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| Karkar | |
|---|---|
| Yuri, Karkar-Yuri | |
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
| Region | Green River Rural LLG,Sandaun Province: along the PNG-Indonesia border. |
Native speakers | (1,100 cited 1994)[1] |
Pauwasi
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | yuj |
| Glottolog | kark1258 |
| ELP | Karkar-Yuri |
| Coordinates:3°44′S141°5′E / 3.733°S 141.083°E /-3.733; 141.083 | |
TheKarkar language, also known asYuri, is the soleEastern Pauwasi language ofPapua New Guinea. There are about a thousand speakers along theIndonesian border spoken inGreen River Rural LLG,Sandaun Province.
Karkar-Yuri is not related to any other language in Papua New Guinea, and was therefore long thought to be alanguage isolate. This is the position of Wurm (1983), Foley (1986), and Ross (2005). However, Timothy Usher noticed that it is transparently related to thePauwasi languages across the border in Indonesia. Indeed, it may even form adialect continuum with the Eastern Pauwasi languageEmem. This was foreshadowed in non-linguistic literature: a 1940 map shows the 'Enam' (Emem)–speaking area as including the Karkar territory in PNG, and the anthropologist Hanns Peter knew that the Karkar dialect continuum continued across the border into Emem territory.[2]
Cognates between Karkar-Yuri and thePauwasi family (Tebi andZorop languages) listed byFoley (2018):[3]
| gloss | Tebi | Zorop | Karkar-Yuri |
|---|---|---|---|
| ‘I’ | na | nam | ɔn |
| ‘you (sg)’ | fro | nem | am |
| ‘we’ | numu | nim | nəm (incl)/yin (excl) |
| ‘belly’ | dialə | yalək | yare |
| ‘bird’ | olmu | awe | ant |
| ‘black’ | təŋəra | seŋgəri | yəkəre |
| ‘blood’ | təri | mob | yəri |
| ‘breast’ | mamu | muam | mɔm |
| ‘come’ | kəlawai | kwalopai | koʔrop |
| ‘eat’ | ne | fer- | fɨr |
| ‘eye’ | ei | ji | yi |
| ‘foot’ | puŋwa | fuŋi | pu |
| ‘give’ | taʔa | tipi | səp |
| ‘good’ | pani | kiap | kwapwe |
| ‘hand’ | təro | jae | yæ |
| ‘head’ | məndini | məndai | me |
| ‘hear’ | fei | fau | wao |
| ‘house’ | nab | nap | |
| ‘louse’ | mi | yemar | yəʔmər |
| ‘man’ | toŋkwar | arab | arɔp |
| ‘mosquito’ | mimi | yəŋkar | təʔnkarəp |
| ‘name’ | kini | jei | e |
| ‘road’ | fiaʔa | mai | mwæ |
| ‘root’ | periŋgu | fiŋgu | arak |
| ‘sand’ | tədən | gərək | kaʔrək |
| ‘tooth’ | kle | jurai | yu |
| ‘tree’ | weyalgi | war | yao |
| ‘water’ | ai | jewek | ənt |
| ‘who’ | mate | waunap | wao |
| ‘one’ | kərowali | aŋgətəwam | ankər |
| ‘two’ | kre | anəŋgar | anənk |
The Karkar inventory is as follows.[6]
Stress assignment is complex, but not phonemic within morphemes. Syllable structure is CVC, assuming nasal–plosive sequences are analyzed as prenasalized consonants.
Karkar has a vowel inventory consisting of 11 vowels, which is considered very high for a Papuan language.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Close-mid | e | ə | o |
| Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open-mid | ɐ | ||
| Open | ɑ |
There is also onediphthong,ao/ɒɔ/. Vowels are writtená/ɐ/,é/ə/,ae/ɛ/,o/ɔ/,ou/o/,ɨ/ɨ/.
Foley (2018) lists the 11 Karkar-Yuri vowels as:[3]: 370
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Near-open | æ | ʌ | ɔ |
| Open | a | ɒ |
Some vowel height contrasts in Karkar-Yuri (Foley 2018):[3]: 370
There are four contrasting central vowel heights:[3]: 370
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex/ palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labialized | plain | labialized | |||||
| Nasal | plain | m | mʷ | n | ||||
| glottalized | ˀm | ˀn | ||||||
| Stop | prenasalized | ᵐp | ᵐpʷ | ⁿt | ᵑk | ᵑkʷ | ||
| plain | p | pʷ | t | k | kʷ | ʔ | ||
| Fricative | f | fʷ | s | |||||
| Flap | ˀɾ | ɽ | ||||||
| Approximant | j | w | ||||||
The rhotics and glottal(ized) consonants do not appear initially in a word, and plain/t/, the approximants, and the labialized consonants do not occur finally. Glottal stop only occurs finally. Finalk spirantizes to[x]. Plosives are voiced intervocalically. Intervocalicf andp neutralize to[β] (apart from a few names, where[f] is retained), and intervocalick is voiced to[ɣ]. Phonemic labialized stops only occur in two words,apwar 'weeds, to weed' andankwap 'another'.[contradictory] Otherwise consonants are labialized between a rounded and a front vowel, as inpok-ea[pɔɣʷeɑ] 'going up'. In some words, the plosive of a final NC is silent unless suffixed:onomp[ɔnɔm̚] 'my',onompono[ɔnɔmbɔnɔ] 'it's mine'.
Prenasalized and labialized consonant contrasts:[3]: 370
Plain and preglottalized sonorants contrasts, which only occur in word finals:[3]: 370
| a | á | ae | ao | e | é | i | ɨ | o | ou | u | f | fw | k | kw | m |
| mw | m | mp | mpw | n | nk | nkw | nt | p | pw | r | s | t | w | y |
Pronouns listed by Ross (2005):
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| 1ex | on-o | yin-o |
| 1in | nám-o | |
| 2 | am-o | yum-o |
| 3 | ma-o | |
Object forms take-an, sometimes replacing the-o:onan, amoan, man, yinan, námoan, yumoan.Mao is a demonstrative 'that one, those'; it contrasts withnko, nkoan 'the other one(s)'.
Pronouns listed by Foley (2018) are:[3]
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| 1incl | nʌmɔ | |
| 1excl | ɔn | yin |
| 2 | amɔ | yumɔ |
| 3 | ma | |
Below are some basic vocabulary words in Karkar-Yuri.[3]
| ‘I’ | ɔn |
| ‘you (sg)’ | am |
| ‘we’ | nəm (incl) / yin (excl) |
| ‘belly’ | yare |
| ‘bird’ | ant |
| ‘black’ | yəkəre |
| ‘blood’ | yəri |
| ‘breast’ | mɔm |
| ‘come’ | koʔrop |
| ‘eat’ | fɨr |
| ‘eye’ | yi |
| ‘foot’ | pu |
| ‘give’ | səp |
| ‘good’ | kwapwe |
| ‘hand’ | yæ |
| ‘head’ | me |
| ‘hear’ | wao |
| ‘house’ | nap |
| ‘louse’ | yəʔmər |
| ‘man’ | arɔp |
| ‘mosquito’ | təʔnkarəp |
| ‘name’ | e |
| ‘road’ | mwæ |
| ‘root’ | arak |
| ‘sand’ | kaʔrək |
| ‘tooth’ | yu |
| ‘tree’ | yao |
| ‘water’ | ənt |
| ‘who’ | wao |
| ‘one’ | ankər |
| ‘two’ | anənk |