣ | ኤ | እ | ኦ | ኧ | |
| Kaf | k [k] | ከ | ኩ | ኪ | ካ | ኬ | ክ | ኮ | ኳ | |
| Wäwe | w [w] | ወ | ዉ | ዊ | ዋ | ዌ | ው | ዎ | ||
| ä [æ] | u [u] | i [i] | a [aː] | e [e] | ə [ɨ] | o [o] | wa [waː] | jä [jæ] | ||
| ʽÄyn | ʿ [ʕ] | ዐ | ዑ | ዒ | ዓ | ዔ | ዕ | ዖ | ||
| Zäy | z [z] | ዘ | ዙ | ዚ | ዛ | ዜ | ዝ | ዞ | ዟ | |
| Yämän | y [j] | የ | ዩ | ዪ | ያ | ዬ | ይ | ዮ | ||
| Dänt | d [d] | ደ | ዱ | ዲ | ዳ | ዴ | ድ | ዶ | ዷ | |
| Gäml | g [ɡ] | ገ | ጉ | ጊ | ጋ | ጌ | ግ | ጎ | ጓ | |
| ä [æ] | u [u] | i [i] | a [aː] | e [e] | ə [ɨ] | o [o] | wa [waː] | jä [jæ] | ||
| Ṭäyt | ṭ [t'] | ጠ | ጡ | ጢ | ጣ | ጤ | ጥ | ጦ | ጧ | |
| P̣äyt | p̣ [p'] | ጰ | ጱ | ጲ | ጳ | ጴ | ጵ | ጶ | ጷ | |
| Ṣädäy | ṣ [t͡s'] | ጸ | ጹ | ጺ | ጻ | ጼ | ጽ | ጾ | ጿ | |
| Ṣ́äppä | ṣ́ [tɬʼ] | ፀ | ፁ | ፂ | ፃ | ፄ | ፅ | ፆ | ||
| Äf | f [f] | ፈ | ፉ | ፊ | ፋ | ፌ | ፍ | ፎ | ፏ | ፚ |
| Psa | p [p] | ፐ | ፑ | ፒ | ፓ | ፔ | ፕ | ፖ | ፗ | |
The letters for thelabialized velar consonants are variants of the non-labialized velar consonants:
| Consonant | q [k'] | h̬ [χ] | g [ɡ] | k [k] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ቀ | ኀ | ገ | ከ | |
| Labialized variant | ḳw' [kʷˈ] | h̬w [χʷ] | gw [ɡʷ] | kw [kʷ] |
| ቈ | ኈ | ጐ | ኰ |
Unlike the other consonants, these labiovelar ones can be combined with only five different vowels:
| ä [æ] | i [i] | a [aː] | e [e] | ə [ɨ] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| qw [kʷˈ] | ቈ | ቊ | ቋ | ቌ | ቍ |
| h̬w [χʷ] | ኈ | ኊ | ኋ | ኌ | ኍ |
| gw [ɡʷ] | ጐ | ጒ | ጓ | ጔ | ጕ |
| kw [kʷ] | ኰ | ኲ | ኳ | ኴ | ኵ |
The Geʽez abugida has been adapted to several modern languages of Eritrea and Ethiopia, frequently requiring additional letters. It has been speculated by some scholars in African studies that the Geʽez script had an influence on theArmenian alphabet after it may have been introduced to Armenia at the end of the fifth century.[18][19][20]
Some letters were modified to create additional consonants for use in languages other than Geʽez. This is typically done by adding a horizontal line at the top of a similar-sounding consonant.
