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İstiklal Marşı

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National anthem of Turkey and Northern Cyprus

İstiklal Marşı
Audio sample
Dated copy of the original text that was released on March 21, 1921
National anthem of Turkey andNorthern Cyprus
Lyrics	Mehmet Akif Ersoy, 1921
Music	Osman Zeki Üngör (composer) Edgar Manas (orchestration)
Adopted	1921 –Turkey 1938 –Hatay State 1983 –Northern Cyprus
Preceded by	Mahmudiye March (last anthem of theOttoman Empire)

2013 official orchestral and choral vocal recording (first and second verse) file help

"İstiklal Marşı" (Turkish:[isticˈlalmaɾˈʃɯ];lit. 'Independence March') is the national anthem of both theRepublic of Turkey and theTurkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. It was officially adopted by theGrand National Assembly on 12 March 1921—two-and-a-half years before the 29 October 1923 establishment of the nation—both as a motivational musical saga for the troops fighting in theTurkish War of Independence, and as an aspirational anthem for a Republic that was yet to be established.

Penned byMehmet Âkif Ersoy, and ultimately composed byOsman Zeki Üngör, the theme is one of affection for the Turkishhomeland, freedom, andfaith, as well as praise for the virtues of hope, devotion, and sacrifice in the pursuit of liberty, all explored through visual, tactile, and kinesthetic imagery as these concepts relate to theflag, the human spirit, and the soil of the homeland. The original manuscript by Ersoy carries the dedicationKahraman Ordumuza – "To our Heroic Army", in reference to thepeople's army that ultimately won theTurkish War of Independence, with lyrics that reflect on the sacrifices of the soldiers during the war.

It is regularly heard during state and military events, as well as during national festivals,bayrams, sporting events, and school ceremonies. Visual depictions can also be found adorning state or public displays, such as in the form of a scroll displaying the first two quatrains of the anthem on thereverse of the Turkish 100lira banknotes of 1983–1989.^[1]

Of the ten-stanza anthem, only the first twoquatrains are sung.

A framed version of the national anthem typically occupies the wall above the blackboard in the classrooms of Turkish schools, accompanied by aTurkish flag, a photograph of the country's founding saviorAtatürk, and a copy of Atatürk's famousspeech to the nation's youth from the concluding remarks to his20 October 1927 address to the Parliament.^{[citation needed]}

In 1983, theTurkish Republic of Northern Cyprus also adopted the Turkish national anthem under Article II of theConstitution of Northern Cyprus.^[2]^[3]

History

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An example of a common classroom display in Turkey, including the national anthem at far right

1927 band and male vocal recording (first and last verses) (1924–1930 music)

Performance of the first and last verses of the anthem with the music by Ali Rıfat Çağatay, used from 1924 to 1930

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The present-day anthem is a collective effort by several prominent poets, musicians, and composers that took form over several years due to the relatively tumultuous nature of the period in which it was crafted.

Even before the fullofficial dissolution of theOttoman Empire, a nationwide competition was organized in 1921 by theTurkish National Movement — an independent and self-organized militia force led byMustafa Kemal Atatürk waging a lengthy campaign for independence against both invading foreign powers and theOttoman Court itself, due to the latter being treasonous and complicit in the partitioning of the Turkish homeland in the aftermath of the 1920Treaty of Sèvres. The goal of the competition was to select an original composition suitable for a National March, intended to both motivate the militia forces fighting for independence across the country, and to provide inspiration and pride for a new homeland that would be established once victory was achieved.

A total of 724 poems were submitted.Mehmet Akif Ersoy, a well-known poet of the period, initially refused to participate due to a monetary prize being offered in the competition, but was subsequently contacted and convinced by theNational Parliament to submit a poem and disregard the reward. The resulting ten-stanza-long poem written by Ersoy was recited to theNational Assembly byrepresentative Hamdullah Suphi, on 1 March 1921,^[4] where it was unanimously adopted by the deputies following evaluation by a parliamentary committee. The prize of the competition was later bestowed on a society ofveterans.

Shortly thereafter, twenty-four composers participated in another competition arranged for the selection of a musical composition that would best suit the elected anthem. The committee, which was only able to convene in 1924 due to the 1919–1923Turkish War of Independence, adopted the music composed byAli Rıfat Çağatay.

