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Voiceless palatal fricative

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ç⟩ in IPA
Voiceless palatal fricative
ç
IPA number138
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)ç
Unicode(hex)U+00E7
X-SAMPAC
Braille⠖ (braille pattern dots-235)⠉ (braille pattern dots-14)
Image

Avoiceless palatal fricative is a type ofconsonantal sound used in somespokenlanguages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ç⟩. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of thevoiceless alveolo-palatal fricative.Palatal fricatives are relatively rare phonemes, and only 5% of the world's languages have/ç/ as a phoneme.[1] The sound further occurs as anallophone of/x/ (e.g. in German or Greek), or, in other languages, of/h/ in the vicinity offront vowels.

Features

[edit]
Voiceless palatal fricative (ç)

Features of a voiceless palatal fricative:

Occurrence

[edit]

Palatal

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Blackfoot[citation needed]ᖱᑊᖽᒧᐧᖿ /ihkitsíkaa[ɪçkit͡síkaː]'Seven'Allophone of/x/.
ChineseTaizhou dialect嬉[çi]'to play'Corresponds to alveolo-palatal/ɕ/ in otherWu dialects.
Meixian dialect香[çʲɔŋ˦]'fragrant'Corresponds to palatalized fricative/hj/ in romanised as "hi-" or "hy-"Hakka dialect writing.
DanishStandard[2]pjaske[ˈpçæskə]'splash'May be alveolo-palatal[ɕ] instead.[2] Before/j/, aspiration of/p,t,k/ is realized as devoicing and fortition of/j/.[2] Note, however, that the sequence/tj/ is normally realized as an affricate[t͡ɕ].[3] SeeDanish phonology
DutchStandard Northern[4]wiegje[ˈʋiçjə]'crib'Allophone of/x/ before/j/ for some speakers.[4] SeeDutch phonology
EnglishAustralian[5]hue[çʉː]'hue'Phonetic realization of the sequence/hj/.[5][6][7] SeeAustralian English phonology andEnglish phonology
British[6][7]
Scouse[8]like[laɪ̯ç]'like'Allophone of/k/; ranges from palatal to uvular, depending on the preceding vowel.[8] SeeEnglish phonology
Estonian[citation needed]vihm[viçm]'rain'Allophone of/h/. SeeEstonian phonology
Finnish[citation needed]vihko[ʋiçko̞]'notebook'Allophone of/h/. SeeFinnish phonology
FrenchParisian[9]merci[mɛʁ̥ˈsi̥ç]ⓘ'thank you'The close vowels/i,y,u/ and the mid front/e,ɛ/ at the end of utterances are oftendevoiced.[9] SeeFrench phonology
Germannicht[nɪçt]ⓘ'not'Traditionally allophone of/x/, or vice versa, but phonemic for some speakers who have both/aːx/ and/aːç/ (</aʁç/). SeeStandard German phonology § Ich-Laut and ach-Laut.
Haida[citation needed]xíl[çɪ́l]'leaf'
HmongWhite (Dawb)𖬗𖬰𖬧𖬰 /xya[ça˧]'seven'Corresponds to alveolo-palatal /ɕ/ in Dananshan dialect
Green (Njua)
Hungarian[10]kapj[ˈkɒpç]'get' (imperative)Allophone of/j/ between a voiceless obstruent and a word boundary. SeeHungarian phonology
Icelandichérna[ˈçɛ(ɾ)tnä]'here'Allophone of/h/ near/j/ and/i/.[11] SeeIcelandic phonology
Irish[citation needed]aSheáin[əçaːnʲ]'John' (voc.)SeeIrish phonology
Japanese[12]日 /hi[çi]ⓘ'day'Allophone of/h/ before/i/ and/j/. SeeJapanese phonology
Kabyle[citation needed]ḵtil[çtil]'to measure'
Korean[citation needed]힘 /him[çim]ⓘ'strength'Allophone of/h/ word-initially before/i/ and/j/. SeeKorean phonology
MinangkabauMukomuko[citation needed]loyh[lojç]'loose'Allophone of /h/ after /i/, /oj/, and /uj/ in coda.
Moksha[citation needed]шалхка[ʃalçka]'nose'
Muniche[tʃaçu]'plant stalk'[13]
NorwegianUrban East[14]kjerne[ˈçɐ̞̂ːʴɳə]ⓘ'core'Often alveolo-palatal[ɕ] instead; younger speakers in Bergen, Stavanger and Oslo merge it with/ʂ/.[14] SeeNorwegian phonology
PashtoGhiljidialect[15]پښه‎[pça]'foot'SeePashto phonology
Wardak dialect
RomanianStandard[citation needed]Rohia[r̥ʊ̞ˈçijä]ⓘ'Rohia'Allophone of/h/ before/i/. Typically transcribed with [hʲ]. SeeRomanian phonology
RussianStandard[16]твёрдый /tvjordyj[ˈt̪ʋʲɵrd̪ɨ̞ç]ⓘ'hard'Possible emphatic realization of/j/.[16] SeeRussian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[17]eich[eç]'horses'Slender allophone of/x/. SeeScottish Gaelic phonology and orthography
Sicilian[citation needed]ciumi[ˈçuːmɪ]'river'Evolved from the Latin/fl/ nexus. Realized as[t͡ʃ] when preceded by a consonant. SeeSicilian phonology
SpanishChilean[18]mujer[muˈçe̞ɾ]'woman'Allophone of/x/ before front vowels. SeeSpanish phonology
Turkish[19]zihin[ziˈçin]ⓘ'intellect'Allophone of/h/.[19] SeeTurkish phonology
Uzbek[citation needed]maktab[mɑçtɑb]'school'Occurs when/k/ comes before/t/ and/b/ sounds.
Walloon[citation needed]texhe[tɛç]ⓘ'to knit'⟨xh⟩ spelling proper in Common Walloon, in the Feller system it would be written ⟨hy⟩
Welshhiaith[çaɪ̯θ]ⓘ'language'Occurs in words where/h/ comes before/j/ due to h-prothesis of the original word, i.e./jaɪ̯θ/iaith'language' becomesei hiaith'her language', resulting in/j/i →/ç/hi.[20] SeeWelsh phonology