| Consonant | b [b] | t [t] | d [d] | ṭ [t'] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| በ | ተ | ደ | ጠ | |
| Affricated variant | v [v] | č [t͡ʃ] | ǧ [d͡ʒ] | č̣ [t͡ʃ'] |
| ቨ | ቸ | ጀ | ጨ |
| Consonant | q [k'] | k [k] |
|---|---|---|
| ቀ | ከ | |
| Affricated variant | qʰ [q] | x [x] |
| ቐ | ኸ | |
| Labialized variant | qʰʷ [qʷ] | xʷ [xʷ] |
| ቘ | ዀ |
| Consonant | s [s] | n [n] | z [z] |
|---|---|---|---|
| ሰ | ነ | ዘ | |
| Palatalized variant | š [ʃ] | ñ [ɲ] | ž [ʒ] |
| ሸ | ኘ | ዠ |
| Consonant | g [ɡ] | gw [ɡʷ] |
|---|---|---|
| ገ | ጐ | |
| Nasal variant | [ŋ] | [ŋʷ] |
| ጘ | ⶓ |
The vocalised forms are shown below. Like the other labiovelars, these labiovelars can only be combined with five vowels.
| ä [æ] | u [u] | i [i] | a [aː] | e [e] | ə [ɨ] | o [o] | wa [waː] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| š [ʃ] | ሸ | ሹ | ሺ | ሻ | ሼ | ሽ | ሾ | ሿ |
| qʰ [q] | ቐ | ቑ | ቒ | ቓ | ቔ | ቕ | ቖ | |
| qʰʷ [qʷ] | ቘ | ቚ | ቛ | ቜ | ቝ | |||
| v [v] | ቨ | ቩ | ቪ | ቫ | ቬ | ቭ | ቮ | ቯ |
| č [t͡ʃ] | ቸ | ቹ | ቺ | ቻ | ቼ | ች | ቾ | ቿ |
| [ŋʷ] | ⶓ | ⶔ | ⶕ | ⶖ | ||||
| ñ [ɲ] | ኘ | ኙ | ኚ | ኛ | ኜ | ኝ | ኞ | ኟ |
| x [x] | ኸ | ኹ | ኺ | ኻ | ኼ | ኽ | ኾ | |
| xʷ [xʷ] | ዀ | ዂ | ዃ | ዄ | ዅ | |||
| ž [ʒ] | ዠ | ዡ | ዢ | ዣ | ዤ | ዥ | ዦ | ዧ |
| ǧ [d͡ʒ] | ጀ | ጁ | ጂ | ጃ | ጄ | ጅ | ጆ | ጇ |
| [ŋ] | ጘ | ጙ | ጚ | ጛ | ጜ | ጝ | ጞ | ጟ |
| č̣ [t͡ʃ'] | ጨ | ጩ | ጪ | ጫ | ጬ | ጭ | ጮ | ጯ |
TheAmharic abugida uses all the basic consonants plus the ones indicated below. Some of the Geʽez labiovelar variants are also used.
TheTigrinya abugida has all the basic consonants, the Geʽez labiovelar letter variants, except forḫʷ (ኈ), plus the ones indicated below. A few of the basic consonants are falling into disuse inEritrea (as they used "ጸ" for "ፀ"). SeeTigrinya language#Writing system for details.
TheTigre abugida uses the basic consonants except forś (ሠ),ḫ (ኀ) andḍ (ፀ). It also uses the ones indicated below. It does not use the Geʽez labiovelar letter variants.
TheBilen abugida uses the basic consonants except forś (ሠ),ḫ (ኀ) andḍ (ፀ). It also uses the ones indicated below and the Geʽez labiovelar letter variants.
TheHarari abugida uses the basic consonants except forś (ሠ),ḫ (ኀ),ʽ (ዐ),p̣ (ጰ),ṣ (ጸ), andḍ (ፀ). Althoughh (ሀ) is occasionally used,ḥ (ሐ) is strongly favored. As Harari used the Arabic script before adopting the Geʽez script, Arabic phonemes entered the language due to loanwords and language contact and were ascribed to specific consonant forms when the Geʽez script was first adopted for the language.ḥ from (ح) was assigned to (ሐ),ṫ from (ث) to (ሠ),gh from (غ) to (ኀ),kh from (خ) to (ኸ),ʽ from (ع) to (ዐ),dˁ from (ض) to (ጰ), anddh from (ذ) to (ፀ). It also uses the ones indicated below.
