TheYpres Salient, aroundYpres, inBelgium, was the scene of several battles and a major part of theWestern Front duringWorld War I.
Ypres lies at the junction of the Ypres–Comines Canal and theIeperlee. The city isoverlooked byKemmel Hill in the south-west and from the east by low hills running south-west to north-east with Wytschaete (Wijtschate),Hill 60 to the east of Verbrandenmolen,Hooge,Polygon Wood and Passchendaele (Passendale). The high point of the ridge is at Wytschaete, 7,000 yd (4.0 mi; 6.4 km) from Ypres, while atHollebeke the ridge is 4,000 yd (2.3 mi; 3.7 km) distant and recedes to 7,000 yd (4.0 mi; 6.4 km) at Polygon Wood. Wytschaete is about 150 ft (46 m) above the plain; on the Ypres–Menin road at Hooge, the elevation is about 100 ft (30 m) and 70 ft (21 m) at Passchendaele. The rises are slight, apart from the vicinity ofZonnebeke, which has a1:33 gradient.[1]
From Hooge and to the east, the slope is1:60 and near Hollebeke, it is1:75; the heights are subtle but have the character of a saucer lip around Ypres. The main ridge has spurs sloping east and one is particularly noticeable at Wytschaete, which runs 2 mi (3.2 km) south-east to Messines (Mesen), with a gentle slope to the east and a1:10 decline to the west. Further south is the muddy valley of the Douve river,Ploegsteert Wood ("Plugstreet" to the British) and Hill 63. West of Messines Ridge is the parallel Wulverghem (Spanbroekmolen) Spur; the Oosttaverne Spur, also parallel, is to the east. The general aspect south of Ypres is of low ridges and dips, gradually flattening to the north into a featureless plain.[1]
In 1914, Ypres had2,354 houses and16,700 inhabitants inside medieval earth ramparts faced with brick and a ditch on the east and south sides. Possession of the higher ground to the south and east of the city gives ample scope for ground observation,enfilade fire and converging artillery fire. An occupier of the ridges also has the advantage that artillery positions and the movement of reinforcements and supplies can be screened from view. The ridge had woods from Wytschaete to Zonnebeke, giving good cover, some of notable size such as Polygon Wood and those later named Battle Wood, Shrewsbury Forest andSanctuary Wood. The woods usually had undergrowth but fields in gaps between the woods were 800–1,000 yd (730–910 m) wide and devoid of cover. Roads in this area were usually unpaved, except for the main ones from Ypres, with occasional villages and houses. The lowlands west of the ridge were a mixture of meadow and fields with high hedgerows dotted with trees, cut by streams and ditches emptying into the canals. The Ypres–Comines Canal is about 18 ft (5.5 m) wide and the Yperlee about 36 ft (11 m); the main road to Ypres betweenPoperinge andVlamertinge is in a defile, easily observed from the ridge.[2]
Asalient in military terms is a battlefield feature that projects into an opponent's territory and is surrounded on three sides, making the occupying troops vulnerable. ThroughoutWorld War I along theWestern Front, troops engaged in mine warfare, using tunnelling and trench strategies without coordinating their attacks with one another. Soldiers used tunnels and dugouts to shelter themselves, make their way safely to the front lines, relay messages, and launch offensive attacks on their enemies.
By 29 December 1914, German troops dug in on higher ground to the east of Ypres and consequently, the Ypres Salient was formed byBritish,French,Canadian andBelgian defensive efforts againstGerman incursion during the 1914Race to the Sea. This culminated in theBattle of the Yser and theFirst Battle of Ypres, which lasted until 22 November.[3] German and British units conducted operations, made advancements, captured territory and attacked using mines and underground warfare at locations likeBroodseinde andSint Elooi.
TheSecond Battle of Ypres occurred from 22 April to 25 May 1915, the British and French defendingYpres and the corner of Belgium aroundVeurne from German occupation but escalatingtrench warfare in the salient.[3] Both sides vied for control of tactically important areas along the line. Obtaining control of the few hills and ridges became the objective of this battle in which poisonous gas as a weapon was first deployed and the widespread destruction and evacuation of Ypres came about. During this battle, theAllied units were forced to draw back from Zonnebeke andSt Julien to a line of trenches closer to Ypres as German troops held the village ofHooge on Bellewaerde Ridge. This line defined the Ypres Salient for over two years, during whichHooge lay in one of the easternmost sectors of the salient and was much contested. This situation changed little, despite extensiveBritish tunnelling prior to theBattle of Messines in June 1917 and theThird Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) from July to November. During these battles, tactics shifted from offensive tunnelling to maintaining shelters and constructing dugouts.[3]
After the Third Battle of Ypres, the Ypres Salient was left relatively quiet until the Fourth Battle of Ypres (Battle of the Lys), when theGerman spring offensive threatened to overwhelm the area. This offensive was stopped at the point the Allies were closest to being forced to abandon the salient. By August 1918, theFifth Battle of Ypres (part of theHundred Days Offensive) pushed the German forces out of the salient entirely and they did not return.
In the aftermath of trench warfare, mine explosions, extensive tunnelling, craters and archaeological landmarks remain. Although many craters have been covered, built over, destroyed, or remodelled, some are still visible and can be preserved, such as The Bluff, a key location in the First Battle of Ypres and now a well-studied historical reserve at which artefacts were found. UsingGeographic Information System (GIS) mapping, Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS), remote sensing and aerial photographs, more recent research and archaeological work have provided insight into the landscape, battle zones and tactics employed in the Ypres Salient. Analysis of craters at the site yielded information, confirming various historical accounts of counter-mines and hot spots, specifying when mining weapons were used in the Second Battle of Ypres and how the Battle of Messines was important in changing the geography of the front where most fighting occurred.[3]