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Voiceless alveolar affricate

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
See also:Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
Class of consonantal sounds
Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate
ts
ʦ
IPA number103 132
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)ʦ
Unicode(hex)U+02A6
X-SAMPAts
Image

Avoiceless alveolar affricate is a type ofaffricate consonant pronounced with thetip orblade of the tongue against thealveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. There are several types ofmedian affricates with significant perceptual differences:

This article discusses the first two.

Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate

[edit]
"t͡s" redirects here; not to be confused witht͡sʼ.

Avoiceless alveolar sibilant affricate is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in somespokenlanguages. The sound is transcribed in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡s⟩ or ⟨t͜s⟩. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding ⟨ts⟩. There is also a ligature ⟨ʦ⟩, which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. A voiceless alveolar affricate occurs in manyIndo-European languages, such asGerman (which was also part of theHigh German consonant shift),Kashmiri,Marathi,Pashto,Russian and most otherSlavic languages such asPolish andSerbo-Croatian; also, among many others, inGeorgian, in Mongolia, and Tibetan Sanskrit, inJapanese, inMandarin Chinese, and inCantonese. Someinternational auxiliary languages, such asEsperanto,Ido andInterlingua also include this sound.

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate:

  • Itsmanner of articulation issibilantaffricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequencyturbulence.
  • Thestop component of this affricate islaminalalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge. For simplicity, this affricate is usually called after the sibilant fricative component.
  • There are at least three specific variants of thefricative component:
    • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of[s] is very strong.[1]
    • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal.
    • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal. Acoustically, it is close to[ʃ] or laminal[ʂ].
  • Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
  • It is amedian consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

The following sections are named after the fricative component.

Dentalized laminal alveolar

[edit]

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
ArmenianEastern[2]ցանց/canc[t̻͡s̪ʰan̪t̻͡s̪ʰ]ⓘ'net'Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms
Basque[3]hotz[o̞t̻͡s̪]'cold'Contrasts with a sibilant affricate with an apical fricative component.[3]
Belarusian[4]цётка/ciotka[ˈt̻͡s̪ʲɵtka]'aunt'Contrastingpalatalization. SeeBelarusian phonology
Bulgarian[5]цар/car[t̻͡s̪är]'Tsar'SeeBulgarian phonology
ChineseMandarin[6][7]早餐 / zǎo cān[t̻͡s̪ɑʊ˨˩t̻͡s̪ʰan˥]'breakfast'Contrasts withaspirated form. SeeStandard Chinese phonology
Cantonese早餐 / zou2 caan1/t͡sou˧˥t͡sʰaːn˥/'breakfast'SeeCantonese phonology
Czech[8]co[t̻͡s̪o̝]'what'SeeCzech phonology
Hungarian[9]cica[ˈt̻͡s̪it̻͡s̪ɒ]'kitten'SeeHungarian phonology
Japanese津波 / tsunami[t̻͡s̪ɯ̟ᵝnämʲi]'Tsunami'Allophone of/t/ before/u/. SeeJapanese phonology
モッツァレラ/mottsarera[mo̞t̻t̻͡s̪äɾe̞ɾä]'mozzarella'May appear before other vowels inloanwords. SeeJapanese phonology
Kashmiriژاس/cás[t͡saːs]'cough'
Kashubian[10][example needed]
Kazakh[11]инвестиция/investitsiya[investit̻͡s̪əja]'price'Only in loanwords from Russian[11][12] SeeKazakh phonology andKyrgyz phonology
Kyrgyz[12]
Latvian[13]cena[ˈt̻͡s̪en̪ä]'price'SeeLatvian phonology
Macedonian[14]цвет/cvet[t̻͡s̪ve̞t̪]'flower'SeeMacedonian phonology
Pashtoڅلور/śalor[t͡saˈlor]'four'SeePashto phonology
Polish[15]co[t̻͡s̪ɔ]ⓘ'what'SeePolish phonology
Romanian[16]preț[pre̞t̻͡s̪]'price'SeeRomanian phonology
Russian[5]царь/caŕ[t̻͡s̪ärʲ]'Tsar'SeeRussian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[17][18]циљ /cilj /ڄیڵ[t̻͡s̪îːʎ]'target'SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Slovakcisár[t̻͡s̪isaːr]'emperor'SeeSlovak phonology
Slovene[19]cvet[t̻͡s̪ʋêːt̪]'bloom'SeeSlovene phonology
SpanishAndalusian[20]resto[ˈre̞t̻͡s̪o̞]'rest'SeeAndalusian Spanish
Tyaptsa[t͡sa]'to begin'
Ukrainian[21]цей/cej[t̻͡s̪ɛj]'this one'Contrastingpalatalization. SeeUkrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[22]cybla[ˈt̻͡s̪ɘblä]'onion'
Uzbek[23][example needed]