| š [ʃ] | qʰ [q] | qʰʷ [qʷ] | v [v] | č [t͡ʃ] | [ŋʷ] | ñ [ɲ] | x [x] | xʷ [xʷ] | ž [ʒ] | ǧ [d͡ʒ] | [ŋ] | č̣ [t͡ʃ'] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ሸ | ቐ | ቘ | ቨ | ቸ | ⶓ | ኘ | ኸ | ዀ | ዠ | ጀ | ጘ | ጨ | |
| Amharic | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Tigrinya | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Tigre | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
| Bilen | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Harari | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Note: "V" is used for words of foreign origin except for in someGurage languages, e.g.cravat 'tie' fromFrench. The consonant symbol "ኸ" is pronounced as "h" in Amharic.
For Geʽez, Amharic, Tigrinya and Tigre, the usualsort order is calledhalähamä (h–l–ħ–m). Where the labiovelar variants are used, these come immediately after the basic consonant and are followed by other variants. In Tigrinya, for example, the letters based onከ come in this order:ከ, ኰ, ኸ, ዀ. In Bilen, the sorting order is slightly different.
The alphabetical order is similar to that found in otherSouth Semitic scripts, as well as in the ancientUgaritic alphabet, which attests both the southern Semitic h-l-ħ-m order and the northern Semitic ʼ–b–g–d (abugida) order over three thousand years ago.
%2c_1897%2c_Menelik_II.jpg)
| Part ofa series on | ||||
| Numeral systems | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
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| List of numeral systems | ||||
Geʽez uses an additionalalphabetic numeral system comparable to theHebrew, Arabicabjad andGreek numerals. It is reduced from these systems in that it lacks digits for the multiples of 100. For example, 475 is written (፬፻፸፭, that is "4-100-70-5", and 83,692 is (፰፼፴፮፻፺፪ "8–10,000-30-6-100-90-2". The digits historically are Greek letters over- and under-lined with avinculum.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| × 1 | ፩ | ፪ | ፫ | ፬ | ፭ | ፮ | ፯ | ፰ | ፱ |
| × 10 | ፲ | ፳ | ፴ | ፵ | ፶ | ፷ | ፸ | ፹ | ፺ |
| × 100 | ፻ | ||||||||
| × 10,000 | ፼ | ||||||||
Ethiopian numerals were borrowed from theGreek numerals, possibly viaCoptic uncial letters.[21]
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethiopic | ፩ | ፪ | ፫ | ፬ | ፭ | ፮ | ፯ | ፰ | ፱ | ፲ | ፳ | ፴ | ፵ | ፶ | ፷ | ፸ | ፹ | ፺ | ፻ |
| Greek | Α | Β | Γ | Δ | Ε | Ϛ | Ζ | Η | Θ | Ι | Κ | Λ | Μ | Ν | Ξ | Ο | Π | Ϙ | Ρ |
| Coptic | Ⲁ | Ⲃ | Ⲅ | Ⲇ | Ⲉ | Ⲋ | Ⲍ | Ⲏ | Ⲑ | Ⲓ | Ⲕ | Ⲗ | Ⲙ | Ⲛ | Ⲝ | Ⲟ | Ⲡ | Ϥ | Ⲣ |
Punctuation, much of it modern, includes
Tone marks for multiline scored layout are:
Ethiopic has been assignedUnicode 3.0 codepoints between U+1200 and U+137F (decimal 4608–4991), containing the consonantal letters for Geʽez, Amharic and Tigrinya, punctuation and numerals. Additionally, in Unicode 4.1, there is the supplement range from U+1380 to U+139F (decimal 4992–5023) containing letters forSebat Bet and tonal marks, and the extended range between U+2D80 and U+2DDF (decimal 11648–11743) containing letters needed for writing Sebat Bet,Meʼen andBilen. In Unicode 6.0, there is the extended-A range from U+AB00 to U+AB2F (decimal 43776–43823) containing letters forGamo-Gofa-Dawro,Basketo andGumuz. Finally in Unicode 14.0, there is the extended-B range from U+1E7E0 to U+1E7FF (decimal 124896–124927) containing additional letters forGurage languages.