This early composition by Çağatay lasted only six years. In 1930, a new composition byOsman Zeki Üngör, virtuoso composer and the first conductor of thePresidential Symphony Orchestra of theRepublic of Turkey, was adopted as a permanent musical arrangement by Parliament.^[4] Shortly thereafter, in 1932,Ottoman Armenian musicianEdgar Manas was commissioned by the Turkish government to harmonize and orchestrate the melody created by Üngör,^[5]^[6]^[7] and the final and official version of the anthem took form.

Lyrics

[edit]

U.S. Navy Band instrumental version (two verses)

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The full lyrics of the Turkish national anthem consist of 41 lines of verses, with ten stanzas total, though only the first two verses (shown in bold) are performed in official ceremonies.

Modern Turkish^[8]^[9]	Ottoman Turkish^[10]^[11]	Poetic English translation^[12]	IPA transcription^[a]
Korkma! Sönmez bu şafaklarda yüzen al sancak, Sönmeden yurdumun üstünde tüten en son ocak. O benim milletimin yıldızıdır, parlayacak; O benimdir, o benim milletimindir ancak. Çatma, kurban olayım, çehreni ey nazlı hilal! Kahraman ırkıma bir gül; ne bu şiddet, bu celal? Sana olmaz dökülen kanlarımız sonra helal... Hakkıdır, Hakk’a tapan milletimin istiklal! Ben ezelden beridir hür yaşadım, hür yaşarım, Hangi çılgın bana zincir vuracakmış? Şaşarım! Kükremiş sel gibiyim, bendimi çiğner, aşarım, Yırtarım dağları, enginlere sığmam, taşarım. Garbın afakını sarmışsa çelik zırhlı duvar, Benim iman dolu göğsüm gibi serhaddim var. Ulusun, korkma! Nasıl böyle bir imanı boğar, “Medeniyet” dediğin tek dişi kalmış canavar? Arkadaş! Yurduma alçakları uğratma sakın, Siper et gövdeni, dursun bu hayâsızca akın. Doğacaktır sana vadettiği günler Hakk’ın, Kim bilir, belki yarın belki yarından da yakın. Bastığın yerleri “toprak” diyerek geçme, tanı, Düşün altındaki binlerce kefensiz yatanı. Sen şehit oğlusun, incitme, yazıktır atanı, Verme, dünyaları alsan da bu cennet vatanı. Kim bu cennet vatanın uğruna olmaz ki feda? Şüheda fışkıracak, toprağı sıksan şüheda! Canı, cananı, bütün varımı alsın da Hüda, Etmesin tek vatanımdan beni dünyada cüda. Ruhumun senden İlahî, şudur ancak emeli: Değmesin mabedimin göğsüne namahrem eli. Bu ezanlar, ki şehadetleri dinin temeli, Ebedî, yurdumun üstünde benim inlemeli. O zaman vecd ile bin secde eder, varsa taşım, Her cerihamdan, İlahî, boşanıp kanlı yaşım, Fışkırır ruhumücerret gibi yerden naaşım, O zaman yükselerek arşa değer belki başım. Dalgalan sen de şafaklar gibi ey şanlı hilal! Olsun artık dökülen kanlarımın hepsi helal. Ebediyen sana yok, ırkıma yok izmihlal. Hakkıdır, hür yaşamış bayrağımın hürriyet; Hakkıdır, Hakk’a tapan milletimin istiklal!	