Universal design is thedesign of buildings, products, or environments to make themaccessible to all people, regardless ofage,disability, or other factors. It emerged as arights-based, anti-discrimination measure, which seeks to create design for all abilities.[1] It addresses common barriers to participation by creating things that can be used by the maximum number of people possible.[2] "When disabling mechanisms are to be replaced with mechanisms forinclusion, different kinds of knowledge are relevant for different purposes. As a practical strategy for inclusion, Universal Design involves dilemmas and often difficult priorities."[1]Curb cuts or sidewalk ramps, which are essential for people in wheelchairs but also used by all, are a common example of universal design.
The termuniversal design was coined by thearchitectRonald Mace to describe the concept of designing all products and the built environment to be aesthetic and usable to the greatest extent possible by everyone, regardless of their age, ability, or status in life.[3] However, due to some people having unusual or conflicting access needs, such as a person withlow vision needing bright light and a person withphotophobia needing dim light, universal design does not address absolutely every need for every person in every situation.[2]
Universal design emerged from slightly earlierbarrier-free concepts, the broader accessibility movement, andadaptive andassistive technology and also seeks to blendaesthetics into these core considerations. Aslife expectancy rises andmodern medicine increases the survival rate of those with significant injuries, illnesses, and birth defects, there is a growing interest in universal design. There are many industries in which universal design is having strong market penetration but there are many others in which it has not yet been adopted to any great extent. Universal design is also being applied to the design of technology, instruction, services, and other products and environments. Several different fields, such as engineering, architecture, and medicine collaborate in order to effectively create accessible environments that can lend to inclusion for a variety of disabilities.[4] It can change the socio-material relationships people have with spaces and environments and create positive experiences for all kinds of abilities, which allows for meaningful participation across multiple demographics experiencing disability.[5]
In 1960, specifications for barrier-free design were published as a compendium of over 11 years of disability ergonomic research. In 1961, theAmerican National Standard Institute (ANSI) A1171.1 specifications were published as the first Barrier Free Design standard. It presented criteria for designing facilities and programs for use by individuals with disabilities. The research started in 1949 at theUniversity of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and continues to this day. The principal investigator, Dr.Timothy Nugent, who is credited in the 1961, 1971, and 1980 standards, also started theNational Wheelchair Basketball Association.
Another comprehensive publication by theRoyal Institute of British Architects published three editions 1963, 1967, 1976 and 1997 of Designing for the Disabled bySelwyn Goldsmith UK. These publications contain valuable empirical data and studies of individuals with disabilities. Both standards are excellent resources for the designer and builder.
Disability ergonomics should be taught to designers, engineers, non-profits executives to further the understanding of what makes an environment wholly tenable and functional for individuals with disabilities.
In October 2003, representatives fromChina,Japan, andSouth Korea met inBeijing and agreed to set up a committee to define common design standards for a wide range of products and services that are easy to understand and use. Their goal is to publish a standard in 2004 which covers, among other areas, standards on containers and wrappings of household goods (based on a proposal from experts in Japan), and standardization of signs for public facilities, a subject which was of particular interest to China as it prepared to host the2008 Summer Olympics.
Selwyn Goldsmith, author ofDesigning for the Disabled (1963), pioneered the concept of free access for people with disabilities. His most significant achievement was the creation of thedropped curb – now a standard feature of the built environment.
The termDesign for All (DfA) is used to describe a design philosophy targeting the use of products, services and systems by as many people as possible without the need for adaptation. "Design for All is design for human diversity, social inclusion and equality" (EIDD Stockholm Declaration, 2004). According to theEuropean Commission, it "encourages manufacturers and service providers to produce new technologies for everyone: technologies that are suitable for theelderly and people withdisabilities, as much as the teenage techno wizard."[6] The origin of Design for All[7] lies in the field of barrier-freeaccessibility for people with disabilities and the broader notion of universal design.
Design for All has been highlighted in Europe by the European Commission in seeking a more user-friendly society in Europe.[6] Design for All is about ensuring that environments, products, services and interfaces work for people of all ages and abilities in different situations and under various circumstances.
Design for All has become a mainstream issue because of the aging of the population and its increasingly multi-ethnic composition. It follows a market approach and can reach out to a broader market. Easy-to-use, accessible, affordable products and services improve the quality of life of all citizens. Design for All permits access to the built environment, access to services and user-friendly products which are not just a quality factor but a necessity for many aging or disabled persons. Including Design for All early in the design process is more cost-effective than making alterations after solutions are already on the market. This is best achieved by identifying and involving users ("stakeholders") in the decision-making processes that lead to drawing up the design brief and educating public and private sector decision-makers about the benefits to be gained from making coherent use of Design (for All) in a wide range of socio-economic situations.
