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Voiced dental and alveolar plosives

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromVoiced alveolar plosive)
Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨d⟩ in IPA
Voiced alveolar plosive
d
IPA number104
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)d
Unicode(hex)U+0064
X-SAMPAd
Braille⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)
Image
Voiced dental plosive
d̪
IPA number104 408
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)d​̪
Unicode(hex)U+0064 U+032A
X-SAMPAd_d
Braille⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)⠠ (braille pattern dots-6)⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456)
Image

Voiced alveolar anddental plosives (orstops) are a type ofconsonantal sound used in manyspokenlanguages. The alveolar is familiar to English-speakers as the "d" sound in "adore".

The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceddental,alveolar andpostalveolarplosives is ⟨d⟩; the diacritic in ⟨d̪⟩ can be used to distinguish the dental.

There are only a few languages that distinguish dental and alveolar stops (or often more precisely laminal and apical alveolar stops), among themKota,Toda,Venda and someIrish dialects.

Features

[edit]
t̪
t
Sagittal sections of voiced dental and alveolar plosives

Features of a voiced alveolar stop:

  • Itsmanner of articulation isocclusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with nonasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is aplosive.
  • There are three specific variants of[d]:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upperteeth, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal.
  • Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
  • It is amedian consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Dental or denti-alveolar