Non-retracted alveolar

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
ArabicNajdi[24]ك‍لب/tsalb[t͡salb]'dog'Corresponds to/k/ and/t͡ʃ/ in other dialects
AsturianSome dialects[25]otso[ˈot͡so]'eight'Corresponds to standard/t͡ʃ/
Ḷḷena,Mieres, and othersḷḷuna[ˈt͡sunɐ]'moon'Alveolar realization ofche vaqueira instead of normal retroflex[ʈ͡ʂ]
Basque[3]hots[ot̻͡s̺]'sound'The fricative component is apical. Contrasts with a laminal affricate with a dentalized fricative component.[3]
Blackfoot[26]ᖹᒧᐧᒣᑯ /Niitsítapii[niːt͡sɪ́tʌpiː]'original person' or 'Blackfoot Person'
Catalan[27]potser[pu(t)ˈt̻͡s̺e]'maybe'The fricative component is apical. Only restricted to morpheme boundaries, some linguistics do not consider it a phoneme (but a sequence of[t] +[s]). Long and short versions of intervocalic affricates are in free variation in Central Catalan[tːs] ~[ts]. SeeCatalan phonology
Central Alaskan Yup'ik[28]cetaman[t͡səˈtaman]'four'Allophone of/t͡ʃ/ beforeschwa
Chamorro[29]CHamoru[t͡sɑˈmoːɾu]'Chamorro'SpelledChamoru in the orthography used in theNorthern Mariana Islands.
Chechenцаца /caca /ر̤ار̤ا[t͡sət͡sə]'sieve'
Cherokee[30]ᏣᎳᎩtsalagi[t͡salaɡi]'Cherokee'
DanishStandard[31]to[ˈt̻͡s̺ʰoːˀ]'two'The fricative component is apical.[31] In some accents, it is realized as[tʰ].[31] Usually transcribed/tˢ/ or/t/. Contrasts with the unaspirated stop[t], which is usually transcribed/d̥/ or/d/. SeeDanish phonology
Dargwaцадеш /ꞩadeş /ڝادەش[t͡sadeʃ]'unity, oneness'
DutchOrsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[32]mat[ˈmät͡s]'market'Optional pre-pausal allophone of/t/.[32] SeeOrsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology
EnglishBroadCockney[33]tea[ˈt͡səˑi̯]'tea'Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of/t/.[34][35] SeeEnglish phonology
Received Pronunciation[35][ˈt͡sɪˑi̯]
New York[36]Possible syllable-initial and sometimes also utterance-final allophone of/t/.[36] SeeEnglish phonology
New Zealand[37]Word-initial allophone of/t/.[37] SeeEnglish phonology
North Wales[38][ˈt͡siː]Word-initial and word-final allophone of/t/; in free variation with a strongly aspirated stop[tʰ].[38] SeeEnglish phonology
Port Talbot[39]Allophone of/t/. In free variation with[tʰʰ].[39]
Scouse[40]Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of/t/.[40] SeeEnglish phonology
GeneralSouth African[41]wanting[ˈwɑnt͡sɪŋ]'wanting'Possible syllable-final allophone of/t/.[41]
Esperantocico['t͡sit͡so]'nipple'SeeEsperanto phonology
Filipinotsokolate[t͡sokɔlate]'chocolate'
FrenchQuebectu[t͡sy]'you'Allophone of/t/ before/i,y/.
Georgian[42]კაცი/k'atsi[kʼɑt͡si]'man'
Haidax̱ants[ʜʌnt͡s]'shadow'Allophone of/t͡ʃ/.[43]
Hebrewצל/tzel[t͡se̞l]'shadow'
KoreanNorth Korean조선 /Chosŏn[t͡sɔsɔn]'North Korea'Corresponds to /t͡ɕ/ inSouth Korean. SeeKorean phonology
Luxembourgish[44]Zuch[t͡suχ]'train'SeeLuxembourgish phonology
Marathiचमचा/tsamtsā['t͡səmt͡saː]'spoon'Represented by <च>, which also represents[t͡ʃ]. It is not a marked difference.
Nepaliचाप/tsāp[t͡säp]'pressure'Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by /च/. The aspirated sound is represented by /छ/. SeeNepali phonology
PortugueseEuropean[45]parte sem vida[ˈpaɾt͡sẽjˈviðɐ]'lifeless part'Allophone of/t/ before/i,ĩ/, or assimilation due to the deletion of/i~ɨ~e/. Increasingly used in Brazil.[46]
Brazilian[45][46]participação[paʁt͡sipaˈsɐ̃w̃]'participation'
Most speakers[47]shiatsu[ɕiˈat͡su]'shiatsu'Marginal sound. Many Brazilians might break the affricate with epenthetic[i], often subsequently palatalizing/t/, specially in pre-tonic contexts (e.g.tsunami[tɕisuˈnɜ̃mʲi]).[48] SeePortuguese phonology
SpanishMadrid[49]ancha[ˈänʲt͡sʲä]'wide'Palatalized;[49] with an apical fricative component. It corresponds to[t͡ʃ] in standard Spanish. SeeSpanish phonology
Chilean
SomeRioplatense dialectstía[ˈt͡siä]'aunt'
SomeVenezuelan dialectszorro[ˈt͡so̞ro̞]'fox'Allophone of/s/ word initially.
TamilJaffna Tamilசந்தை/cantai[t͡sɐn̪d̪ɛi̯]'market'Rare, other realizations include[t͡ʃ,ʃ,s].[50]
Teluguౘట్టి/ĉaṭṭi[t͡sɐʈʈi]'pot'