Post-palatal

[edit]
Voiceless post-palatal or pre-velar fricative
ç̠
x̟
Audio sample

There is also avoiceless post-palatal orpre-velar fricative in some languages, which is articulated slightly farther back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless palatal fricative, though not as back as the prototypicalvoiceless velar fricative. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨ç̠⟩, ⟨ç᫢⟩ (both symbols denote aretracted ⟨ç⟩) or ⟨x̟⟩ (advanced ⟨x⟩).

Features

[edit]
  • Itsmanner of articulation isfricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is post-palatal (or pre-velar; also called palato-velar, retracted palatal, backed palatal, advanced velar or fronted velar), which means it is articulated between the position ofpalatal consonants andvelar consonants.
  • Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
  • It is amedian consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Belarusian[citation needed]глухі /hluchí[ɣuɫˈx̟i]ⓘ'deaf'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨xʲ⟩. SeeBelarusian phonology
DutchStandardBelgian[4]acht[ˈax̟t]ⓘ'eight'May be velar[x] instead.[4] SeeDutch phonology
Southern accents[4]
Greek[21]ψυχή /psychí[ps̠iˈç̠i]ⓘ'soul'SeeModern Greek phonology
LimburgishWeert dialect[22]ich[ɪ̞x̟]'I'Allophone of/x/ before and after front vowels.[22] SeeWeert dialect phonology
Lithuanian[23][24]chemija[ˈx̟ɛmija]'chemistry'Very rare;[25] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨xʲ⟩. SeeLithuanian phonology
RussianStandard[16]хинди /chindi[ˈx̟inʲdʲɪ]ⓘ'Hindi'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨xʲ⟩. SeeRussian phonology
Spanishmujer[muˈx̟e̞ɾ]'woman'Allophone of/x/ before front vowels.[26] SeeSpanish phonology
Ukrainian[citation needed]алхімія /alchimija[ɐl̞ʲˈx̟imʲijɐ]ⓘ'alchemy'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨xʲ⟩. SeeUkrainian phonology
Uzbek[27]xurmo[x̟urmɒ]'date palm'Weakly fricated; occurs word-initially and pre-consonantally, otherwise it is post-velar[x̠].[27]

