| YInMn Blue | |
|---|---|
 YInMn Blue powdered pigment | |
 Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #306AC0 |
| sRGBB (r,g,b) | (48, 106, 192) |
| HSV (h,s,v) | (216°, 75%, 75%) |
| CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (45, 80, 255°) |
| Source | [1][2][a] |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Deep blue |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) | |
 Crystal structure of YInMn Blue | |
| Identification | |
|---|---|
| Formula | YIn1−xMnxO3 |
| Crystal system | Hexagonal |
| Crystal symmetry | P63cm |
| Unit cell | a = 6.24 Å;c = 12.05 Å |
| Color | Light to dark blue |
YInMn Blue (/jɪnmɪn/; for thechemical symbols Y foryttrium, In forindium, and Mn formanganese), also known asOregon Blue orMas Blue, is aninorganicblue pigment that was discovered byMas Subramanian and his (then) graduate student, Andrew Smith, atOregon State University in 2009.[1][3] The pigment is noteworthy for its vibrant, near-perfectbluecolor and unusually highnear-infrared reflectance.[2] The chemical compound has a uniquecrystal structure in whichtrivalentmanganese ions in thetrigonal bipyramidal coordination are responsible for the observed intense blue color. Since the initial discovery, the fundamental principles of colour science have been explored extensively by the Subramanian research team at Oregon State University, resulting in a wide range of rationally designed novel green, purple, and orange pigments, all through intentional addition of achromophore in the trigonal bipyramidal coordination environment.[4][5]
The discovery of the first known synthetic blue pigment,Egyptian blue (CaCuSi4O10) was promoted by theEgyptianpharaohs who sponsored the creation of new pigments to be used in art.[6] Other civilizations combined organic and mineral materials to create blue pigments ranging from azure-blue like theMaya blue[1] to theHan blue (BaCuSi4O10), which was developed by theChineseHan dynasty and manipulated to produce a light or dark blue color.[7]
A number of pigments are used to impart the blue color.Cobalt blue (CoAl2O4) was first described in 1777; it is extremely stable and has been traditionally used as a coloring agent in ceramics.[1][8][9][10]Ultramarine (Na7Al6Si6O24S3) was made by grinding the forbiddingly expensivelapis lazuli into a powder until a cheaper synthetic form was invented in 1826 by the French industrialistJean Baptiste Guimet and in 1828 by the German chemistChristian Gmelin.[11]Prussian blue (Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3) was first described by the GermanpolymathJohann Leonhard Frisch and the president of thePrussian Academy of Sciences,Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, in 1708.[12][13]Azurite (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2) is a soft, deep-bluecoppermineral produced by weathering copper ore deposits; it was used since ancient times and was first recorded by the first centuryRoman writerPliny the Elder.[14]Phthalocyanine Blue BN was first prepared in 1927 and has wide range of applications.
Most known pigments have detrimental health and environmental effects or durability problems.Cobalt blue causescobalt poisoning when inhaled or ingested.[15] Prussian blue is known to liberatehydrogen cyanide under certain acidic conditions.[16] Ultramarine and azurite are not stable particularly in high-temperature and acidic conditions; additionally, ultramarine production involves the emission of a large amount of the toxicsulfur dioxide.[1] The newer Phthalocyanine Blue BN is non-biodegradable and has been found to cause neuroanatomical defects in developing chicken embryos when injected directly into incubating eggs.[17][18]
Inorganic blue pigments in which manganese (in the pentavalent oxidation state and in atetrahedral coordination) is the chromophore have been employed sincethe Middle Ages (e.g., the fossil boneodontolite, which is isostructural to theapatite structure).[19][20] Synthetic alternatives, such as barium manganate sulfate (or Manganese Blue, developed in 1907 and patented in 1935), have been phased out industrially due to safety and regulatory concerns,[21][22] hence YInMn Blue fills the niche of an inorganic, environmentally safe alternative to the traditionally used blue pigments, and offers a durable intense blue color.[1]
In 2008,Mas Subramanian received aNational Science Foundation grant to explore novel materials for electronics applications. Under this project, he was particularly interested in synthesizingmultiferroics based onmanganese oxides. He guided Andrew E. Smith, the first graduate student in his lab, to research an oxide solid solution betweenYInO3 (a ferroelectric material) andYMnO3 (an antiferromagnetic material) at 1,093 °C (2,000 °F). The resulting compound Smith synthesized was by coincidence a vibrant blue material. Because of Subramanian's experience atDuPont, he recognized the compound's potential use as a blue pigment and together they filed a patent disclosure covering the invention. After publishing their results, Shepherd Color Company successfully contacted Subramanian for possible collaboration in commercialization efforts.[23][24] For his outstanding contributions to inorganic color pigment chemistry, Subramanian was awarded thePerkin Medal from theSociety of Dyers and Colourists in 2019.[25]
The pigment is noteworthy for its vibrant, near-perfectbluecolor and unusually highNIR reflectance.[1][2] The color may be adjusted by varying the In/Mn ratio in the pigment's base formula ofYIn1−xMnxO3, but the bluest pigment,YIn0.8Mn0.2O3, has a color comparable to standardcobalt blueCoAl2O4 pigments.[2]
YInMn Blue is chemically stable, does not fade, and is non-toxic. It is more durable than alternative blue pigments such asultramarine orPrussian blue, retaining its vibrant color in oil and water, and is safer thancobalt blue, which is a suspectedcarcinogen and may causecobalt poisoning.[26]
The pigment is resistant to acids such asnitric acid, and is difficult to combust. When YInMn Blue does ignite, it burns a violet color attributed to the indium atoms.[27]
Infrared radiation is strongly reflected by YInMn Blue, which makes this pigment suitable for energy-saving, cool coatings.[28] It can be prepared by heating the oxides of the elements yttrium, indium, and manganese to a temperature of approximately 1,200 °C (2,200 °F).[29]
After Subramanian, Smith, and other colleagues published their results, companies began inquiring about commercial uses. Shepherd Color Company eventually won thelicense to commercialize the pigment in May 2015.[23][24][28][30] Many companies such as AMD and Crayola rushed to use the new pigment name in product announcements and press releases. It is unclear when the first commercial application of YInMn blue reached the consumer market.
AMD announced in July 2016 that the pigment would be used on newRadeon Pro WX and Pro SSG professionalGPUs for the energy efficiency that stems from its near-infrared reflecting property.[31][32]
The American art supplies companyCrayola announced in May 2017 that it planned to replace its retired Dandelion color (a yellow) with a new color "inspired by" YInMn. The new color does not contain any YInMn.[30] Crayola held a contest for more pronounceable name ideas, and announced the new color name, "Bluetiful", on 14 September 2017.[33][34][35] The new crayon color was made available in late 2017.
In June 2016, an Australian company,Derivan, published experiments using YInMn within their artist range (Matisse acrylics),[36] and subsequently released the pigment for purchase.[30]
As of April 2021,Golden Paints has commercially licensed and sourced the pigment, in theU.S. fromShepherd Color Company. According to Golden, the supply of the raw pigment is extremely limited.[37] Shepherd Color Company received the required environmental and safety approvals to sell the pigment in the U.S. in 2020.[38]
Gamblin Artists Colors made a first Limited Edition batch of YInMn Blue in November 2020.[39]
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