Variable

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
GermanStandard[51]Zeit[t͡säɪ̯t]'time'The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.[51] SeeStandard German phonology
ItalianStandard[52]grazia[ˈɡrät̚t͡sjä]'grace'The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. In the latter case, the stop component is laminaldenti-alveolar.[52] SeeItalian phonology

Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate

[edit]
See also:Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate andVoiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate
tɹ̝̊

Features

[edit]
  • Itsmanner of articulation isaffricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Itsplace of articulation isalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal.
  • Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
  • It is amedian consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
DutchOrsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[32]verbèganger[vərˈbɛːɣäŋət͡ɹ̝̊]'passer-by'A possible realization of word-final/r/ before pauses.[32]
EnglishGeneral American[53]tree[t͡ɹ̝̊ʷɪi̯]ⓘ'tree'Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence/tr/; more commonly postalveolar[t̠ɹ̠̊˔].[53] SeeEnglish phonology
Received Pronunciation[53]
ItalianSicily[54]straniero[st͡ɹ̝̊äˈnjɛɾo]'foreign'Apical. Regional realization of the sequence/tr/; may be a sequence[tɹ̝̊] or[tɹ̝] instead.[55] SeeItalian phonology

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited inLadefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
  2. ^Kozintseva (1995), p. 6.
  3. ^abcdHualde, Lujanbio & Zubiri (2010:1). Although this paper discusses mainly theGoizueta dialect, the authors state that it has "a typical, conservative consonant inventory for a Basque variety".
  4. ^Padluzhny (1989), pp. 48–49.
  5. ^abChew (2003), p. 67.
  6. ^Lee & Zee (2003), pp. 109–110.
  7. ^Lin (2001), pp. 17–25.
  8. ^Palková (1994), pp. 234–235.
  9. ^Szende (1999), p. 104.
  10. ^Jerzy Treder."Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived fromthe original on 2016-03-04.
  11. ^abKara (2002), p. 10.
  12. ^abKara (2003), p. 11.
  13. ^Nau (1998), p. 6.
  14. ^Lunt (1952), p. 1.
  15. ^Rocławski (1976), pp. 160.
  16. ^Ovidiu Drăghici."Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie"(PDF). RetrievedApril 19, 2013.[permanent dead link]
  17. ^Kordić (2006), p. 5.
  18. ^Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  19. ^Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  20. ^Moya Corral, Juan Antonio; Baliña García, Leopoldo I.; Cobos Navarro, Ana María (2007)."La nueva africada andaluza"(PDF). In Moya Corral, Juan Antonio; Sosiński, Marcin (eds.).Las hablas andaluzas y la enseñanza de la lengua. Actas de las XII Jornadas sobre la enseñanza de la lengua española (in Spanish). Granada. pp. 275–281. Retrieved25 February 2009.
  21. ^S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system".Glottometrics.16:63–79.arXiv:0802.4198.
  22. ^Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 22, 38).
  23. ^Sjoberg (1963), p. 12.
  24. ^Lewis, Jr. (2013), p. 5.
  25. ^"Normes ortográfiques, Academia de la Llingua Asturiana"(PDF) (in Asturian). p. 14. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2013-03-23.
