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Voiced retroflex lateral approximant

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Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɭ⟩ in IPA

Voiced retroflex lateral approximant

IPA number 156

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) ɭ

Unicode(hex) U+026D

X-SAMPA l`

Braille

Image

Subapical voiced retroflex lateral approximant (/ɭ/)

This recording illustrates a subapical retroflex articulation, where the tongue tip curls back and the underside of the tip makes contact with the postalveolar region

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Avoiced retroflex lateral approximant is a type ofconsonantal sound used in somespoken languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɭ ⟩.

A retroflex lateral approximant contrasts phonemically with itsvoiceless counterpart/ɭ̊ / inIaai andToda.^[1] In both of these languages it also contrasts with more anterior/l̥,l/, which are dental in Iaai and alveolar in Toda.^[1]

Features

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Features of a voiced retroflex lateral approximant:

Itsmanner of articulation isapproximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce aturbulent airstream.
Itsplace of articulation isretroflex, which prototypically means it is articulatedsubapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it ispostalveolar without beingpalatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can beapical (pointed) or, in some fricatives,laminal (flat).
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is alateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish betweenapical[ɭ̺] andlaminal[ɭ̻].

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Bashkir		ел	[jɪ̞ɭ]^ⓘ	'wind'	Apical retroflex lateral; occurs in front vowel contexts.
Dhivehi		ފަޅޯ /falhoa	[faɭoː]	'papaya'	Represented by theThaana letter ޅ (lhaviyani).
Enindhilyagwa		marluwiya	[maɭuwija]	'emu'
Faroese		árla	[ɔɻɭa]	'early'	Allophone of/l/ after/ɹ/. SeeFaroese phonology
French	Standard^[2]	belle jambe	[bɛɭʒɑ̃b]	'beautiful leg'	Allophone of/l/ before/f/ and/ʒ/ for some speakers.^[2] SeeFrench phonology
Gujarati		નળ	[nəɭə]	'tap'	Represented by a⟨ળ⟩. Pronounced as/ɭə/.^[3]
Kannada		ಎಳ್ಳು	[ˈeɭːu]	'sesame'	Represented by a⟨ಳ⟩
Katukina-Kanamari^[4]			[ɭuːˈbɯ]	'to go'
Khanty	Eastern dialects	пуӆ	[puɭ]	'bit'
Khanty	Some northern dialects	пуӆ	[puɭ]	'bit'
Korean		솔 /sol	[soɭ]	'pine'	Represented by a⟨ㄹ⟩. May also be pronounced as/l/.
Malayalam	Malayalam script	മലയാളം	[mɐlɐjäːɭɐm]^ⓘ	'Malayalam'	Represented by the letter⟨ള⟩. Sub apical retroflex. Long and short forms are contrastive word-medially^[5]^[6]
Malayalam	Arabi Malayalam (Mapilla)	مَلَیٰاۻَمْ‎	[mɐlɐjäːɭɐm]^ⓘ	'Malayalam'
Mapudungun^[7]		mara	[ˈmɜɭɜ]	'hare'	Possible realization of/ʐ/; may be[ʐ] or[ɻ] instead.^[7]
Marathi		बाळ	[baːɭ]	'baby/child'	Represented by a⟨ळ⟩. Pronounced as/ɭə/. SeeMarathi phonology.
Miyako	Irabu dialect	昼間ピィルマ	[pɭːma]	'daytime'	Allophone of/ɾ/ used everywhere except syllable-initially.
Norwegian	Eastern and central dialects	farlig	[ˈfɑːɭi]^ⓘ	'dangerous'	SeeNorwegian phonology
Odia		ଫଳ	[pʰɔɭɔ]	'fruit'	Represented by a⟨ଳ⟩. Pronounced as/ɭɔ/.^[3]
Parkari Koli		واۮۯون	[vaːɗaɭuːn]	'clouds'
Rajasthani		फळ	[pʰəɭ]	'fruit'	Represented by a ⟨ळ⟩.
Paiwan^[8]		ladjap	[ˈɭaɖap]	'lightning' or 'flash'	SeePaiwan phonology
Punjabi	Gurmukhi	ਤ੍ਰੇਲ਼	[t̪ɾeɭ]	'dew'	Represented by a⟨ਲ਼⟩ and⟨لؕ⟩. Font support may be required to see the letter in Shahmukhi.
Punjabi	Shahmukhi	تریلؕ	[t̪ɾeɭ]	'dew'
Sanskrit	Vedic	गूळ्ह	[ɡuː.ɭ̆ʱɐ́]	'hidden'	Represented by a⟨ळ⟩. Pronounced as/ɭɐ/.This consonant was present in Vedic Sanskrit but had become /ɖ/ ⟨ड⟩ in classical Sanskrit. SeeVedic Sanskrit andSanskrit phonology.
Swedish		sorl	[soːɭ]^ⓘ	'murmur' (noun)	SeeSwedish phonology
Tamil^[9]		ஆள் /اٰۻْ	[äːɭ]^ⓘ	'person'	Represented by a⟨ள்⟩. SeeTamil phonology
Telugu		నీళ్ళు	[niːɭːu]	'water'	Represented by a⟨ళ⟩
Wu Chinese	Northern Wu (Linping variety)	而/er²	[eɭ˩˧]	'conjunction (literary)'	Arhotic consonant (cf.Changzhounese/ɦər˨˩˧/)

Notes

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^^a ^bLadefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 198.
^^a ^bLadefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 192.
^^a ^bMasica (1991), p. 97.
^Anjos (2012), p. 128.
^Jiang (2010), pp. 16–17.
^"Malayalam: a Grammatical Sketch and a Text"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2018-05-30. Retrieved2023-12-10.
^^a ^bSadowsky et al. (2013), p. 90.
^"ladjap".Online Aboriginal Language Dictionary (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Indigenous Languages Research and Development Foundation. Retrieved2022-09-04.
^Keane (2004), p. 111.

References

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Anjos, Zoraide dos (2012)."Fonologia Katukina-Kanamari".LIAMES (in Brazilian Portuguese).12 (1):123–156.doi:10.20396/liames.v0i12.1486.
Jiang, Haowen (April 2010)."Malayalam: a Grammatical Sketch and a Text"(PDF). Department of Linguistics, Rice University. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2012-09-11.
Keane, Elinor (2004)."Tamil".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.34 (1):111–116.doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549.
Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian (1996).The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell.ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Masica, Colin (1991).The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013)."Mapudungun".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.43 (1):87–96.doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369.
Shimoji, Michinori (December 2008). "Phonology".A Grammar of Irabu, a Southern Ryukyuan Language (PhD thesis). The Australian National University.hdl:1885/150638.

External links

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List of languages with[ɭ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		(Alveolo-)palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ					ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