Voiceless palatal approximant

[edit]
Voiceless palatal approximant
ȷ̊
IPA number153 402A
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)&#106;​&#778;
Unicode(hex)U+006A U+030A
X-SAMPAj_0

Avoiceless palatal approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ j̊ ⟩, a j with aring,[28] indicating the voiceless homologue of thevoiced palatal approximant. The IPA also had a dedicated symbol ⟨ꞕ⟩, an h withpalatal hook, for the similar palatalizedhʲ sound, but that is now obsolete. In theFinno-Ugric transcription, it is transcribed⟨ᴊ⟩, asmall capitalj.

The palatal approximant can in many cases be considered thesemivocalic equivalent of the voiceless variant of theclose front unrounded vowel[i̥]. The sound is essentially an Australian English⟨y⟩ (as inyear) pronounced strictly without vibration of the vocal cords.

Features

[edit]

Occurrence

[edit]

It is found as aphoneme inJalapa Mazatec andWasho as well as inKildin Sami.

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
BretonBothoa dialect[example needed]Contrasts voiceless/j̊/, plain voiced/j/ and nasal voiced/ȷ̃/ approximants.[29]
ChineseStandard票 /piào[pj̊äʊ̯˥˩]ⓘ'ticket'Common allophony of/j/ after aspirated consonants. Normally transcribed as[pʰj]. SeeStandard Chinese phonology
EnglishAustralianhuge[j̊ʉːdʒ]'huge'H-dropping, also allophone of/j/. SeeAustralian English phonology[30][31]
New Zealand[j̊i̠(ːʷ)dʒ]H-dropping, also allophone of/j/, also can be [ç] instead. SeeNew Zealand English phonology[32][31]
Frenchpierre[pj̊ɛːʀ̥]ⓘ'stone'Devoiced allophone of/j/.[33] SeeFrench phonology
Icelandichérna[ˈj̊ɛ(ɾ)tnä]'here'Dialectal, or infree variation with [ç][34][35][36][37][38]
Jalapa Mazatec[39][example needed]Contrasts voiceless/j̊/, plain voiced/j/ and glottalized voiced/ȷ̃/ approximants.[39]
Japanese日 /hi[j̊i]'day'Colloquial, Allophone of/j/[40][41][42]
Scottish Gaelic[43]a-muigh[əˈmuj̊]'outside' (directional)Allophone of/j/ and/ʝ/. SeeScottish Gaelic phonology
Thai[example needed]Allophone of/j/.[44]
TibetanKhamsPhonemic[45]
Washot'á:Yaŋi[ˈtʼaːj̊aŋi]'he's hunting'Contrasts voiceless/j̊/ and voiced/j/ approximants.
Koyukon (Denaakk'e)[example needed]Contrasts voiceless/j̊/ and voiced/j/ approximants.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 167–168.
  2. ^abcBasbøll (2005), pp. 65–66.
  3. ^Grønnum (2005), p. 148.
  4. ^abcdeCollins & Mees (2003), p. 191.
  5. ^abCox & Fletcher (2017), p. 159.
  6. ^abRoach (2009), p. 43.
  7. ^abWells, John C (2009-01-29),"A huge query",John Wells's phonetic blog, retrieved2016-03-13
  8. ^abWatson (2007), p. 353.
  9. ^abFagyal & Moisset (1999).
  10. ^Siptár & Törkenczy (2007), p. 205.
  11. ^Rögnvaldsson (2017), p. 33, 37.
  12. ^Okada (1999), p. 118.
  13. ^Michael, Lev; Farmer, Stephanie; Finley, Gregory; Acosta, Karina Sullón; Beier, Christine; Icahuate, Alexandra Chanchari; Baneo, Donalia Icahuate; Saita, Melchor Sinti (2023-01-16), Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev (eds.),"18 Muniche",Language Isolates II: Kanoé to Yurakaré, De Gruyter, pp. 851–892,doi:10.1515/9783110432732-005,ISBN 978-3-11-043273-2, retrieved2025-09-17{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  14. ^abKristoffersen (2000), p. 23.
  15. ^Henderson (1983), p. 595.
  16. ^abcYanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 223.
  17. ^Oftedal (1956), pp. 113–4.
  18. ^Palatal phenomena in Spanish phonologyArchived 2021-11-23 at theWayback Machine Page 113
  19. ^abGöksel & Kerslake (2005:6)
  20. ^Ball & Watkins (1993), pp. 300–301.
  21. ^Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
  22. ^abHeijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 108.
  23. ^Mathiassen (1996), pp. 22–23).
  24. ^Ambrazas et al. (1997), p. 36.
  25. ^Ambrazas et al. (1997), p. 35.
  26. ^Canellada & Madsen (1987), p. 21.
  27. ^abSjoberg (1963), p. 11.
  28. ^Blankenship, Barbara; Ladefoged, Peter; Bhaskararao, Peri; Chase, Nichumeno (1993)."Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami".Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area.16 (2).doi:10.32655/ltba.16.2.03.ISSN 0731-3500.
  29. ^Iosad, Pavel (2013).Representation and variation in substance-free phonology: A case study in Celtic. Universitetet i Tromso.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  30. ^Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007).Illustrations of the IPA: Australian English (Cambridge University Press ed.). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37. pp. 341–350.
  31. ^abMoran, Steven; McCloy, Daniel (2019).English sound inventory (UZ). Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  32. ^Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2007).Illustrations of the IPA: New Zealand English (Cambridge University Press ed.). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37. pp. 97–102.
  33. ^Sten (1963), p. 37–8.
  34. ^Einarsson, Stefan (1949).Icelandic. Johns Hopkins Press.
  35. ^Haugen, Einar (1958). "The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic".Language.34 1:55–88.doi:10.2307/411276.JSTOR 411276.
  36. ^Moran, Steven; McCloy, Daniel, eds. (2019).Icelandic sound inventory (SPA). Stanford Phonology Archive. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  37. ^"PHOIBLE 2.0 -".phoible.org. Retrieved2025-07-25.
  38. ^"PHOIBLE 2.0 - Consonant j̥".phoible.org. Retrieved2025-07-25.
  39. ^abSilverman et al. (1995), p. 83.
  40. ^Bloch (1950), p. 86–125.
  41. ^Jorden (1963). sfnp error: no target: CITEREFJorden1963 (help)
  42. ^Jorden (1952). sfnp error: no target: CITEREFJorden1952 (help)
  43. ^Bauer, Michael."Final devoicing or Why does naoidh sound like Nɯiç?".Akerbeltz. Retrieved11 December 2016.
  44. ^Abramson 1962; Kruatrachue 1960; Noss 1954; Noss 1964
  45. ^Chirkova 2014