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Albanianderë[dɛːɾ]'door'
ArabicEgyptianدنيا /donya[ˈdonjæ]'world'SeeEgyptian Arabic phonology
ArmenianEastern[1]դեմք /demk'[d̪ɛmkʰ]ⓘ'face'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Westernտալ /dal[d̪ɑl]'to give'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Bashkirдүрт /dürt[dʏʷrt]ⓘ'four'
Basquediru[d̪iɾu]'money'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Belarusian[2]падарожжа/padarožža[päd̪äˈroʐːä]'travel'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeBelarusian phonology
Bengaliদুধ/dūdh[d̪ud̪ʱ]'milk'Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. SeeBengali phonology
Catalan[3]drac[ˈd̪ɾak]'dragon'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeCatalan phonology
Dinka[4]dhek[d̪ek]'distinct'Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar/d/.
Dhivehiދެރަ/Dhera[d̪eɾa]'sad'Laminal denti-alveolar.
DutchBelgianding[d̪ɪŋ]'thing'Laminal denti-alveolar.
EnglishDublin[5]then[d̪ɛn]'then'Laminal denti-alveolar.Corresponds to[ð] in other dialects. In Dublin it may be[d͡ð].[5]SeeEnglish phonology
SouthernIrish[6]
Geordie[7]Word-initial allophone of/ð/; may be realized as[ð] instead.[7]
Indian
Ulster[8]dream[d̪ɹim]'dream'Allophone of/d/ before/r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Esperantomondo[ˈmondo]'world'SeeEsperanto phonology.
French[9]dais[d̪ɛ]'canopy'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeFrench phonology
Georgian[10]კუდი[ˈkʼud̪i]'tail'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeGeorgian phonology
Hindustani[11]Hindiदूध /dūdh[d̪uːd̪ʱ]'milk'Laminal denti-alveolar. Hindustani contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.Contrasts with aspirated form <ध>.SeeHindi-Urdu phonology
Urduدودھ /dūdhContrasts with aspirated form <دھ>.
Hungarianadó[ɒd̪oː]'tax'SeeHungarian phonology
Irishdorcha[ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə]'dark'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeIrish phonology
Italian[12]dare[ˈd̪äːre]'to give'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeItalian phonology
Japanese[13]男性的 /danseiteki[d̪ä̃ɰ̃se̞ːt̪e̞kʲi]'masculine'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeJapanese phonology
Kashubian[14][example needed]Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kazakhдос[d̪os̪]'friend'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz[15]дос[d̪os̪]'friend'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian[16]drudzis[ˈd̪rud̪͡z̪is̪]'fever'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeLatvian phonology
Malayalamദിവസം/divasam[d̪iʋɐsɐm]'day'SeeMalayalam phonology
Marathiदगड/dagaḍ[d̪əɡəɖ]'stone'Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. SeeMarathi phonology
MinangkabauPadangdakek[d̪äke̞ʔ]'near'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Nepaliदिन/din[d̪in]'daytime'Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeNepali Phonology
Odiaଦଶ/daśa[d̪ɔsɔ]'ten'Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Pashtoﺪﻮﻩ/dwa[ˈd̪wɑ]'two'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Polish[17]dom[d̪ɔm]ⓘ'home'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeePolish phonology
Portuguese[18]Many dialectsdar[ˈd̪aɾ]'to give'Laminal denti-alveolar. May palatalize orlenite in certain environments, depending on dialect. SeePortuguese phonology
PunjabiGurmukhiਦਾਲ/dāl[d̪ɑːl]'lentils'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Shahmukhiدال/dāl
Russian[19]два/dva[ˈd̪va]'two'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with apalatalized alveolar variant. SeeRussian phonology
Scottish GaelicUist andBarraleantail[ˈʎɛnd̪al]'following'Allophone of[t̪] after nasals. SeeScottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian[20]дуга /duga[d̪ǔːgä]'rainbow'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Sinhalaදවස[d̪aʋəsə]'day'
Slovene[21]danes[ˈd̪àːnə́s̪]'today'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeSlovene phonology
Spanish[22]hundido[ũn̪ˈd̪ið̞o̞]'sunken'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeSpanish phonology
Teluguదయ[d̪aja]'Kindness'Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Aspirated form articulated asbreathy consonant.
Turkishdal[d̪äɫ]'twig'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeTurkish phonology
Ukrainian[23][24]дерево/derevo[ˈd̪ɛrɛβ̞ɔ]'tree'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeUkrainian phonology
Uzbek[25]sifatida[siɸætidæ]'as'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Wu唐/da[d̪ɑ̃]'theTang dynasty'
ZapotecTilquiapan[26]dan[d̪aŋ]'countryside'Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Adygheдахэ/daahė[daːxa]'pretty'
Assyrianܘܪܕܐwerda[wεrda]'flower'Predominant in theUrmia,Jilu,Baz,Gawar andNochiya dialects. Corresponds to[ð̞] in other varieties.
Bengaliডাব/ḍab[dab]'green coconut'True alveolar in eastern dialects. But all Bengali speakers allophone of/d/ after and before denti-alveolar, alveolo-palatal and postalveolar/t̪,t̪ʰ,d̪,d̪ʱ,tɕ,tɕʰ,dʑ,dʑʱ,ʃ/. SeeBengali phonology
Catalan[27]susdit[sʊzˈd̻it̪]'said before'Laminal alveolar. SeeCatalan phonology
Czechdo[do]'into'SeeCzech phonology
Dutch[28]dak[dɑk]'roof'SeeDutch phonology
EnglishMost speakersdash[ˈdæʃ]'dash'SeeEnglish phonology
Finnishsidos[ˈsido̞s]'bond'SeeFinnish phonology
Greekντροπή /dropí[dro̞ˈpi]'shame'SeeModern Greek phonology
Hebrewדואר/ do'ar[ˈdo̞.äʁ̞]'mail'SeeModern Hebrew phonology
HmongWhite Hmong𖬈𖬲𖬞𖬰 /dej[de˥˨]'water'In Green Hmong, it'll be𖬈𖬲𖬭𖬰 /dlej[dle˥˨]
Hungarianholdra[ˈholdra]'onto the moon'Allophone of [d̪] before [r] or [ɾ]. SeeHungarian phonology
Kabardianдахэ/ daahė[daːxa]'pretty'
Khmerដប /dab[dɑp]'bottle'
Korean아들 /adeul[ɐdɯl]'son'SeeKorean phonology
KurdishNortherndiran[dɪɾä:n]'tooth'SeeKurdish phonology
Centralددان/ dadân[dædä:n]
Southernدیان/dîân[diːä:n]
Luxembourgish[29]brudder[ˈb̥ʀudɐ]'brother'More often voiceless[t].[29] SeeLuxembourgish phonology
MalayStandard (incl.Malaysian)dahan[dähän]'branch'SeeMalay phonology
Indonesian[30]
Kelantan-Pattani[dahɛː]SeeKelantan-Pattani Malay
Malayalamഎന്റെ/ente[ende]'my' or 'mine'SeeMalayalam phonology
Maltesedehen[den]'wit'
Tagalogdalaga[dɐˈlaɰɐ]'maiden'SeeTagalog phonology
Thaiดาว/ dāw[daːw]'star'
Welshdiafol[djavɔl]'devil'SeeWelsh phonology
West Frisiandoarp[ˈdwɑrp]'village'
Yiꄿ/dda[da˧]'competent'
Yonaguni与那国 /dunan[dunaŋ]'Yonaguni'

Postalveolar

[edit]
Voiced postalveolar plosive
d̠
Audio sample

To distinguish from the voiced dental and alveolar plosives, avoiced postalveolar plosive can be transcribed as ⟨d̠⟩. A more explicit (though convoluted) transcription ⟨d͇˗⟩, using a combination ofextIPA and obsolete diacritics, can also be used.[31]

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Bengali[32]ডাকাত[d̠akat̪]'robber'Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.[32] SeeBengali phonology
Hindustani[33][34]डालना/ڈالنا[d̠aːlnaː]'to put'Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.[34] SeeHindustani phonology
Nepaliडर[d̠ʌr]'fear'SeeNepali phonology
Odiaଡଙ୍ଗା/ḍaṅgā[d̠ɔŋga]'boat'Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.