| Ethiopic[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+120x | ሀ | ሁ | ሂ | ሃ | ሄ | ህ | ሆ | ሇ | ለ | ሉ | ሊ | ላ | ሌ | ል | ሎ | ሏ |
| U+121x | ሐ | ሑ | ሒ | ሓ | ሔ | ሕ | ሖ | ሗ | መ | ሙ | ሚ | ማ | ሜ | ም | ሞ | ሟ |
| U+122x | ሠ | ሡ | ሢ | ሣ | ሤ | ሥ | ሦ | ሧ | ረ | ሩ | ሪ | ራ | ሬ | ር | ሮ | ሯ |
| U+123x | ሰ | ሱ | ሲ | ሳ | ሴ | ስ | ሶ | ሷ | ሸ | ሹ | ሺ | ሻ | ሼ | ሽ | ሾ | ሿ |
| U+124x | ቀ | ቁ | ቂ | ቃ | ቄ | ቅ | ቆ | ቇ | ቈ | ቊ | ቋ | ቌ | ቍ | |||
| U+125x | ቐ | ቑ | ቒ | ቓ | ቔ | ቕ | ቖ | ቘ | ቚ | ቛ | ቜ | ቝ | ||||
| U+126x | በ | ቡ | ቢ | ባ | ቤ | ብ | ቦ | ቧ | ቨ | ቩ | ቪ | ቫ | ቬ | ቭ | ቮ | ቯ |
| U+127x | ተ | ቱ | ቲ | ታ | ቴ | ት | ቶ | ቷ | ቸ | ቹ | ቺ | ቻ | ቼ | ች | ቾ | ቿ |
| U+128x | ኀ | ኁ | ኂ | ኃ | ኄ | ኅ | ኆ | ኇ | ኈ | ኊ | ኋ | ኌ | ኍ | |||
| U+129x | ነ | ኑ | ኒ | ና | ኔ | ን | ኖ | ኗ | ኘ | ኙ | ኚ | ኛ | ኜ | ኝ | ኞ | ኟ |
| U+12Ax | አ | ኡ | ኢ | ኣ | ኤ | እ | ኦ | ኧ | ከ | ኩ | ኪ | ካ | ኬ | ክ | ኮ | ኯ |
| U+12Bx | ኰ | ኲ | ኳ | ኴ | ኵ | ኸ | ኹ | ኺ | ኻ | ኼ | ኽ | ኾ | ||||
| U+12Cx | ዀ | ዂ | ዃ | ዄ | ዅ | ወ | ዉ | ዊ | ዋ | ዌ | ው | ዎ | ዏ | |||
| U+12Dx | ዐ | ዑ | ዒ | ዓ | ዔ | ዕ | ዖ | ዘ | ዙ | ዚ | ዛ | ዜ | ዝ | ዞ | ዟ | |
| U+12Ex | ዠ | ዡ | ዢ | ዣ | ዤ | ዥ | ዦ | ዧ | የ | ዩ | ዪ | ያ | ዬ | ይ | ዮ | ዯ |
| U+12Fx | ደ | ዱ | ዲ | ዳ | ዴ | ድ | ዶ | ዷ | ዸ | ዹ | ዺ | ዻ | ዼ | ዽ | ዾ | ዿ |
| U+130x | ጀ | ጁ | ጂ | ጃ | ጄ | ጅ | ጆ | ጇ | ገ | ጉ | ጊ | ጋ | ጌ | ግ | ጎ | ጏ |
| U+131x | ጐ | ጒ | ጓ | ጔ | ጕ | ጘ | ጙ | ጚ | ጛ | ጜ | ጝ | ጞ | ጟ | |||
| U+132x | ጠ | ጡ | ጢ | ጣ | ጤ | ጥ | ጦ | ጧ | ጨ | ጩ | ጪ | ጫ | ጬ | ጭ | ጮ | ጯ |
| U+133x | ጰ | ጱ | ጲ | ጳ | ጴ | ጵ | ጶ | ጷ | ጸ | ጹ | ጺ | ጻ | ጼ | ጽ | ጾ | ጿ |
| U+134x | ፀ | ፁ | ፂ | ፃ | ፄ | ፅ | ፆ | ፇ | ፈ | ፉ | ፊ | ፋ | ፌ | ፍ | ፎ | ፏ |
| U+135x | ፐ | ፑ | ፒ | ፓ | ፔ | ፕ | ፖ | ፗ | ፘ | ፙ | ፚ | ፝ | ፞ | ፟ | ||
| U+136x | ፠ | ፡ | ። | ፣ | ፤ | ፥ | ፦ | ፧ | ፨ | ፩ | ፪ | ፫ | ፬ | ፭ | ፮ | ፯ |