قورقمه، سونمز بو شفقلرده یوزن آل سانجاق سونمدن یوردمڭ اوستنده توتن اڭ صوڭ اوجاق. او بنم ملتمڭ یلدزدر پارلایاجاق؛ او بنمدر. او بنم ملتمڭدر آنجاق. چاتمه قربان اولایم چهرڭی، ای نازلی هلال! قهرمان عرقمه بر گل، نه بو شدت، بو جلال ساڭا اولماز دوكولن قانلریمز صوڭرا حلال؛ حقدر، حقه طاپان ملتمڭ، استقلال! بن ازلدن بریدر حر یاشادم، حر یاشارم. هانگی چیلغین بڭا زنجیر اوره‌جقمش، شاشارم! كوكره‌مش سیل گبی‌یم، بندیمی چیكنه‌ر آشارم؛ ییرتارم داغلری، انگینلره صیغمام، طاشارم. غربڭ آفاقنی صارمشسه چلیك زرهلی دیوار بنم ایمان دولو گوكوسم گبی سرحدم وار. اولوسن، قورقما، ناصل بویله بر ایمانی بوغار، "مدنیت" دیدیگڭ تك دیشی قالمش جانوار؟ آرقاداش! یوردیمه آلچاقلری اوغراتما، صاقین سپر ایت گوگده‌ڭی، طورسون بو حیاسزجه آقین؛ طوغه‌اجقدر سڭا وعد ایتدیكی گونلر حقڭ؛ كیم بیلیر بلكه یارین، بلكه یاریندن ده یاقین باصدیغڭ یرلری "طوپراق!" دییه‌رك گچمه طانی دوشون آلتنده‌كی بیڭلرجه كفنسز یاتانی! سن شهید اوغلیسڭ، اینجیتمه یازیقدر آتاڭی ویرمه، دنیالری آلسه‌ڭ ده بو جنت وطنی. كیم بو جنت وطنڭ اوغرینه اولماز كه فدا، شهدا فیشقیراجق طوپراغی صیقسه‌ڭ، شهدا! جانی، جانانی، بوتون واریمی آلسین ده خدا ایتمه‌سین تك وطنمدن بنی دنیاده جدا. روحمڭ سندن، الهی، شودر آنجاق املی: ده‌گمه‌سین معبدمڭ گوكسنه نامحرم الی. بو اذانلر – كه شهادتلری دینڭ تملی – ابدی، یوردیمڭ اوستنده بنم ایڭله‌مه‌لی. او زمان وجد ایله بیڭ سجده ایده‌ر – وارسه – طاشم. هر جریحه‌مدن، الهی، بوشانوب قانلی یاشم، فیشقیریر روح مجرد گبی یردن نعشم؛ او زمان یوكسه‌له‌ره‌ڭ عرشه دگه‌ر بلكه باشم! دالغالان سن ده شفقلر گبی ای شانلی هلال! اولسڭ آرتق دكولن قانلریمڭ هپسی حلال! ابدیا سڭا یوق، عرقمه یوق اضمحلال! حقیدر حر یاشامش بایراغمڭ حریت؛ حقیدر حقه طاپان ملتمڭ استقلال!	Fear not! The scarlet flag rippling at dawns shall not wither While my country’s last smoking hearth is yet aflicker. She is the star of my nation: she is meant to blaze and shine; She belongs to none but my nation alone, she is mine. Do not frown, I beseech you, oh coy crescent! But smile at my valiant race… Why this angry, why violent? Lest our blood spilt for you be unblessed and worthless. For my nation, who worships God, has the right to independence! I have been free since eternity, and free shall I be. What fool dares to shackle me? I defy the temerity! I am like a roaring flood; I overflow trampling down my banks, I tear apart mountains, surge into depths, and