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Uma language

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Austronesian language spoken in Sulawesi, Indonesia

This article is about the Austronesian language. For the Muskogean language known as Houma, seeHouma language.

Uma
Pipikoro
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Sulawesi
Native speakers	(20,000 cited 1990)^[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Celebic Kaili–Pamona Southern Uma
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`ppk`
Glottolog	`umaa1242`
This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

Uma (known natively asPipikoro) is anAustronesian language spoken inCentral andSouth Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Phonology

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Consonants

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Consonant inventory
		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palato- (alveolar)	Retroflex	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ		ŋ
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t			k	ʔ
	voiced	b	d	dʒ		g
	prenasalized	ᵐp	ⁿt	ⁿtʃ		ᵑk
Fricative		β	s				h
Trill			r
Approximant			l	j	(ɭ)

Notes:

/h/ acts as a nasal in some respects and causes the nasalization of non-front vowels (e.g., [hampulu'] 'ten'→/haᵐpuluʔ/ with nasal vowels).
/l/ is realized as retroflex[ɭ] contiguous to non-front vowels.
/ʔ/ is neutralized word-initially, and is the only consonant that can occur in the coda or word-finally.^[2]
In the Lincio variety of Central Uma,/ⁿtʃ/ is pronounced/ns/.
The semivowel[j] is rare, found mainly in loan words.
The affricate /tʃ/ is found only following /n/, i.e., in the prenasalized stop /ⁿtʃ/.

Orthographic notes:

/β/ is 'w'
/ɲ/ is 'ny'
/ŋ/ is 'ng'
/j/ is 'y'
/dʒ/ is 'j'
/tʃ/ is 'c'
/ʔ/ is an apostrophe or simply 'ʔ'

Vowels

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**Vowel inventory**
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-Mid	e		o
Open		a

Pronouns

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**Pronominals**
	Free	ABS	ERG	GEN
1P (SG)	akuʔ	-a	ku-	-ku
1P (PL.ex)	kaiʔ	-kai	ki-	-kai
1P (PL.in)	kitaʔ	-ta	ta-	-ta
2P (SG)	iko	-ko	nu-	-nu
2P (PL)	koiʔ	-koi	ni-	-ni
3P (SG)	hiʔa	-i	na-	-na
3P (PL)	hiraʔ	-ra	ra-	-ra

Notes:^[2]

ABS refers to pronominals in theabsolutive case, whileERG refers to theergative andGEN to thegenitive.
1P means 'first person,' 2P means 'second person,' and 3P means 'third person.'
(SG) means 'singular' and (PL) means 'plural.' (PL.ex) means 'plural exclusive' and (PL.in) means 'plural inclusive.'
[∅-] means that ∅ is a proclitic.
[-∅] means that ∅ is an enclitic.
In the Tobaku, Tolee', and Winatu dialects, the possessives [-nu] and [-ni] are [-mu] and [-mi] respectively.
In the Tolee' and Winatu dialects, the absolutives [-kai] and [-koi] are [-kami] and [-komi] respectively. The free forms [kaiʔ] and [koiʔ] are [kamiʔ] and [komiʔ] respectively.

Numerals

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The cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 are:

isaʔ
dua
tolu
opoʔ
lima
ono
pitu
walu
sio
hampuluʔ

Classification of Uma varieties

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Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) recognizes seven dialects of Uma.

Bana
Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)
Kantewu (= Central Uma)
Aria (= Southern Uma)
Tobaku (= Ompa, Dompa, Western Uma)
Tolee' (= Eastern Uma)
Winatu (= Northern Uma)

Martens (2014) recognized six major dialects of Uma,^[3] noting that the Tori'untu dialect is nearly extinct due to the encroachment of the Kantewu dialect and non-Uma languages.

Kantewu (= Central)
Southern
Tolee'
Tobaku
Winatu
Tori'untu

Martens also identifies two dialects closely related to Uma spoken in thePasangkayu Regency.

