The Woodlands is aNational Historic Landmark District on the west bank of theSchuylkill River inPhiladelphia. It includes aFederal-style mansion, a matching carriage house and stable, and a garden landscape that in 1840 was transformed into a Victorianrural cemetery with an arboretum of over 1,000 trees. More than 30,000 people are buried at the cemetery.[3] Among the tombstones at Woodlands cemetery is the tombstone ofDr Thomas W. Evans, which at 150 feet (46 m), is both the tallest gravestone in the United States and the tallest obelisk gravestone in the world.[4][5]
The land that would become The Woodlands was originally a 250-acre (1.0 km2) tract inBlockley Township on the west bank of the Schuylkill River. It was purchased in 1735 by the famous Philadelphia lawyerAndrew Hamilton.
When Hamilton died in 1741, he willed his lands to his son, also named Andrew. The son survived his father by only six years, but in that time built up his landholdings enough to leave a 300-acre (1.2 km2) estate to his own son, William Hamilton (1745–1813), who acquired it at the age of twenty-one. William built aGeorgian-style mansion with a grand, two-storied portico overlooking the river aboveGray's Ferry. Following a trip to England after the American Revolution, Hamilton doubled the size of the dwelling, creating a 16-room manor with kitchens and service rooms in a windowed ground floor. The rebuilt Woodlands mansion became one of the greatest domestic American architectural achievements of the 18th century, recognized as a leading example of English taste and presaging architectural trends in the following century.
Hamilton was an activebotanist, and his estate and greenhouses grew to contain more than 10,000 species of plants, including the first specimens introduced into America of theGinkgo biloba,Paper mulberry,Sycamore maple,Ailanthus,Caucasian zelkova, andLombardy poplar as well as plants grown from seeds harvested duringLewis and Clark’s expeditions, especially theOsage Orange (Maclura pomifera). Hamilton also collected and exchanged numerous native plants with his friends and neighbors, the Bartram family of botanists from nearbyBartram's Garden.
At one time, the estate covered 600 acres (2.4 km2) and stretched from the Schuylkill River to what is now Market Street on the north and 42nd Street on the west and incorporatedHamilton Village.
Aerial view looking southwest, 2003, byJack Boucher. TheSchuylkill River, in the top left corner, is crossed by theGray's Ferry Bridge. The Saint Joseph's University - West Campus (formerly the University of the Sciences) is at the top, and the University of Pennsylvania at the bottom.Gate to Woodlands designed byPaul Philippe Cret
After Hamilton died in 1813, his heirs sold off much of the Woodlands estate for institutional and residential development. By the first quarter of the 19th century, theWest Philadelphia district was becoming a fashionable suburb. In order to save the core of Hamilton's estate, in 1840,[6] The Woodlands Cemetery Company of Philadelphia purchased the last 92 acres (37 ha), which included the mansion, carriage house, greenhouse and hot houses, as well as extensive plantings. The founders concluded that The Woodlands' isolated location, its array of exotic trees and its commanding view of theSchuylkill River provided an ideal site for arural cemetery.[citation needed]John McArthur Jr. designed the entrance architecture, which was demolished in 1936.[6]
As with its rival to the north,Laurel Hill Cemetery, trustees of the Woodlands spurred the cemetery's early growth by interring the remains of a celebrity:Commodore David Porter. His remains, originally buried at thePhiladelphia Naval Asylum cemetery, were reburied at Woodlands in 1845. By mid-century, The Woodlands was thriving and attracted many of Philadelphia's renowned industrialists, medical professionals, artists, writers, and veterans.[7]
In 1853, the land along the river was sold to theWest Chester and Philadelphia Railroad, which built a rail line along it. Over the next century, other railroads, particularly thePennsylvania Railroad, added tracks. Today, eight tracks run along former Woodlands land, servingAmtrak passenger trains,Conrail freight, and theSEPTA Airport and Media commuter lines.[8]
Today, The Woodlands Cemetery Company of Philadelphia exists as anon-profit cemetery corporation that promotes both traditional and current burial practices on its 54 acres (22 ha) of land in University City. The company is supported by The Woodlands Trust for Historic Preservation, a non-profit corporation, dedicated to the preservation and promotion of the cemetery, mansion, and arboretum as a cultural landscape between the University of Pennsylvania and the Saint Joseph's University - West Campus (formerly the University of the Sciences) in Philadelphia.
The pathways and avenues of the cemetery and mansion make up theWoodlands Heritage National Recreation Trail, part of theNational Recreation Trail program. The cemetery includes a looped road system emanating from a central paved circle[11] with infrequent motor vehicle traffic, making the grounds a safe and quiet place for biking, running and walking. There is also an unpaved path that encircles the perimeter of the grounds that is a popular circuit for University City dog-walkers and runners. Leashed dogs are permitted on the grounds, which are free and open to the public from dawn to dusk. The cemetery also hosts a community garden, community activities, an orchard, and apiary. It is also the headquarters of the Philadelphia Orchard Project.