surpass. Western horizons may be encircled by walls armoured in steel But I have my chest brimful of faith as my homeland’s frontier. Let it howl, fear not! How can it smother such solid faith That single-fanged monster, “Civilisation!” as you call it? My friend! Never ever let the dastards into my land! Render your body a shield; bring this heinous raid to an end. For soon shall break the blissful days God promised, for sure; Perhaps tomorrow, who knows, perhaps even sooner than that. Do not assume what you tread on is mere “earth”, recognise it! Think of the thousands, without shrouds, lying beneath. You’re the son of a martyr, take shame, hurt not your ancestor; Cede not this heavenly homeland, even if it’s the worlds you’re granted. Who would not offer his life for this homeland of paradise? Martyrs would pour forth, all martyrs, should one simply clutch the earth! If God will, He may take my life, my beloved, and my wealth, But may He not, for the world, just deprive me of my homeland. The sole wish of my soul, oh glorious God, from You is that, No heathen would ever, on the bosom of my temple, lay hand! These calls to prayer, whose testimonies are the ground of religion, Should resound far and wide over my eternal homeland. Then, my tombstone, if any, prostrates in rapture a thousand-fold, Of my every wound, oh glorious God, tears of blood gush forth, And out spurts my corpse, in pure spirit, from the ground, Perhaps then, shall ascend and to the heavens touch my crown! So ripple and wave, like dawning skies, oh glorious crescent, So that every drop of my blood finally be blessed and worthy! Neither you nor my race shall ever be annihilated, For my flag, who has lived ever freely, has the right to liberty; For my nation, who worships God, has the right to independence!	[ˈkʰo̞ɾk.mä ‖ s̪ø̞n̪.ˈmæz̪ bu ʃä.fäk.ɫ̪äɾ.ˈd̪ä jy.ˈz̪æn̪ ˈäɫ̪‿s̪än̪.ˌd͡ʒäk \|] [ˈs̪ø̞n̪.me̞.d̪æn̪ juɾ.d̪u.ˈmʊn̪ ys̪.t̪ʰyn̪.ˈd̪e̞ t̪ʰy.ˈt̪ʰæn̪ ˈe̞n̪‿s̪o̞n̪‿o̞.ˌd͡ʒäk ‖] [o̞ be.ˈn̪ɪm mil̠.l̠e.t̪ʰi.ˈmɪn̪ jɯɫ̪.d̪ɯ.ˈz̪ɯ.d̪ɯɾ̞̊ \| pʰäɾ.ɫ̪ä.jä.ˈd͡ʒäk \|] [o̞ be.ˈn̪im.d̪ɪɾ̞̊ \| o̞ be.ˈn̪ɪm mil̠.l̠e.t̪ʰi.ˈmin̪.d̪ɪɾ‿än̪.ˈd͡ʒäk ‖] [ˈt͡ʃät̪ʰ.mä \| kʰuɾ.ˈbän̪ o̞.ɫ̪ä.ˈjɯm \| t͡ʃe̞h.ɾe̞.ˈn̪ɪ e̞j n̪äz̪.ˈɫ̪ɯ hi.ˈläl ‖] [kʰäh.ɾä.ˈmän̪ ɯɾ̞̊.ˈkʰɯ.mä biɾ‿ɟyl̠ \| n̪e̞ bu ʃid̪.ˈd̪e̞t̪ \| bu d͡ʒe̞.ˈläl ‖] [s̪ä.ˈn̪ä o̞ɫ̪.ˈmäz̪ d̪ø̞.cʰy.ˈl̠æn̪ kʰän̪.ɫ̪ä.ɾɯ.ˈmɯz̪ ˈs̪o̞n̪.ɾä he̞.ˈläl ‖] [häk.ˈkʰɯ.d̪ɯɾ̞̊ \| häk.ˈkʰä t̪ʰä.ˈpʰän̪ mil̠.l̠e̞.t̪ʰi.ˈmɪn̪ is̪.t̪ʰic.ˈläl ‖] [bæn̪ e̞.zæl.ˈd̪æn̪ be.ˈɾi.dɪɾ̞̊ hyɾ‿jä.