Variable

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Arabicدين/dīn[diːn]'religion'Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. SeeArabic phonology.
EnglishBroadSouth African[35]dawn[doːn]'dawn'Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[35][36][37]
Scottish[36][dɔn]
Welsh[37][dɒːn]
GermanStandard[38]oder[ˈoːdɐ]ⓘ'or'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[38] SeeStandard German phonology
NorwegianUrban East[39]dans[d̻ɑns]'dance'Partially voiced or fully voiceless[t]. Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[39] SeeNorwegian phonology
Persian[40]اداره/edāre[edaːre]'office'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.[40] SeePersian phonology
Slovak[41][42]do[d̻ɔ̝]ⓘ'into'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[41][42] SeeSlovak phonology
SwedishCentral Standard[43]dag[dɑːɡ]'day'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.[43] May be anapproximant in casual speech. SeeSwedish phonology

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  2. ^Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  3. ^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  4. ^Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115, 121.
  5. ^abCollins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
  6. ^Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
  7. ^abWatt & Allen (2003), p. 270.
  8. ^"Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland"(PDF).UCL Phonetics and Linguistics.Archived(PDF) from the original on Nov 7, 2022.
  9. ^Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  10. ^Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  11. ^Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
  12. ^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  13. ^Okada (1999), p. 117.
  14. ^Treder, Jerzy."Fonetyka i fonologia".Rastko.net. Archived fromthe original on 2016-03-04.
  15. ^Kara (2003), p. 11.
  16. ^Nau (1998), p. 6.
  17. ^Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  18. ^Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  19. ^Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
  20. ^Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  21. ^Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  22. ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  23. ^S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system".Glottometrics.16:63–79.arXiv:0802.4198.
  24. ^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  25. ^Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
  26. ^Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  27. ^Rafel Fontanals (1999), p. 14.
  28. ^Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  29. ^abGilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  30. ^Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
  31. ^Rybka Piotr Klaudiusz."Międzynarodowy alfabet fonetyczny w slawistyce".opus.us.edu.pl (in Polish). University of Silesia (Polish: Uniwersytet Śląski).
  32. ^abMazumdar (2000:57)
  33. ^Ladefoged (2005:141)
  34. ^abTiwari (2004:?)
  35. ^abLass (2002), p. 120.
  36. ^abScobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
  37. ^abWells (1982), p. 388.
  38. ^abMangold (2005), p. 47.
  39. ^abKristoffersen (2000:22)
  40. ^abMahootian (2002:287–289)
  41. ^abKráľ (1988), p. 72.
  42. ^abPavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.
  43. ^abRiad (2014:46)

References

[edit]

External links

[edit]
IPA topics
IPA
Special topics
Encodings
Pulmonic consonants
Place →LabialCoronalDorsalLaryngeal
Manner ↓Bi­labialLabio­dentalLinguo­labialDentalAlveolarPost­alveolarRetro­flex(Alve­olo-)​palatalVelarUvularPharyn­geal/epi­glottalGlottal
Nasalm̥mɱ̊ɱn̼n̪̊n̪n̥nn̠̊n̠ɳ̊ɳɲ̊ɲŋ̊ŋɴ̥ɴ
Plosivepbp̪b̪t̼d̼t̪d̪tdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔ
Sibilantaffricatet̪s̪d̪z̪tsdzt̠ʃd̠ʒtʂdʐtɕdʑ
Non-sibilant affricatepɸbβp̪fb̪vt̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊dɹ̝t̠ɹ̠̊˔d̠ɹ̠˔cçɟʝkxɡɣqχɢʁʡʜʡʢʔh
Sibilantfricatives̪z̪szʃʒʂʐɕʑ
Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantβ̞ʋð̞ɹɹ̠ɻjɰ˷
Tap/flapⱱ̟ⱱɾ̥ɾɽ̊ɽɢ̆ʡ̮
Trillʙ̥ʙr̥rr̠ɽ̊r̥ɽrʀ̥ʀʜʢ
Lateral affricatetɬdɮtꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬ̪ɬɮꞎ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantl̪l̥ll̠ɭ̊ɭʎ̥ʎʟ̥ʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̊𝼈ʎ̮ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

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