TheNenets people are an indigenous tribe who have long survived in this region. Theirprehistoric life involved subsistencehunting and gathering, including the taking ofpolar bears; the practice of hunting polar bears (Ursus maritimus) continues up to the present time.[11]
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude, that is, at the point 70°N and 70°E, with equal degrees. ThePolar Urals rise in the western part and the highest point of the okrug, as well as of the wholeUral mountain system, isMount Payer.[12][13]
From 1960 to 2016, Yamal Nenets population increased from 60 000 people to more than 530 000 due to the natural resources discovered in the region. Currently, Yamal Nenets is the only Arctic Region in the Russian Federation that is not experiencing population decline. Despite the growing pressure on the regional environment, former governor Dmitry Kobylkin assured in 2016 that industrial developments are not affecting the traditional lifestyles of the native population. Official data accounts for an increment of 11 percent of the indigenous population from 2006 to 2016.[21]
Life expectancy at birth in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
TheNenets make up 8.9% of the population, preceded by ethnicRussians (62.9%), and followed byTatars (4.7%) andUkrainians (4.5%). Other prominent ethnic groups includeKhanty (2.5%),Azerbaijanis (1.7%),Bashkirs (1.5%),Kumyks (1.2%), andNogais (0.9%) (all figures are from the 2021 Census).[24]
117,517 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. The proportion of ethnicities in this group is estimated to be the same as that of the declared group.[25]
According to a 2012 survey[26] 42.2% of the population of Yamalia adhere to theRussian Orthodox Church, 14% areunaffiliated genericChristians, 1% are believers in Orthodox Christianity who do not belong to any church, 1% are members of theSlavic neopaganism (Rodnovery) or practitioners of localshamanic religions, and 1% are members ofProtestant churches;Muslims, mostlyCaucasian peoples andTatars, make up 18% of the total population. In addition, 14% of the population declare to be "spiritual but not religious", 8% areatheist, and 0.8% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[26]
In 2009, Yamalo-Nenetsky Avtonomny Okrug is Russia's most important source ofnatural gas, with more than 90% of Russia's natural gas being produced there. The region also accounts for 12% of Russia's oil production.[28] The region is the most important to Russia's largest companyGazprom, whose main production fields are located there.Novatek – the country's second-largest gas producer – is also active in the region, with its headquarters located inTarko-Sale. According to Novatek on 22 October 2019, the natural gas reserves in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug represent 80% of Russia's natural gas and 15% of the world's natural gas supply.[29]
Since the early 2010s Gazprom has been developingYamal project in the Yamal Peninsula area. As of 2020, Yamal produces over 20% of Russia's gas, which is expected to increase to 40% by 2030. The shortest pipeline routes from Yamal to the northern EU countries are theYamal–Europe pipeline through Poland andNord Stream 1 to Germany.[30] The proposed gas route from Western Siberia toChina is known asPower of Siberia 2 pipeline.[31]
Законодательное Собрание Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа. Закон №119-ЗАО от 17 ноября 2010 г. «О гимне Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования (20 ноября 2010 г.). Опубликован: "Красный Север", спецвыпуск №147/1, 20 ноября 2010 г. (Legislative Assembly of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Law #119-ZAO of November 17, 2010On the Anthem of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Effective as of the day of the official publication (November 20, 2010).).
Государственная Дума Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа. №56-ЗАО 28 декабря 1998 г. «Устав (Основной Закон) Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа», в ред. Закона №140-ЗАО от 21 декабря 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав (Основной Закон) Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа». Вступил в силу 15 января 1999 г. Опубликован: "Красный Север", 15 января 1999 г. (State Duma of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. #56-ZAO December 28, 1998Charter (Basic Law) of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, as amended by the Law #140-ZAO of December 21, 2015An Amending the Charter (Basic Law) of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Effective as of January 15, 1999.).
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