Design for All criteria are aimed at ensuring that everyone can participate in theInformation society. The European Union refers to this under the terms eInclusion and eAccessibility. A three-way approach is proposed: goods which can be accessed by nearly all potential users without modification or, failing that, products being easy to adapt according to different needs, or using standardized interfaces that can be accessed simply by using assistive technology. To this end, manufacturers and service providers, especially, but not exclusively, in theInformation and Communication Technologies (ICT), produce new technologies, products, services and applications for everyone.[6]
In Europe, people have joined innetworks to promote and develop Design for All:
The European Design for All eAccessibility Network (EDeAN)[8] was launched under the lead of the European Commission and the European Member States in 2002. It fosters Design for All for eInclusion, that is, creating an information society for all. It has national contact centres (NCCs) in almost all EU countries and more than 160 network members in national networks.
EIDD - Design for All Europe is aNGO and a 100% self-financed European organization that covers the entire area of theory and practice of Design for All, from the built environment and tangible products to communication, service and system design. Originally set up in 1993 as the European Institute for Design and Disability (EIDD), to enhance the quality of life through Design for All, it changed its name in 2006 to bring it into line with its core business. EIDD - Design for All Europe disseminates the application of Design for All to business and administration communities previously unaware of its benefits and currently (2016) has 31 member organizations in 20 European countries.[9]
EuCAN - The European Concept for Accessibility Network started in 1984 as an open network of experts and advocates from all over Europe in order to promote and support the Design for All approach.[10] The coordination work of EuCAN and the functioning of the network are mainly voluntary work. In 1999 the Luxembourg Disability Information and Meeting Centre (better known by its acronym "Info-Handicap") took over the coordination of the steering group, together with the implicit responsibility for the follow-up of theEuropean Concept for Accessibility (ECA). The EuCAN publications - like ECA - aim to provide practical guidance. They are neither academic nor policy documents.
Each principle is broader than those ofaccessible design or barrier-free design contains and few brief guidelines that can be applied to design processes in any realm: physical or digital.[11]
In 2012, the Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access[12] at theUniversity at Buffalo expanded the definition of the principles of universal design to include social participation and health and wellness. Rooted in evidence based design, the 8 goals of universal design were also developed.[13]
Body Fit
Comfort
Awareness
Understanding
Wellness
Social Integration
Personalization
Cultural Appropriateness
The first four goals are oriented to human performance:anthropometry,biomechanics,perception,cognition. Wellness bridges human performance and social participation. The last three goals addresses social participation outcomes. The definition and the goals are expanded upon in the textbook "Universal Design: Creating Inclusive Environments."[14]
Barrier-free (バリアフリー,bariafurii) building modification consists of modifyingbuildings or facilities so that they can be used by people who aredisabled or have physical impairments. The term is used primarily in Japan and other non-English speaking countries (e.g. German:Barrierefreiheit; Finnish:esteettömyys), while in English-speaking countries, terms such as "accessibility" and "accessible" dominate in everyday use. An example of barrier-free design would be installing aramp forwheelchair users alongside steps. In the late 1990s, any element which could make the use of the environment inconvenient for people with disabilities was (and still is) considered a barrier, for example, poor public street lighting.[15] In the case of new buildings, however, the idea of barrier-free modification has largely been superseded by the concept of universal design, which seeks to design things from the outset to support easy access.
Freeing a building of barriers means:
Recognizing the features that could form barriers for some people,
Thinking inclusively about the whole range of impairment and disability,
Reviewing everything - from structure to smallest detail,
Seeking feedback from users and learning from mistakes.
Barrier-free is also a term that applies to accessibility in situations where legal codes such as theAmericans with Disabilities Act of 1990 applies. The process of adapting barrier-free public policies started when the Veterans Administration and US President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped noticed a large amount of US citizens coming back from the Vietnam War injured and unable to navigate public spaces.[16]
An example of a country that has sought to implement barrier-free accessibility in housing estates is Singapore. Within five years, all public housing estates in the country, all 7,800 blocks of apartments, have benefited from the program.[17]
The types of Universal Design elements vary dependent on the targeted population and the space. For example, in public spaces, universal design elements are often broad areas of accessibility while in private spaces, design elements address the specific requirements of the resident.[16] Examples of these design elements are varied and leverage different approaches for different effects. Some examples include:
Public transit systems with low-floorbuses that "kneel" (bring their front end to ground level to eliminate gap) and/or are equipped withramps rather than on-board lifts.[18]
Smooth, ground level entrances without stairs
Surface textures that require low force to traverse on level, less than 5 pounds force per 120 pounds rolling force
Surfaces that are stable, firm, and slip resistant per ASTM 2047
Wide interior doors (3'0"), hallways, and alcoves with 60" × 60" turning space at doors and dead-ends
Functional clearances for approach and use of elements and components
Lever handles for opening doors rather than twisting knobs
Single-hand operation with closed fist for operable components including fire alarm pull stations
Components that do not require tight grasping, pinching or twisting of the wrist
Components that require less than 5 pounds of force to operate
Light switches with large flat panels rather than small toggle switches
Buttons and other controls that can be distinguished by touch
"Gesture movements" enabled spaces that may one help control temperature, lighting, social atmosphere, and other sensory qualities of an environment.[16]
Cabinets with pull-out shelves, kitchen counters at several heights to accommodate different tasks and postures
The following examples of Designs for All were presented in the bookDiseños para todos/Designs for All published in 2008 by Optimastudio with the support of Spain's Ministry of Education, Social Affairs and Sports (IMSERSO) and CEAPAT:[19]
Brazil - Lei Federal 13.146/2015, a Lei Brasileira de Inclusão da Pessoa com Deficiência (Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência).[21]
Chile - Ley nº 20.422, "ESTABLECE NORMAS SOBRE IGUALDAD DE OPORTUNIDADES E INCLUSIÓN SOCIAL DE PERSONAS CON DISCAPACIDAD."[22]
U.S. -Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) and Section 508 Amendment to theRehabilitation Act of 1973.[23] The ADA is a law focusing on all building aspects, products and design which is based on the concept of respecting human rights.[15] It does not contain design specifications as such. Other disability rights laws in the United States include:
France - Loi n°2005-102 du 11 février 2005 pour l'égalité des droits et des chances, la participation et la citoyenneté des personnes handicapées[28] (Act n°2005-102 of 11 February 2005 for equality of rights and of opportunities, for participation and for citizenship of people with disabilities)
South Korea - Prohibition of Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities, 2008[29]
Norway - Discrimination and Accessibility Act of 2009[30]
Vietnam - National Law on Persons with Disability, enacted 17 June 2010.[31]
Canada - Accessible Canada Act, enacted 11 July 2019.[32]
Mexico City, Mexico. "Plaza Pública." Reconstruction Commission.