ʃä.ˈd̪ɯm \| hyɾ‿jä.ʃä.ˈɾɯm \|] [ˈhäɲ.ɟɪ t͡ʃɯɫ̪.ˈgɯn̪ bä.ˈn̪ä zin.ˈd͡ʒɪɾ‿vu.ɾä.d͡ʒäk.ˈmɯʃ ‖ ʃä.ˈʃä.ɾɯm ‖] [cʰyc.ɾe.ˈmɪʃ s̪æl̠ ɟi.bi.ˈjɪm \| ˈbæn̪.d̪i.mɪ t͡ʃiː.ˈn̪æɾ \| ä.ʃä.ˈɾɯm \|] [jɯɾ.ˈt̪ʰä.ɾɯm d̪äː.ɫ̪ä.ˈɾɯ \| e̞ɲ.ɟin̪.l̠e̞.ˈɾe̞ s̪ɯː.ˈmäm \| t̪ʰä.ˈʃä.ɾɯm ‖] [gäɾ.ˈbɯn̪ äː.fäː.kʰɯ.ˈn̪ɯ s̪äɾ.ˈmɯʃ.s̪ä t͡ʃe.ˈl̠ɪc z̪ɯɾh.ˈɫ̪ɯ d̪u.ˈväɾ̞̊ \|] [be.ˈn̪ɪm iː.ˈmän̪ d̪o̞.ˈɫ̪ʊ gø̞ː.ˈs̪ʏm ɟi.ˈbɪ s̪æɾ.häd̪.ˈd̪im väɾ̞̊ ‖] [u.ɫ̪u.ˈs̪ʊn̪ \| ˈkʰo̞ɾk.mä ‖ ˈn̪ä.s̪ɯɫ̪ ˈbø̞j.l̠e biɾ‿iː.mä.ˈn̪ɯ bo̞.ˈäɾ̞̊ \|] [me.d̪e.ni.ˈje̞t̪ d̪e.d̪i.ˈɪn̪ t̪ʰe̞c d̪i.ˈʃɪ kʰäɫ̪.ˈmɯʃ d͡ʒä.n̪ä.ˈväɾ̞̊ ‖] [äɾ.kʰä.ˈd̪äʃ ‖ juɾ.ˈd̪u.mä äɫ̪.t͡ʃäk.ɫ̪ä.ˈɾɯ uː.ˈɾät̪.mä s̪ä.ˈkʰɯn̪ \|] [s̪i.ˈpʰæɾ‿æt̪ gø̞v.d̪e.ˈn̪ɪ \| d̪uɾ.ˈs̪ʊn̪ bu hä.jäː.ˈs̪ɯz̪.d͡ʒä ä.ˈkʰɯn̪ ‖] [d̪o̞.ä.ˈd͡ʒäk.t̪ʰɯɾ̞̊ s̪ä.ˈn̪ä vä.d̪e̞t̪.t̪ʰi.ˈɪ ɟyn̪.ˈl̠æɾ̞̊ häk.ˈkʰɯn̪ \|] [cʰim bi.ˈl̠ɪɾ̞̊ \| ˈbæl̠.cʰɪ jä.ˈɾɯn̪ ˈbæl̠.cʰɪ jä.ɾɯn̪.ˈd̪än̪ d̪ä jä.ˈkʰɯn̪ ‖] [bäs̪.t̪ʰɯ.ˈɯn̪ jæɾ.l̠e̞.ˈɾɪ t̪ʰo̞p.ˈɾäk d̪i.je̞.ˈɾe̞c ˈɟe̞t͡ʃ.me̞ \| t̪ʰä.ˈn̪ɯ \|] [d̪y.ˈʃʏn̪ äɫ̪.t̪ʰɯn̪.ˈd̪ä.cʰɪ bin̪.ˈl̠æɾ.d͡ʒe̞ cʰe̞.fæn̪.ˈs̪ɪz̪ jä.t̪ʰä.ˈn̪ɯ ‖] [s̪æn̪ ʃe.ˈhit̪ o̞ː.ɫ̪u.ˈs̪ʊn̪ \| in.ˈd͡ʒit̪.me̞ \| jä.ˈz̪ɯk.tʰɯɾ‿ä.t̪ʰä.ˈn̪ɯ \| [ˈvæɾ.me̞ \| d̪yn.jä.ɫ̪ä.ˈɾɯ äɫ̪.ˈs̪än̪ d̪ä bu d͡ʒe̞n̪.ˈn̪e̞t̪ vä.t̪ʰä.ˈnɯ ‖] [cʰim bu d͡ʒe̞n̪.ˈn̪e̞t̪ vä.t̪ʰä.ˈn̪ɯn̪ uː.ɾu.ˈn̪ä o̞ɫ̪.ˈmäz̪ cʰi fe̞.ˈd̪ä ‖] [ʃy.he̞.ˈd̪ä fɯʃ.kʰɯ.ɾä.ˈd͡ʒäk \| t̪ʰo̞p.ɾä.ˈɯ s̪ɯk.ˈs̪än̪ ʃy.he̞.ˈd̪ä ‖] [d͡ʒäː.ˈn̪ɯ \| d͡ʒäː.n̪äː.ˈn̪ɯ \| by.ˈt̪ʰʏn̪ vä.ɾɯ.ˈmɯ äɫ̪.ˈs̪ɯn̪ d̪ä hy.ˈd̪ä \|] [ˈe̞t̪.me̞.s̪ɪn̪ t̪ʰe̞c vä.t̪ʰä.n̪ɯm.ˈd̪än̪ be.ˈn̪ɪ d̪yn̪.jä.ˈd̪ä d͡ʒy.ˈd̪ä ‖] [ɾ̞u.hu.ˈmʊn̪ s̪æn̪.ˈd̪æn̪ i.läː.ˈhɪː \| ˈʃu.d̪ʊɾ‿än̪.ˈd͡ʒäk e.me.ˈl̠ɪ ‖] [ˈd̪e(j).e.me.s̪ɪn̪ mä.be.d̪i.ˈmɪn̪ gø̞ː.s̪y.ˈn̪e̞ n̪äː.mäh.ˈɾe̞m e.ˈl̠ɪ ‖] [bu e̞.z̪än̪.ˈɫ̪äɾ̞̊ \| cʰi ʃe.hä.d̪et̪.l̠e.ˈɾɪ d̪i.ˈn̪ɪn̪ t̪ʰe.me.ˈl̠ɪ \|] [e.be.ˈd̪ɪː \| juɾ.d̪u.ˈmʊn̪ ys̪.t̪ʰyn̪.ˈd̪e̞ be.ˈn̪ɪm in̪.l̠e.me.ˈl̠ɪ ‖] [o̞ z̪ä.ˈmän̪ ve̞d͡ʒd i.ˈl̠e̞ bin̪ s̪e̞d͡ʒ.ˈd̪e̞ e.ˈd̪æɾ \| ˈväɾ.s̪ä t̪ʰä.ˈʃɯm \|] [hæɾ‿d͡ʒe.ɾiː.häm.ˈd̪än̪ \| i.läː.ˈhɪː \| bo̞.ʃä.ˈn̪ɯp kʰän̪.ˈɫ̪ɯ jä.ˈʃɯm \|] [fɯʃ.kʰɯ.ˈɾɯɾ ɾu.hu.my.d͡ʒe̞ɾ̞.ˈɾ̞e̞t̪ ɟi.ˈbɪ jæɾ.ˈd̪æn̪ nä.ä.ˈʃɯm \|] [o̞ z̪ä.ˈmän̪ jyc.s̪e̞.ˈl̠e̞.ɾe̞c äɾ.ˈʃä d̪æ.ˈæɾ‿ˈbæl̠.cʰɪ bä.ˈʃɯm ‖] [d̪äɫ̪.gä.ˈɫ̪än̪ s̪æn̪ d̪e ʃä.fäk.ˈɫ̪äɾ ɟi.ˈbɪ e̞j ʃän̪.ˈɫ̪ɯ hi.ˈläl ‖] [o̞ɫ̪.ˈs̪ʊn̪ äɾ.ˈt̪ʰɯk dø̞.cʰy.ˈl̠æn̪ kʰän̪.ɫ̪ä.ɾɯ.ˈmɯn̪ ˈhe̞p.s̪ɪ he̞.ˈläl ‖] [e.be.ˈd̪i.jæn̪ s̪ä.ˈn̪ä jo̞k \| ɯɾ.ˈkʰɯ.mä jo̞k iz̪.mih.ˈläl ‖] [häk.ˈkʰɯ.d̪ɯɾ̞̊ \| hyɾ‿jä.ˈʃä.mɯʃ bäj.ɾä.ɯ.ˈmɯn̪ hyɾ̞.ɾ̞i.ˈje̞t̪ ‖] [häk.ˈkʰɯ.d̪ɯɾ̞̊ \| häk.ˈkʰä t̪ʰä.ˈpʰän̪ mil̠.l̠e̞.t̪ʰi.ˈmin̪ is̪.t̪ʰic.ˈläl ‖]