Sarudu
Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)

References

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^Uma atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
^^a ^bMartens 1988a, p. 168
^Martens, Michael P. (2014),Uma Dialect Word Lists, Sulawesi Language Alliance, pp. 1–2

Bibliography

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Martens, Michael (1988a). "Notes on Uma Verbs". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.).Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4. Pacific Linguistics Series A – No. 79. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 167–237.doi:10.15144/PL-A79.167.hdl:1885/145108.ISBN 0-85883-3832.
Martens, Martha A.; Martens, Michael P. (1988). "Some Notes on the Inelegant Glottal: A Problem in Uma Phonology". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.).Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4. Pacific Linguistics Series A – No. 79. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 279–281.doi:10.15144/PL-A79.279.hdl:1885/145108.ISBN 0-85883-3832.

Kaili–Wolio *

* indicates proposed status
? indicates classification dispute
† indicatesextinct status

Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages

Malayo-Sumbawan

Sundanese

Sundanese (Bantenese,Baduy)

Madurese

Malayo-Chamic

Chamic	Acehnese Cham dialects Chru Haroi Jarai Rade Roglai Tsat (Utsat)
Malayic	Bamayo Banjarese Brunei/Kedayan Malay Berau Malay Bangka Malay Bengkulu Col Duanoʼ Haji Iban Jambi Malay Jakun Kedah Malay Kutainese Kaur Kerinci Kelantan–Pattani Malay (Yawi) Kendayan Keninjal Kubu Orang Laut Lubu Malay (Malaysian &Indonesian) Minangkabau Musi Mualang Orang Kanaq Orang Seletar Pahang Malay Pekal Perak Malay Remun Sarawak Malay Seberuang Temuan Terengganu Malay Urak Lawoiʼ
Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa	Balinese Sasak Sumbawa

Northwest Sumatra–
Barrier Islands

Batak	Alas Batak Angkola Pakpak Batak Karo Batak Simalungun Batak Toba Mandailing

Lampungic

Lampung Api
Lampung Nyo
Komering

Central–Eastern
Malayo-Polynesian
(over 700 languages)

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian groups	South Halmahera–West New Guinea Oceanic languages
Central Malayo-Polynesianlinkages	Aru Central Maluku Kei-Tanimbar Kowiai Selaru Sumba–Flores Teor–Kur Timoric West Damar

Unclassified

Languages of Indonesia

Western Malayo-Polynesian languages

Official language

Indonesian
- Slang

Malayo-Sumbawan

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa	Balinese Bali Aga Lombok Nusa Penida Sasak Sumbawa
Chamic	Acehnese Daya South
Ibanic	Iban Mualang Seberuang Keninjal
Madurese	Bangkalan Bawean Kangean Pendalungan Banyuwangi Lumajang Pasuruan Situbondo Sapudi Sumenep
Malayic	Akit Ampenan Malay Anambas–Natuna Malay Asahan Malay Bangka Malay Banjarese Hulu Kuala Samarinda Batubara Malay Belitung Malay Bengkayang Malay Berau Malay Bilah Malay Bonai Bukit Deli Malay Medan Duano' Haji Jambi Malay Kuala Tungkal Jaring Halus Malay Kapuas Hulu Malay Kendayan Kerinci Kotapinang Malay Kotawaringin Malay Kualuh Malay Kubu Kutainese Kota Bangun Tenggarong Landak Malay Langkat Malay Lom Loncong Lubu Malayic Dayak Arut Bamayo Banana' Belantikan Delang Gerunggang Ketapang/Kayong Lamandau Mentebah-Suruk Pesaguan Hulu Pesaguan Kiri Riam Semitau Suhaid Sukamara Tamuan-Tomun Tapitn Melawi Malay Mempawah Malay Musi Belide Col/Lembak Lematang Musi Palembang Pegagan Penesak Penukal Rawas Minangkabau Jamee Kampar Kuantan Mukomuko Pesisir Rao Tapan Ulu Muara Sipongi Orang Laut Barok Galang Mantang Palu Malay Panai Malay Petalangan Pontianak Malay Riau Malay Pangaraian Riau Coastal Rokan Hilir Siak Tembilahan Sakai Sambas Malay Sanggau Malay Sekadau Malay Serdang Malay Sintang Malay Sokop South Barisan Malay Benakat Bengkulu Besemah Enim Lematang Ulu Lintang Kaur Ogan Pekal Rambang Semende Serawai Talang Mamak Tamiang Malay Tolitoli Malay
Sundanese	Baduy Banten Brebes Cirebon Northern Coast Bekasi Priangan