| U+137x | ፰ | ፱ | ፲ | ፳ | ፴ | ፵ | ፶ | ፷ | ፸ | ፹ | ፺ | ፻ | ፼ | |||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
| Ethiopic Supplement[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+138x | ᎀ | ᎁ | ᎂ | ᎃ | ᎄ | ᎅ | ᎆ | ᎇ | ᎈ | ᎉ | ᎊ | ᎋ | ᎌ | ᎍ | ᎎ | ᎏ |
| U+139x | ᎐ | ᎑ | ᎒ | ᎓ | ᎔ | ᎕ | ᎖ | ᎗ | ᎘ | ᎙ | ||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
| Ethiopic Extended[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+2D8x | ⶀ | ⶁ | ⶂ | ⶃ | ⶄ | ⶅ | ⶆ | ⶇ | ⶈ | ⶉ | ⶊ | ⶋ | ⶌ | ⶍ | ⶎ | ⶏ |
| U+2D9x | ⶐ | ⶑ | ⶒ | ⶓ | ⶔ | ⶕ | ⶖ | |||||||||
| U+2DAx | ⶠ | ⶡ | ⶢ | ⶣ | ⶤ | ⶥ | ⶦ | ⶨ | ⶩ | ⶪ | ⶫ | ⶬ | ⶭ | ⶮ | ||
| U+2DBx | ⶰ | ⶱ | ⶲ | ⶳ | ⶴ | ⶵ | ⶶ | ⶸ | ⶹ | ⶺ | ⶻ | ⶼ | ⶽ | ⶾ | ||
| U+2DCx | ⷀ | ⷁ | ⷂ | ⷃ | ⷄ | ⷅ | ⷆ | ⷈ | ⷉ | ⷊ | ⷋ | ⷌ | ⷍ | ⷎ | ||
| U+2DDx | ⷐ | ⷑ | ⷒ | ⷓ | ⷔ | ⷕ | ⷖ | ⷘ | ⷙ | ⷚ | ⷛ | ⷜ | ⷝ | ⷞ | ||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
| Ethiopic Extended-A[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+AB0x | ꬁ | ꬂ | ꬃ | ꬄ | ꬅ | ꬆ | ꬉ | ꬊ | ꬋ | ꬌ | ꬍ | ꬎ | ||||
| U+AB1x | ꬑ | ꬒ | ꬓ | ꬔ | ꬕ | ꬖ | ||||||||||
| U+AB2x | ꬠ | ꬡ | ꬢ | ꬣ | ꬤ | ꬥ | ꬦ | ꬨ | ꬩ | ꬪ | ꬫ | ꬬ | ꬭ | ꬮ | ||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
| Ethiopic Extended-B[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+1E7Ex | 𞟠 | 𞟡 | 𞟢 | 𞟣 | 𞟤 | 𞟥 | 𞟦 | 𞟨 | 𞟩 | 𞟪 | 𞟫 | 𞟭 | 𞟮 | |||
| U+1E7Fx | 𞟰 | 𞟱 | 𞟲 | 𞟳 | 𞟴 | 𞟵 | 𞟶 | 𞟷 | 𞟸 | 𞟹 | 𞟺 | 𞟻 | 𞟼 | 𞟽 | 𞟾 | |
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
Since the 4th cent. AD, when Ethiopia was Christianized, the Ethiopic script has been written from left to right, though previously the direction of writing was from right to left.
| Authority control databases: National |
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