Notes

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^SeeHelp:IPA/Turkish andTurkish phonology.

References

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^Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Archived 2009-06-15 at theWayback Machine. Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group - One Hundred Turkish Lira -I. Series Archived 2009-06-03 at theWayback Machine &II. Series Archived 2009-06-03 at theWayback Machine. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.
^Hakki, Murat Metin (2007).The Cyprus Issue: A Documentary History, 1878-2006. I.B.Tauris.ISBN 978-1-84511-392-6.Archived from the original on 2020-03-06. Retrieved2018-08-26.
^Minahan, James B. (2009-12-23).The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO.ISBN 978-0-313-34497-8.Archived from the original on 2020-03-06. Retrieved2018-08-26.
^^a ^bÇiloğlu, F. (1999).Kurtuluş Savaşı sözlüğü. Doğan Kitap.Archived from the original on 2016-05-15. Retrieved2014-10-31.
^Vefatını 72. yılında Mehmet Âkif Ersoy bilgi șöleni 3 : Mehmed Âkif edebî ve fikrî akımlar. Ankara: Türkiye Yazarlar Birliği. 2009. p. 54.ISBN 9789757382409.
^"İstiklal Marşı'nın Bestelenmesi Çalışmaları" (in Turkish).Archived from the original on 2012-05-17. Retrieved2012-12-11.
^Külekçi, Cahit (2010).Sosyo-kültürel açıdan Ermeniler ve Türkler: İstanbul Ermenileri (in Turkish). 432: Kayihan. p. 340.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^"İstiklâl Marşı"(PDF).Presidency of the Republic of Turkey. 2019.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2022-03-24. Retrieved2022-05-11.
^"İstiklâl Marşı – The Turkish National Anthem"(PDF).Ministry of National Defense.Ankara. 2021. p. 17 (22 in file).Archived(PDF) from the original on 2022-03-13. Retrieved2022-05-11.
^Ersoy, Mehmed Âkif (2021-07-02).Osmanlıca Öğrenenler İçin Safahât'tan Seçme Şiirler (in Turkish). DBY Yayınları. pp. 15, 17, 19.ISBN 978-625-7760-49-2.Archived from the original on 2022-09-26. Retrieved2022-05-18.
^Nosferatü (2010-08-21)."File:İstiklal marşı.JPG".Wikimedia Commons.Archived from the original on 2022-09-26. Retrieved2022-05-11.
^Ayaydın-Cebe, Günil Özlem (19 October 2021)."Smile of the Crescent: Constructing a Future Identity Out of Historical Ambiguity in İstiklal Marşı (with Translation)".Die Welt des Islams.63 (1):76–106.doi:10.1163/15700607-61040001. Retrieved13 May 2024.