Javanese

Celebic

Lampungic

Northwest Sumatra–
Barrier Islands

Central Philippine	Tausug
Gorontalo-Mongondow	Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontaloan Polahi Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa
Minahasan	Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan
Sangiric	Bantik Ratahan Sangir Talaud Miangas

Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages

Aru	Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola-Kompane Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir
Central Maluku	Alune Amahai Ambelau Asilulu Banda Bati Benggoi Boano Bobot Buru Geser Haruku Hulaliu Kailolo Pelauw Rohomoni-Kabauw Hitu Hoti † Huaulu Hukumina † Hulung † Kaibobo Kamarian † Kayeli Kowiai Laha Larike-Wakasihu Latu Liana-Seti Lisabata-Nuniali Lisela Loun † Luhu † Mangole Manipa Manusela Masiwang Naka'ela Nuaulu Nusa Laut † Paulohi Salas Saleman Saparua Seit-Kaitetu Sepa-Teluti Sula Taliabo Teor-Kur Tulehu Watubela Wemale Yalahatan
Flores–Lembata	Alorese Kedang Lamaholot Adonara Ile Ape Lamalera Lamatuka Levuka Lewo Eleng Lewotobi South Lembata West Lembata Sikka
Halmahera- Cenderawasih	Ambai Ambel Ansus Arguni As Batta Bedoanas Biak Biga Buli Busami Dusner Erokwanas Gane Irarutu Iresim Kuri Kurudu Maba Maden Matbat Ma'ya Munggui Marau Meoswar Mor Papuma Patani Pom Roon Sawai Serui-Laut Taba Tandia † Wabo Wamesa Wandamen Waropen Woi Yaur Yeretuar Yeresiam
Kei-Tanimbar	Fordata Kei Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Yamdena
Micronesian	Mapia †
Selaru	Selaru Seluwasan
Sumba–Flores	Anakalangu Baliledo Bima Donggo Dhao Ende Gaura Hawu Kambera Kéo Kodi Komodo Lamboya Lio Mamboru Manggarai Manus Nage Namut–Nginamanu Ngadha Palu'e Pondok Rajong Rembong Riung Rongga So'a Kepo' Wae Rana Wanukaka Wejewa
Timor–Babar	Amarasi Bekais Bilba Dai Dawera-Daweloor Dela-Oenale Dengka East Damar Emplawas Galoli Helong Imroing Kemak Kisar Leti Lole Luang Masela Nila North Babar Ringgou Romang Serili Serua Southeast Babar Tela'a Termanu Tetum Te'un Tii Uab Meto West Damar Welaun Wetar
Western Oceanic	Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna

Papuan languages

North Halmahera	Galela Gamkonora Kao Loloda Modole Pagu Sahu Tabaru Ternate Tiana Tidore Tobelo Togutil Waioli West Makian
Timor–Alor–Pantar	Abui Adang Beilel Blagar Bunak Kaera Kafoa Kamang Klon Kui Kula Nedebang Oirata Retta Sawila Teiwa Tereweng Wersing Western Pantar Woisika
Asmat–Mombum	Buruwai Casuarina Coast Asmat Central Asmat North Asmat Citak Mombum Kamberau Kamoro Koneraw Sempan
West Bird's Head	Kalabra Kuwani Moi Moraid Seget Tehit
South Bird's Head	Arandai Dombano Duriankari † Inanwatan Kaburi Kais Kemberano Kokoda Konda Kovojab Puragi Yahadian
East Bird's Head	Hatam Mansim Meyah Moskona Sougb
West Bomberai	Baham Iha Karas
Dani	Grand Valley Dani Hupla Nduga Nggem Silimo Walak Wano Western Dani Yali
Paniai Lakes	Auye Dao Ekari Moni Wolani
Digul River	Aghu Awbono Bayono Densar Edera Jair Kombai Komyandaret Korowai Mandobo Pisa Sawi Shiaxa Tsaukambo Wambon
Foja Range	Airoran Bagusa Berik Betaf Bonerif Dabe Dineor Edwas Gresi Isirawa Itik Kapori Kauwera Keijar Kemtuik Kwerba Kwerba Mamberamo Kwesten Kwinsu Mander Massep Mawes † Mekwei Mlap Namblong Nimboran Orya Sause Oksapmin Samarokena Trimuris Vitou
Lakes Plain	Awera Biritai Doutai Duvle Eritai Fayu Foau Iau Kaiy Keuw Kirikiri Kwerisa Obokuitai Papasena Rasawa Sikaritai Tause Taworta Waritai
East Cenderawasih Bay	Baropasi Bauzi Burate Demisa Kofei Nisa-Anasi Sauri Tefaro Tunggare Woria
Yawa	Saweru Yawa
Demta–Sentani	Demta Nafri Sentani Tabla
Ok	Burumakok Faiwol Iwur Kopka Muyu Nakai Ngalum Ninggerum Tangko Tifal Yonggom
Momuna–Mek	Eipo Goliath Ketengban Kosarek Korupun Nalca Nipsan Somahai
Skou	Sangke Skou Wutung
South Pauwasi	Biksi-Yetfa Kembra Kimki Lepki Murkim
East Pauwasi	Emem Zorop
West Pauwasi	Namla Tebi Tofanma Towei Usku
Kaure–Kosare	Kaure Kosare
Marind–Yaqai	Bipim Marind Yaqay
Bulaka River	Maklew Yelmek
Kayagar	Atohwaim Kayagar Tamagario
Border	Awyi Elseng Taikat Manem Sowanda Viid Waris
Senagi	Dera
Mairasi	Mairasi Mer Semimi
Kolopom	Kimaghama Morori Ndom Riantana
Yam	Ngkolmpu Kanum Rema Smerki Tamer Yei
Lower Mamberamo	Warembori Yoke
Unclassfied or language isolates	Abinomn Abun Amung Burmeso Dem Kanum Maklew Maybrat Molof Momina Mor Mpur Pyu Saponi † Sumuri Tambora † Uhunduni

Other languages

Creoles andPidgins

Malay-based creoles	Alor Malay Ambonese Malay Aru Tenggara Jauh Banda Malay Balinese Malay Betawi Gorap Gorontalo Malay Kupang Malay Larantuka Malay Manado Malay Makassar Malay Maumere Malay North Moluccan Malay Sula Ternate Orang Pulo Papuan Malay Northwest Serui Peranakan Surabayan
Other creoles and pidgins	Belu Creole Portuguese Bidau Creole Portuguese † Flores Creole Portuguese † Javindo Mardijker † Petjo Pidgin Iha Pidgin Onin Pidgin Tukang Besi Portugis † Tansi Tiong Pa

Immigrant languages

Chinese	Cantonese Fuqing Fuzhounese Hainanese Hakka Acehnese Bangka-Belitung Pontianak Singkawang Haklau Hokkien Bagan Batam Medan Hinghwa Mandarin Indonesian Siantar Teochew Batam Jambi Ketapang Pontianak
European	Dutch Indonesian Dutch English Portuguese
Indian	Bengali Gujarati Odia Pali Punjabi Sanskrit Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu
Middle Eastern	Arabic Indonesian Arabic Hadhrami Arabic Modern Standard Arabic
Others	Tagalog Filipino Japanese Korean

Sign languages

† indicateextinct languages

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