  26. ^"Blackfoot Pronunciation and Spelling Guide".Native-Languages.org. Retrieved2007-04-10.
  27. ^Recasens & Espinosa (2007), p. 144.
  28. ^Jacobson (1995), p. 2.
  29. ^Chung (2020), p. 645.
  30. ^Uchihara, Hiroto (2016).Tone and Accent in Oklahoma Cherokee. New York:Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-873944-9.
  31. ^abcGrønnum (2005), p. 120.
  32. ^abcdPeters (2010), p. 240.
  33. ^Wells (1982), pp. 322–323.
  34. ^Wells (1982), p. 323.
  35. ^abCruttenden (2014), p. 172.
  36. ^abWells (1982), p. 515.
  37. ^abBauer et al. (2007), p. 100.
  38. ^abPenhallurick (2004), pp. 108–109.
  39. ^abConnolly, John H. (1990).English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change. Multilingual Matters Ltd.;Channel View Publications. pp. 121–129.ISBN 1-85359-032-0.
  40. ^abWells (1982), p. 372.
  41. ^abCollins & Mees (2013), p. 194.
  42. ^Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  43. ^ERIC - ED162532 - Haida Dictionary., 1977. SPHLL, c/o Mrs. 1977.
  44. ^Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  45. ^abAlice Telles de Paula."Palatalization of dental occlusives /t/ and /d/ in the bilingual communities of Taquara and Panambi, RS"(PDF) (in Portuguese). p. 14.
  46. ^abCamila Tavares Leite."Seqüências de (oclusiva alveolar + sibilante alveolar) como um padrão inovador no português de Belo Horizonte"(PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2016-03-06. Retrieved2014-12-12.
  47. ^Ana Beatriz Gonçalves de Assis."Adaptações fonológicas na pronúncia de estrangeirismos do Inglês por falantes de Português Brasileiro"(PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2014-12-13. Retrieved2014-12-12.
  48. ^Aline Aver Vanin."A influência da percepção inferencial na formação de vogal epentética em estrangeirismos" (in Portuguese).
  49. ^abKlaus Kohler."Castilian Spanish – Madrid".
  50. ^Zvelebil, Kamil (1965).Some features of Ceylon Tamil. Indo-Iranian Journal. Vol. 9. JSTOR. pp. 113–138.JSTOR 24650188.
  51. ^abMangold (2005), pp. 50 and 52.
  52. ^abCanepari (1992), pp. 75–76.
  53. ^abcCruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
  54. ^Canepari (1992), p. 64.
  55. ^Canepari (1992), pp. 64–65.

References

[edit]

External links

[edit]
IPA topics
IPA
Special topics
Encodings
Pulmonic consonants
Place →LabialCoronalDorsalLaryngeal
Manner ↓Bi­labialLabio­dentalLinguo­labialDentalAlveolarPost­alveolarRetro­flex(Alve­olo-)​palatalVelarUvularPharyn­geal/epi­glottalGlottal
Nasalm̥mɱ̊ɱn̼n̪̊n̪n̥nn̠̊n̠ɳ̊ɳɲ̊ɲŋ̊ŋɴ̥ɴ
Plosivepbp̪b̪t̼d̼t̪d̪tdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔ
Sibilantaffricatet̪s̪d̪z̪tsdzt̠ʃd̠ʒtʂdʐtɕdʑ
Non-sibilant affricatepɸbβp̪fb̪vt̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊dɹ̝t̠ɹ̠̊˔d̠ɹ̠˔cçɟʝkxɡɣqχɢʁʡʜʡʢʔh
Sibilantfricatives̪z̪szʃʒʂʐɕʑ
Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantβ̞ʋð̞ɹɹ̠ɻjɰ˷
Tap/flapⱱ̟ⱱɾ̥ɾɽ̊ɽɢ̆ʡ̮
Trillʙ̥ʙr̥rr̠ɽ̊r̥ɽrʀ̥ʀʜʢ
Lateral affricatetɬdɮtꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬ̪ɬɮꞎ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantl̪l̥ll̠ɭ̊ɭʎ̥ʎʟ̥ʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̊𝼈ʎ̮ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

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