Following the 2017 earthquake that destroyed a lot of Mexico City, this policy was released that involved the public in the rebuilding process, creating a good platform for requesting accessibility and universal design.[33]
Madrid, Spain. "PLAN ESTRATÉGICO DE DERECHOS HUMANOS DEL AYUNTAMIENTO DE MADRID."[33]
A 19-point plan describing the rights of elderly citizens, where the following are directly related to accessibility[33]
11. Right to live free from discrimination and violence[33]
19. Right to a sustainable city environment that provides mobility and quality of life[33]
CEN/CENELEC Guide 6 – Guidelines for standards developers to address the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities (Identical to ISO/IEC Guide 71, but free for download)
ISO 21542:2021[34] – Building construction — Accessibility and usability of the built environment (available in English and French)
ISO 20282-1:2006[35] – Ease of operation of everyday products — Part 1: Context of use and user characteristics. ISO 20282 is based on ISO 9241: Ergonomics of Human System Interaction, and applies the wider principles to "the user interfaces of everyday products".[36]
ISO/TS 20282-2:2013[37] – Usability of consumer products and products for public use — Part 2: Summative test method, published 1 August 2013
One study conducted in Aswan, Egypt published in the Journal of Engineering and Applied Science aimed to explore the accessibility in three administrative buildings in the area.[41] They were looking for universal design in entrances and exits, circulation of traffic within the building, and wayfinding within the building's services.[41] They decided to focus their case study on administrative buildings in order to exemplify universal design that granted access for all citizens to all locations.[41] Among the buildings, there were some shared issues. The researchers found that vertical movement was difficult for disabled patrons, given that there were no elevators.[41] There was also no dropped curb, no Braille system, and the handles of doors were difficult to open, and there were no sensory indicators such as sounds or visual signs.[41]
This case highlights the importance if demographics when considering needs for universal design. Over 60% of the citizens who use this building on a daily basis are elderly, but there aren't accommodations that are helpful to their capabilities.[41] Along with the lack of tactile features to guide the visually impaired, the space within the building is very congested, especially for one who may not have full physical capabilities and must use a wheelchair.[41] The circulation suffers as a result, as well as the wayfinding in the structure.[41]
Although there have been attempts to create more accessible public and outdoor spaces, the restorations made have ultimately failed to meet the needs of the disabled and elderly.[33]
Vega, Eugenio (2022).Crónica del siglo de la peste : pandemias, discapacidad y diseño (in Spanish). Getafe, Madrid: Experimenta.ISBN978-84-18049-73-6.OCLC1298550791.
^"Ronald L. Mace". College of Design.The Center for Universal Design. Raleigh: NC State University. 2008. Archived fromthe original(Remembrance) on October 4, 2017. RetrievedJune 16, 2022.The Center for Universal Design is currently not active due to funding challenges.
^Di Bucchianico, Giuseppe; Kercher, Pete F., eds. (2018).Advances in design for inclusion: proceedings of the AHFE 2017 International Conference on Design for Inclusion, July 17-21, 2017, the Westin Bonaventure Hotel, Los Angeles, California, USA. Advances in intelligent systems and computing. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.ISBN978-3-319-60597-5.
^ab"Who we are? What is universal design?".Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access. School of Architecture and Planning: University at Buffalo. 2020. Archived fromthe original on 2022-03-08. Retrieved2013-07-26.
^"The Goals of Universal Design". Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access. April 10, 2012. RetrievedAugust 31, 2017.
^"RERC-UD 2015-2020".Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access. School of Architecture and Planning: University at Buffalo. 2020. Archived fromthe original on 2021-04-14.
^"United States: Grant Helps Carnegie Mellon, University at Buffalo Improve Transit Access".Mena Report. Al Bawaba. 11 December 2018.OCLC926165117.GaleA565298465.Found throughGale Academic OneFile
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