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Ka (Devanagari)

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For an overview encompassing all Indic scripts, seeKa (Indic).
Ka
Usage
Writing systemDevanagari script
TypeAbugida
Language of originSanskrit
Sound values
In UnicodeU+0915
History
Development
Time period7th century
Descendants
    • 𑘎
Other
Writing directionLeft-to-Right
This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Ka (k) (कवर्णkavarṇa) is the first consonant of theDevanagariabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letter 𑀓 (ka), after having gone through theGupta letter. Letters that derive from it are theGujarati letter, and theModi letter 𑘎.

Usage

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In all languages, क is pronounced as[kə] or[k] when appropriate. In the following example, क implements its inherent vowel, theschwa:

In this example, कdeletes the inherent schwa for correct pronunciation:

क with vowel diacritics

Certain words that have been borrowed fromPersian andArabic implement thenukta to more properly approximate the original word. It is then transliterated as aq.

Conjuncts with क

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  • क + त(t̪) gives us क्त kt̪ with a somewhat irregular form.

  • क + ष(ʂ) gives us the fully ligated क्ष kʂ with a very irregular form.

  • ङ(ŋ) + क gives us the vertical conjunct ङ्क ŋk with the ङ placed above the क.

  • क + ख(kʰ) gives us क्ख kkʰ with the क placed above the ख.
  • क + क gives us क्क with the क placed above another क.

  • क + ल(l̪) gives us क्ल kl̪ with the क placed above the ल.

  • क + व(ʋ) gives us क्व kʋ with the क placed above the व.

  • क + न(n̪) gives us क्न kn̪ with the न rotated and placed under the hook of the क.

  • क + र [ɾ] is a fully ligated (irregular) conjunct

Mathematics

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See also:Indian mathematics

Āryabhaṭa numeration

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Main article:Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to that of the Greeks, even after the invention ofIndian numerals.The values of the different forms of क are:

  • [kɐ] = 1 (१)
  • कि[kɪ] = 100 (१००)
  • कु[kʊ] = 10,000 (१० ०००)
  • कृ[kɽɪ] = 1,000,000 (१० ०० ०००)
  • कॢ[klɪ] = 10×108 (१०)
  • के[keː] = 10×1010 (१०१०)
  • कै[kai] = 10×1012 (१०१२)
  • को[koː] = 10×1014 (१०१४)
  • कौ[kau] = 10×1016 (१०१६)

Tabla Strokes

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See also:Tabla

क (ka) also seen as कि (ki), or के (ke). This is usually a flat, nonresonant stroke of the left hand. The heel of the hand is left on the drum, while the hand rotates to hit the drum, with the focus of the force being focused between the tips and first joints of the fingers.

Hindu astrology

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Main article:Hindu Astrology

के (ke) is the abbreviation used for केतु (Ketu), the descending lunar node. InHindu astrology Ketu represents karmic collections both good and bad, spirituality and supernatural influences. Ketu is associated with theMatsyaAvatar (Fish Incarnation) ofVishnu. Ketu signifies the spiritual process of the refinement of materialization to spirit and is considered both malefic and benefic, as it causes sorrow and loss, and yet at the same time turns the individual toGod. In other words, it causes material loss in order to force a more spiritual outlook in the person. Ketu is akaraka or indicator of intelligence, wisdom, non-attachment, fantasy, penetrating insight, derangement, and psychic abilities. Ketu is believed to bring prosperity to the devotee's family, removes the effects of snakebite and illness arising out of poisons. He grants good health, wealth and cattle to his devotees.

See also

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References

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  • Kurt Elfering:Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975,ISBN 3-7705-1326-6
  • Georges Ifrah:The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000,ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  • B. L. van der Waerden:Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966,ISBN 3-7643-0399-9
  • Fleet, J. F. (January 1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers".Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.43:109–126.doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995.ISSN 0035-869X.JSTOR 25189823.
  • Fleet, J. F. (1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers".The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.43. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland:109–126.doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995.JSTOR 25189823.
Languages
Transliteration
Vowels and
syllabic consonants
aæ (का)ā
(कि)i (की)ī
(कु)u (कू)ū (कॖ) (कॗ)
(कृ) (कॄ)r̥̄
(कॢ) (कॣ)l̥̄
(के)ē (कॅ)ê (कॆ)e (कै)ai (कॕ) (कॎ)
(को)ō (कॉ)ô (कॊ)o (कौ)au (कऺ) (कऻ) (कॏ)
Consonants
Diacritics,
punctuation
and other symbols
अं (anusvāra) अः (visarga) अँ (candrabindu) अऀ (invertedcandrabindu) (avagraha)
क़ (nuqta) क् (virāma)3 (pluta) (jihvāmūlīya) (upadhmānīya)
अ॑` (svarita) अ॒ (anudātta) अ॓ (grave) अ॔ (acute)aum̐
(daṇḍa) (doubledaṇḍa) (lāghava cihna) (high spacing dot) INR (Indian rupee sign)
  • Devanagari (Unicode block)
  • Devanagari Extended
  • Devanagari Extended-A
  • Vedic Extensions
  • Devanagari Braille
  • Numerals
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