External links

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Vocal of the İstiklal Marşı in Ogg Vorbis
Official Records of the Grand National Assembly of The Republic of Turkey on the parliamentary debates and history of the İstiklal Marşı –Zabit Ceridesi – 12.03.1921(in Turkish)
Turkish National Anthem at the 101st Anniversary of the victory at Gallipoli onYouTube(in Turkish) (archive link)
Music notes of the Independence March

Turkey

History

Ancient and Middle Ages	Prehistory of Anatolia Classical Anatolia Byzantine Anatolia
Seljuks andBeyliks	Seljuk Empire Battle of Manzikert Sultanate of Rum Anatolian beyliks
Ottoman Empire	Rise Classical Age Conquest of Constantinople Transformation Ottoman Old Regime Tulip era Decline and modernization Tanzimat First Constitutional Era Second Constitutional Era Dissolution Partition
Republic of Türkiye	War of Independence Proclamation of the republic Atatürk's reforms Language reform Secularism One-party period Multi-party period
Overviews	Constitutional Economic Ottoman Military
Topics	Turkic migration Oghuz Turks Turkification Ancient peoples of Anatolia History of Anatolia History of Thrace

Geography

Regions (west to east)	Marmara region Aegean region Mediterranean region Black Sea region Central Anatolia region Eastern Anatolia region Southeastern Anatolia region
Topics	Climate Climate change Earthquakes East Anatolian Fault North Anatolian Fault Environmental issues Air pollution Waste management Fauna Flora and vegetation Geology Lakes Mountains National parks Rivers Turkish Riviera Wildlife

Government

Branches	Legislative Executive Cabinet Judicial Constitutional Court Court of Cassation Court of Jurisdictional Disputes Council of State
Politics	Censorship Elections Parliamentary elections Presidential elections Electoral system Political parties Referendums
Topics	Administrative divisions Foreign relations Intelligence Services Ministry of the Interior National Police Gendarmerie The constitutional system Turkish Armed Forces Air Force Land Navy

Economy

Demographics

Society

Culture	Anthem Architecture Seljuk Ottoman Art Carpet Cinema Cuisine Ottoman Festivals Flag Folk dance Folklore Illumination Intangible cultural heritage Literature Media TV Newspapers Radio stations Miniature Music Names Painting Postage stamps Pottery Sports Football Oil wrestling Theater TV series Video games Wine World heritage sites

