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Anémigré (French:[emigʁe]) is a person who hasemigrated, often with a connotation of political or socialexile or self-exile. The word is thepast participle of the French verbémigrer meaning "to emigrate".
Many French Huguenots fled France following theRevocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685.
ManyLoyalists, who made up large portions of colonial United States particularly in the South, emigrated by choice or were forced to leave the United States during and after theAmerican Revolution. Common destinations were other parts of theBritish Empire, such asUpper Canada,Nova Scotia,Great Britain,Jamaica, and theBritish West Indies. The new government often awarded the lands of fleeing Loyalists to Patriot soldiers by way of land grants.[1][2]
Although theFrench Revolution began in 1789 as abourgeois-led drive for increased political equality for theThird Estate, it soon turned into a violent popular rebellion. To escape political tensions and sometimes in fear for their lives, some emigrated from France, settling in neighboring countries, chiefly Great Britain, Spain, Germany, Austria, and Prussia. A few also migrated to North America.
Throughout the nineteenth century Poland was occupied by thepartitioning powers of Poland:Austria,Prussia andRussia. Poles struggled for independence in a series of failed uprisings, which resulted in many having to seek refuge in Western Europe (known as theWielka Emigracja) in order to avoid reprisals, such as being forcefully sent to the vast and harsh emptiness ofSiberia. The exiles included artists, soldiers, politicians and prisoners-of-war who escaped from captivity. Most of the political émigrés based themselves inFrance.
The spirit of Polish émigrés lives on through one of theunofficial mottos of Poland:For our freedom and yours (Polish:Za naszą i waszą wolność)
TheBolshevikRevolution of 1917 and the subsequentRussian Civil War led many notable political and intellectual figures to leave Russia and neighboring states. Among these,Russian "White" émigrés, who fervently opposed the new communist regime, fled west after their defeat in the civil war.[3] Other groups would also leave Russia, most notably theMensheviks as well as leaders and intellectuals from defeated countries such as theUkrainian People's Republic and theDemocratic Republic of Georgia.
Marx andEngels, drafting their strategy for future revolutions inThe Communist Manifesto, suggested confiscating the property of émigrés to finance the revolution—a recommendation the Bolsheviks followed 70 years later.
After the October Revolution, more than 20,000 émigrés went toFinland andYugoslavia, notablyPyotr Wrangel. Many however moved on to France.Paris was the favourite destination for Russian émigrés. Many others traveled east to China, especially toHarbin andShanghai.
Aristocrats of some European countries were forced to leave their native lands by political upheavals from the beginning of the 20th century to the end of World War II opting to emigrate elsewhere such as theSerbs andRomanians in 1945 and after,Hungarians in 1956 and theCzechs andSlovaks in 1968.
In 2016, 5,411 US citizens living in other countriesrelinquished their US citizenship.[4] This is often attributed to extraterritorial laws on US citizens, such as theForeign Account Tax Compliance Act of 2010.[5][need quotation to verify] In comparison, there were only 235expatriations in 2008.
After the historical electoral victory in South Africa by the ANC (African National Congress) in 1994, manyAfrikaners emigrated from South Africa to other countries, citing discrimination in employment and social violence as reasons.[6]
According to the 2011 Australian census there are 145,683 South African émigrés, born in South Africa, in Australia, of whom 30,291 reside in the city ofPerth or greater Perth area.[7]
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