References

[edit]

External links

[edit]
IPA topics
IPA
Special topics
Encodings
Pulmonic consonants
Place →LabialCoronalDorsalLaryngeal
Manner ↓Bi­labialLabio­dentalLinguo­labialDentalAlveolarPost­alveolarRetro­flex(Alve­olo-)​palatalVelarUvularPharyn­geal/epi­glottalGlottal
Nasalm̥mɱ̊ɱn̼n̪̊n̪n̥nn̠̊n̠ɳ̊ɳɲ̊ɲŋ̊ŋɴ̥ɴ
Plosivepbp̪b̪t̼d̼t̪d̪tdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔ
Sibilantaffricatet̪s̪d̪z̪tsdzt̠ʃd̠ʒtʂdʐtɕdʑ
Non-sibilant affricatepɸbβp̪fb̪vt̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊dɹ̝t̠ɹ̠̊˔d̠ɹ̠˔cçɟʝkxɡɣqχɢʁʡʜʡʢʔh
Sibilantfricatives̪z̪szʃʒʂʐɕʑ
Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantβ̞ʋð̞ɹɹ̠ɻjɰ˷
Tap/flapⱱ̟ⱱɾ̥ɾɽ̊ɽɢ̆ʡ̮
Trillʙ̥ʙr̥rr̠ɽ̊r̥ɽrʀ̥ʀʜʢ
Lateral affricatetɬdɮtꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬ̪ɬɮꞎ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantl̪l̥ll̠ɭ̊ɭʎ̥ʎʟ̥ʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̊𝼈ʎ̮ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

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