Anthems of Europe

Countries

Territories,
dependencies,
other areas

United Kingdom	Constituent countries England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales British Overseas Territories Gibraltar Crown Dependencies Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Counties Cornwall Lincolnshire Sussex Wiltshire Yorkshire
Russia	Adygea Arkhangelsk Oblast Bashkortostan Chechnya Chuvashia Dagestan Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay–Cherkessia Karelia Komi Mari El Mordovia Moscow Nenets Autonomous Okrug North Ossetia–Alania Rostov Saint Petersburg Tatarstan Tambov Udmurtia Vladimir Yugra
Spain	Andalusia Aragon Aran Valley Asturias Canary Islands Basque Country Cantabria Catalonia Galicia Madrid Majorca Valencia
Disputed	Kosovo Abkhazia South Ossetia Northern Cyprus Transnistria Crimea Sevastopol Donetsk Luhansk
Other	Flanders (Belgium) Wallonia (Belgium) Limburg (Belgium) Republika Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Istria (Croatia) Faroe Islands (Denmark) Greenland (Denmark) Åland (Finland) Alsace (France) Brittany (France) Corsica (France) Île-de-France (France) Occitania (France–Italy–Spain–Monaco) Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (France) Bavaria (Germany) Franconia (Germany) Hesse (Germany) Lusatia (Germany) Saarland (Germany) Schleswig-Holstein (Germany) Macedonia (Greece) Aosta Valley (Italy) Marche (Italy) Sardinia (Italy) Sicily (Italy) Flevoland (Netherlands) Friesland (Netherlands) Gelderland (Netherlands) Groningen (Netherlands) Limburg (Netherlands) Utrecht (Netherlands) Azores (Portugal) Madeira (Portugal) Székely Land (Romania) Sámi (Norway–Sweden–Finland) Gagauzia (Moldova) Canton of Bern (Switzerland)

Other

Anthems of Asia

National

States with
limited recognition

Regional

India	Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Gujarat Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Odisha Puducherry Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand West Bengal
Indonesia	Aceh Jakarta Jambi East Java East Kalimantan North Kalimantan Lampung South Sulawesi South Tengerang Yogyakarta
Iraq	Iraqi Kurdistan
Japan	Fukuoka Prefecture Nagano Prefecture Tokushima Prefecture Tokyo
Malaysia	Federal Territories Johor Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negeri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Sabah Sarawak Selangor Terengganu
Pakistan	Azad Kashmir
Philippines	Albay Bangsamoro Bohol Capiz Cebu La Union Nueva Vizcaya Pampanga Pangasinan Taguig
Russia	Altai Republic Buryatia Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Kamchatka Krai Khakassia Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug Sakha Republic Tuva Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Uzbekistan	Karakalpakstan

In exile/
disputed

Organisations

ASEAN

Former

Former Russian Empire or Soviet Union	Russian Empire(1791–98) Russian Empire(1798–1816) Russian Empire (1816–33) Russian Empire (1833–1917) Russian Republic (then the Russian SFSR, (1917–18) Russian State(1918–20) Russian SFSR (then the Soviet Union, 1918–44) Soviet Union(1944–91) Russia(1991–2000) Armenian SSR(1944–91) Azerbaijan SSR(then Azerbaijan, 1944–92) Georgian SSR(1946–90) Georgia(1918–21, 1990–2004) Kazakh SSR(1945–91) Kazakhstan(1991–2006) Khakassia (Russia)(2007–15) Kirghiz SSR(then Kyrgyzstan, 1946–92) Tajik SSR(then Tajikistan, 1946–94) Turkmen SSR(then Turkmenistan, 1946–96) Uzbek SSR(1946–91) Tuva(1921–44) Tuva (1944–2011)
Other	China(1896-1906) China(1906-1911) China(1911-1912) China(1911-1912) China(1913-1915, 1921-28) China(1915-1921) Communist China(1927-1949) Republic of China(in the mainland, 1930-1949) Khmer Republic (1970–75) Democratic Kampuchea (1975–93) People's Republic of Kampuchea (then the State of Cambodia, 1979–92) Azad Hind(1941–45) Korea(1902–10) Manchukuo(1932–45) Mongolia(1915–24) Mongolia(1924–50) Philippines(1942–45) Siam(1852–71) Siam(1871–88) Siam(1888—1932, now as royal salute) Kingdom of Nepal(1962–2006) Travancore(1937–47) South Vietnam(1948–75) Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam(1969–76)
Islamic world	Afghanistan(1926–43) Afghanistan(1943–73) Afghanistan(1973–78) Afghanistan(1978–92) Afghanistan(1992–96, 2002—06) Afghanistan(2006–21) Egypt(1871–1922, 1936–1958) Egypt(1923–36) Egypt(1971–79) Republic of Mahabad(1946) Ottoman Empire1829–1922 Persia(1873–1909) Persia(1909–33) Iran(1933–79) Iran(1979–80) Iran(1980–90) Iraq(1932–58) Iraq(1958–1965, 2003–2004) Iraq(1965–81) Iraq(1981–2003) Kuwait(1951–78) Palestine(until 1996) Qatar(1954–96) United Arab Republic(1960–81) North Yemen(1978–1990)

Authority control databases	MusicBrainz work İslâm Ansiklopedisi

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